Detailed Report: Evolution of the Nervous System and Brain Development

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the nervous system, emphasizing brain development and neuroendocrine functions. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its role in controlling the body and facilitating communication. The report then delves into the neuroendocrine system, explaining its cells, functions, and role in hormone secretion. It also covers the scientific literature related to neuroendocrine functions, discussing how these systems have evolved and their significance in brain development. Furthermore, the report outlines the process of brain development, including neural induction, proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis, and neuronal cell death. The conclusion summarizes the key findings, highlighting the interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors in brain development and emphasizing the nervous system's vital role in human physiology. References from books and journals are included to support the research.

Evolution of the nervous
system

Table of content
• Introduction
• Scientific Literature relating to neurological or neuroendocrine
function
• The neuroendocrine system
• Main function of neurological or neuroendocrine function in
humans
• Process of Brain Development
• Conclusion
• References

Introduction
The current assignment is based on the topic of evolution of the
nervous system which focuses and emphasis on development of
Brain. The, overall the nervosas system is conserved with the organs
taken as responsible for the control of the body along with leading
effective communication among body parts. Further, a discussion
about the neurological or neuroendocrine function is also included in
current presentation along with leading an emphasis on process of
Brain development.

Evolution of Neuroendocrine systems
 Neuroendocrine systems have been changing with period of time
from year 2000. As, medical science has developed and is adapting
with new changes the field of neurological system has been also
evolving with new methodologies as well as functions to improve
body system of human.
 It is also important to focus on such systems as it help in developing
of human brain. This system is being ensured by– pituitary
gonadotropin axis.

Scientific Literature relating to
neuroendocrine function
Neuroendocrine function or system in human mainly describes
about the certain cells which are associated with release of hormones
into the blood as a response to stimulation based on the function of
the nervous system. As per the view point Nishiyama Y., Katsura K.
2015, it has been analysed that the Neuroendocrine cells are mainly
like a nerve cells or neurons that is also associated and leads to
making and secretion of hormones such as the cells of the overall
endocrine system or endocrine cells.

This is analyzed that Neuroendocrine cells are being located in every
part of body. Mostly they are scanned as well as found in lungs or
airways into lungs. The cells are scattered by these organs & are
basically known as diffuse neuroendocrine system.
On other side, such cells comprises of thymus, kidneys, liver, prostate,
skin, cervix & testicles.
Main work of these cells is to release hormones & relevant substances
and response to neurological or chemical signals.
These cell perform many types of functions like controlling of food
break down, blood pressure, & heart rate, etc.

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 This system of neuroendocrine system is made of hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. SINCE 1950s, brain is being considered as center of
system controlling & as it regulates whole body system.
 In simpler manner, this system is known as interactions between
nervous system & endocrine system.

The neuroendocrine system
The neuroendocrine system in humans
is basically made up of various special
cells which are known as the
neuroendocrine cells. These
neuroendocrine cells are spread evenly
throughout all the parts of body and
these Neuroendocrine cells are mainly
taken as the nerve cells but at the same
time they also responsible and
associated with secretion and
formation of hormones in body such as

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The neuroendocrine cells are
commonly found in the almost
every set of organ of the human
body. Further, the
neuroendocrine cells are
founded in a scattered form in
human body as mainly in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

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Further, the neuroendocrine system mainly comprises of the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland along with human organ of the
nervous system which controls and associated with the release and
secretion of the hormones from the human pituitary gland. Beside this,
with respect to the information provided by the Koizumi, O., 2016, it
has been analysed that the main secretion activity within the human
body is associated with and lead out as a part of the endocrine glands
that was formerly taken and carried out thought the and to be the
outside the effective and direct control of the human nervous system
(The neuroendocrine system, 2020).

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Another evaluation can be made out in the basis of analysis of
scientific nature on the topic of evaluation of brain and nervous
system that since the 1950s, the brain has been taken and
recognized as the main centre and overall organ associated with
and related with the entire system of controlling and regulating all
the physiological and physical action and processes undertaken and
ensured by the human body (Miroschnikow, Schlegel and Pankratz,
2020).

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Another evaluation can be made out in the basis of analysis of
scientific nature on the topic of evaluation of brain and nervous
system that since the 1950s, the brain has been taken and
recognized as the main centre and overall organ associated with
and related with the entire system of controlling and regulating all
the physiological and physical action and processes undertaken and
ensured by the human body (Miroschnikow, Schlegel and Pankratz,
2020).

Main function of neurological or
neuroendocrine function in humans
It has been analysed that the
Neuroendocrine cells are mainly
associated and related with making
and releasing many essential hormones
and along with other similar
substances (peptides) that forms a vital
part of leading valid response and
stimuli of human comprise to be as the
neurological or chemical signals

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The main functions of neuroendocrine in humans are listed
as follows:
 Neuroendocrine are responsible for the release and
secretion of digestive enzymes which are helpful in
digestion of food through leading break down food
 Apart from this, neuroendocrine function is also
responsible to control that how fast the food is moving
throughout the GI tract (Albertin and Ragsdale, 2018).

Process of Brain Development
(Neuron development)
The current discussion about
the development of brain is
basically based on the brain
ontogeny which describes the
interplay of genetic and
epigenetic factors. The
developing embryo is mainly
made up and formed by the
three layers of cells.

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Proliferation
After the neural tube has been developed and closed off
the cerebrospinal fluid that helps in leading cushion the brain
would fills the enclosed tube after which the cells begin to
divide at a very furious rate which leads and ensure forming of
the several layers. During the 4th week, it has been observed
that the three primary parts of the brain are seen at the head
or anterior part of the neural tube (Cao and Cao, 2018).

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Migration
The process and stage of migration mainly involves the
movement of a cell to its very final destination. The neurons
seemed to get attach to the radial glial cells, specialized glial cells
will tend to climb along them till they reach their destination
(Braun and Stach, 2016).

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Synaptogenesis
This stage of Synaptogenesis mainly includes and comprises
of growth cones which would lead help in the guiding the
developed cells to their target location where these cells are mainly
get influenced by neighbouring cells in its process of specialization
(Bekkouche and Worsaae, 2017). Thus, an analysis can be made
that the growth of the cones have filopodia which mainly comprises
and consist of the proteins that extend and retract, that lead the
better development of brain cells.

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Neuronal Cell Death & Synapse Rearrangement
It has been analysed that the during the synapses are
forming, there are mainly two types of connection pruning to
consider cell death and elimination. As the neurons at the
early stages of development are tended to develop far more
branches than needed and are found in the mature state thus,
there is an over production of cells and connections.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of current investigation a conclusion can be made that
the nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory
organs, and all of the other nerves which are connected to these
organs and with the rest of the body. Further, a summarisation
about brain development process is also made the first step of
which is the Neural induction that begins when peptides are
released from the mesoderm to cause cells of the ectoderm to
specialize, causing it to thicken and convolute to form various parts
of brain.

REFERENCES
Books and journal
Arendt, D., Tosches, M.A. and Marlow, H., 2016. From nerve net to
nerve ring, nerve cord and brain—evolution of the nervous system.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(1), p.61.
Koizumi, O., 2016. Origin and evolution of the nervous system
considered from the diffuse nervous system of cnidarians. In The
Cnidaria, past, present and future (pp. 73-91). Springer, Cham.

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Online:
The neuroendocrine system. 2020. [Online] Available Through:<
https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/neuroendoc
rine/neuroendocrine-tumours/the-neuroendocrine-system/?
region=on>.
Nishiyama Y., Katsura K. 2015. The Neuroendocrine System and Its
Regulation. [Online] Available Through:<
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-54490-6_3>.

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