Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Lactating Mothers of Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Addu City

This research proposal aims to understand the knowledge, attitude and practices on exclusive breastfeeding in lactating mothers of infants aged 0-6 months in Addu City. The study will focus on the statistical aspect of breastfeeding and its benefits for both mother and child. The research methodology includes a quantitative descriptive research design with simple random sampling.

RESEARCH
PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRDOUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PROBLEM STATEMENT..............................................................................................................3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................4
Method and design.................................................................................................................4
Method....................................................................................................................................4
Sample....................................................................................................................................5
Data collection........................................................................................................................6
Data analysis...........................................................................................................................7
Ethical issue............................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

TITLE
“Knowledge, attitude and practices on exclusive breast feeding in lactating mothers of infants
aged 0-6 months in Addu City”
INTRDOUCTION
The concept of breast milk is generally a safe as well as nutritive diet for the healthy growth
as well as development of the infants. In this, the world health organization usually recommends
an exclusive breastfeeding for the very first months and can continue the breastfeeding for the
two years with the introduction of a complementary diet on the six months of age. The
prevalence of the exclusive breastfeeding is below the international recommendation in various
countries and across worldwide, where only 36% of the children are generally less than the six
months of age are exclusively breastfed. In this, breastfeeding can generally offer the short term
as well as the long-term well-being benefits both towards the mother as well as the infant. It can
specifically provide the economic benefits by decreasing the both direct as well as indirect costs
which is associated with the well-being care as well as infant feeding. In this, the non-exclusive
breastfeeding is generally linked with the low academic achievements as well as the enhanced
morbidity and the mortality due to the specific disease (Agustin and Fitria, 2018, p. 272).
The breast feeding is generally a standardized way of the feeding among all the infants. In
this, all of the essential nutrients required for the human infants are given in the breast milk. It
can improve both the developments such as the cognitive as well as the sensory. It is also the
very cost-effective way to decrease the morbidity as well as mortality of the infants from the
various illnesses such as the diarrhoeal, respiratory and the other infections. Later in the lives, the
concept of breast feeding generally continuing the benefits in terms of the reduced rates of the
obesity as well as the decreased risk of various chronic illnesses. In this, the breast feeding can
also offer the well-being advantages for the breast-feeding mother, consisting an earlier return to
the pre-pregnancy weights, the decreased risk of the breast cancer as well as ovarian cancer and
aid to space pregnancies. There is also the particular social, economic as well as the
environmental benefits, consisting the saving resources for the family and the country, decreased
the well-being care costs (The infant feeding practices of mothers in the Maldives, 2020).
An exclusive breastfeeding is specifically defined as the providing breast milk only to the
new born baby, without any of the additional drink or any other food, not even water in the very
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first six months of the born or life. An exclusive breastfeeding is specifically essential towards
the public well-being strategy for enhancing the health of the children’s as well as the mother’s
by decreasing the child morbidity as well as the mortality and aiding to control the well-being
care costs among the community. It is generally one of the major strategies that can aid the most
widely known as well as the effective interventions for preventing the early childhood deaths
(Asfaw, T., 2021, p. 40). In the aim of the research is to understand the knowledge, attitude and
practices on exclusive breast feeding in lactating mothers of infants aged 0-6 months in Addu
City. It is also analysing that the most of the infants are born in 2017 who started their
breastfeeding which is approx. 84.1 percent and only 58.3 percent of the infants which were in
the breastfeeding at 6 months, moreover, these all percentage which is based on the breastfed
infants which show the supplemented with formula which is show their best interest towards the
tow day before of age which was 19.2 percent among the infants which born in the 2017, an
enhance from the 16.9 percent infants are among who used to born in the 2016.
As per the view of Jean Prince Claude Dukuzumuremyi, the World Health Assembly
generally has set a global target in order to enhances the rate of the exclusive breast feeding for
the new born aged 0-6 months up to at least 50% in the coming years. Exclusive breastfeeding is
a necessary public well-being strategy for increasing the health of both the mother as well as the
children so as by decreasing the mortality and morbidity of the infant as well (Flores and et. al.,
2021, p. 5). the public well-being strategy can also aid to control the well-being care costs across
the community. In this, the positive attitude as well as the good knowledge of the mother can
generally play a key role in the process of the breast feeding. In this, the previous study generally
reported that the mothers with the greater knowledge about the exclusive breastfeeding were
approximately 6 times more likely to practice the exclusive breastfeed than their counterpart as
well as the elevated score of the knowledge of breastfeeding, the practice control, attitude were
all linked with the greater prevalence of the exclusive breastfeeding (Knowledge, attitude, and
practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in East Africa: a systematic review, 2020).
As per the view of R Abdulraheem and CW Binns, the breastfeeding is specifically very
crucial to the both new born as well as the mother because of the medical, psychological,
economical, and social benefits. It is determined that any of the breastfeeding initiation as well as
the duration of the breast feeding are generally high. In this, the rates of the full breast feeding
before the very four months are also elevated. In this, the challenge to sustain these particular
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elevated rates as well as to enhance the rates of the exclusive breastfeeding while the Maldives is
going through the rapid growth of the socio-economic factors as well as the new born formula is
becoming more readily available. In order to promote the breastfeeding, it is essential to
understand the attitudes, knowledge as well as the factors which are linked with the breastfeeding
(The infant feeding practices of mothers in the Maldives, 2021).
As per the view point of Raheema Abdul Raheem, the positive effects of the
breastfeeding on the maternal well-being, containing the decrease the postoperative bleeding,
expedite the uterine involution as well as facilitate the weight back. In this, there is absolutely no
doubt that the breastfeeding is generally the best method for the new born feeding because it is
specifically linked with the numerous benefits. The well-being advantages to the both new born
and mother as well are particularly well-known. In addition to this, the broad spread efforts in
order to promote the breastfeeding is specifically being done among the various other countries
also. In this, the breastfeeding has been expressed to reduce the frequency of the Haemorrhage,
the postpartum depression, ovarian as well as the breast cancer and facilitating the weight loss
(Determinants of the Introduction of Prelacteal Feeds in the Maldives, 2014). The lactation
amenorrhea method is generally an essential choice for the post-operative family planning
(Jahanpour, Msuya, Todd, Stray-Pedersen, and Mgongo, 2018, p. 7).
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The mother is state their intention which is associated with the breastfeeds which include the
first strongest predictor of the breastfeeding initiation. Breastfeeding is prolonging which is
based on desire however, it is dynamic process that is affected by socio-environmental factor and
the experience which is associated with the breastfeeding. According to the listening of the
mother survey, the 80 percent of the women is used to state that they are intended towards the
breastfeed which is require for the high initiation rate in the countries (Doan and et. al., 2020, p.
5552). Moreover, the cessation of the breastfeed are initiated with the 75 percent of the children
which is related with the breastfeed in 2008. While taking the contrast of mother, they stopped
the breastfeeding and the prenatally intend with the difficulties to continue breastfeed for the
least 2 months. Therefore, there are various univariate analysis of the all variable which include
sociodemographic factor also include mode of birth and the reason of breastfeeding cessation
that is possibly associated with the exclusive breastfeeding cessation at the 1 to 2 month which is
based on postpartum. There are number of factors which is associated with the mother higher
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age, caesarean birth, having no any type of education and do not collect any type of college
degree and perceived low milk quality, maternal choice and mother medical condition is also
associated with the factor during the breastfeeding and the child centred factor is also irrational
which is compulsive and create as problem statement with this research (Fang and et. al., 2021,
p. 4518).
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What is the knowledge on exclusive breast feeding in lactating mothers of infants aged 0-
6 months in Addu City?
 What is the breast-feeding practices among lactating mothers of infants aged 0- 6 months
in Addu City?
 What are the attitudes towards exclusive breast feeding in lactating mothers of infants
aged 0-6 months in Addu City?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Method and design
Research design is the plan which is based on the answer which is specified towards the
research questions. The research question is defined the strategy which is implemented towards
the plan that is based on research design and method which is different but they are closely
related with the good research design which help to ensure that the data which is obtain towards
the answer of the research question which more effective in term of research design and plan
implementation for the research approach. The research approach is quantitative and research
design in quantitative descriptive research design. Moreover, the research is focus on the
quantitative aspect which include statistic and data which help to intervene within the research
question which help to established the information with the set of number or the statistic which is
applied in the research questions (Jain, Thapar, and Gupta, 2018, p. 30).
Method
Quantitative research method: In addition to this, the quantitative descriptive study will
be taking for the research because it is helpful to discover such factor which is based on rationale
of statistic and number which provide information. The quantitative method is used to focus on
the statistical aspect which include the breast feeding in the lactating mother is estimated that
they help to prevent the 20,000 maternal death which is linked with the breast cancer after the
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diagnosis every year. The descriptive is helpful in order to generate such thing which is essential
and based on statistic and graph interpretation which is beneficial aspect for the report. The
quantitative studies approach is typically described as the element which is used in the collecting
and carrying out of studies which is precious for the information feature this is elucidated with
the method. With this research. The proposed studies approach is quantitative method that is
beneficial to accumulated and accumulate the information. The quantitative approach is normally
described because the records that's associated with the graph, numerical facts, statistic and
interpretation of questionnaire which is based totally on graph (Jaiswal, and Kashyap, 2021, p.
6995)
Moreover, the exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is important in order to
create natural contraceptive than can aid to increase the birth which is based on the spacing.
According to the world health assembly they endorsed the implementation of plan on the
maternal and young children nutrition which is specify the 6 global nutrition which is targeted to
enhance the rate of exclusive breast-feeding rate which indicate that 38 percent by the 2025.
These all data are usually associated with the quantitative approach for this report. With this
research, the suggested time horizon is majorly including cross sectional study which is
conducted for the period of 4 months from the community hospital in the Addu city. Moreover,
the post-natal mother is used to focus on the attending of the immunization clinic and they are
consequently based on the paediatric outpatient department for the minor issue which is included
in the study of using non probability convenience sampling. The cross-sectional activities are
useful because it helps to provide the rationale and significance which is associated with the
research. The researcher must focus on the activities and concept study which is endorsed by the
participant (Kusmiyati and et. al., 2018, p. 175).
Sample
Sampling method: Simple random sampling
The simple random sampling will be helpful within the research because it helps to focus
on the deductive factor. The participant is usually collected from the different demographic
which is based on the Addu city. They are from various age, sex and many more which is helpful
to provide the effective outcome which is predicted and hosted by the questionnaire. So, the
simple random sampling is more appropriate for the selection of participants.
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Sample size: The sample size will be gathering and collect the data which is based on the
delivery records that is associated with the various hospital in the Addu city. The selected
population for the research which is involve in study will be the number of patients who is
delivered in the time period of June 2020 to November 2020. In this, the chosen participants are
used to concentrate on the inclusion criteria which is fixed within the study. The study which is
based on the plan which is associated with simple random where the participants were selected
from the random hospital with the condition of inclusion criteria which determine within the
research reports. The simple random sampling is focus on the various aspect which help to
provide the knowledge regards with the participants that is selected for the research on the basis
of random number from the different healthcare sector
(https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13006-020-
00313-9). As per this, the simple random sampling is follow the inclusion criteria that identify
the needs and requirement of the research participants which is helpful in the research process.
Moreover, the sample is associated with the participant which is selected for the research which
is inclusive based and person centred for approach (Matsiko and et. al., 2020, p. 235).
Data collection
Data collection method: The data is collected through the various means of research
process which mainly include self-assisted questionnaire and the necessary survey which is
based on the descriptive analysis. Moreover, the administered questionnaire helpful to provide
the aspect of knowledge and data which is related with the selected topic. Moreover, the
participant was selected for this report which is handed within the questionnaire which is
evaluated and prepared by the researcher in order to ask the participant and gain more
information which is based on the participant in their presence. However, there are various
section which is focus on the section which is based on the checked factor which is filled the
answer of the questionnaire of not. While selecting the participants, it is determining that the
chosen questionnaire is must focus on the targeted group which is reliable and validated for the
research questions. Moreover, this will be validated and they have taken major role in the
collection and selection of data which is based on the response of participants (Sharma and
Kafle, 2020, p. 95).
In addition to this, the validated and reliable reformed pre-test is based on pilot study
which majorly used to select 10 lactating mother which is selected on the random basis which is
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not taking under the inclusion of research process. The mother who is selected for the research
study used to provide the main objective and aim of the study. While selecting of the mother, the
formal ethical consent was taken on the written aspect who is chosen for the inclusion criteria
and they are ready in order to participate in the factor of study. Moreover, they have also their
consent in order to quit the study with the formal information. The permission which is taken
from the ethical committee of research. The data collection is helpful to plan that the research
data is collected from the quantitative aspect which provide statistic graph which is based on the
research question which indicate the knowledge on breast feeding in lactating mother of the
infants ages of 0-6 month of Addu city (Sihite, Rifai, and Utami, 2021, p. 55).
Data collection tool: The research question is being selected which is based on the
knowledge which is based on the breast feeding in lactating mother of the infants of the age 0-6
month of the Addu city. The questionnaire which help to comprise of 4 section which is based on
the collection of target sample which is comprise of knowledge, attitude and the practice towards
the breast feeding which is exclusive. The questionnaire is being selected for the process of
research which is confirm the participant and their role which is help the researcher to gain the
information in shorter period. The reliability of research is focus on the different aspect which
used to follow the pattern towards the selection of peer reviewed article and other in order to
achieve more information which is related with the quantitative aspect.
Data analysis
Data analysis method: The quantitative descriptive analysis which is used to measure the
interpret and analyse the data which is collected with the method or the approach of quantitative.
The numeric data or the statistical data is useful tool which is help to analyse the pattern that
manage the gathering or the elucidation of research study. In this, the quantitative descriptive
statistical is usually obtain that it is described as per their midpoint which is based on the average
form that focus on the correlation with the variable, interpretation and which is useful to organise
data that elucidated from the numerical data. Therefore, the descriptive statistic that obtain after
the simple random sampling which is based on the answer or the outcome of the self-
questionnaire which is prepared for the participants. In addition to this, the outcome is measured
with the dependent and independent variables. This is difficult and challenging to visualise the
data that show the huge amount of interpretation that is selected for the research questions.
Furthermore, the descriptive numerical data which help to enable in order to prevent the data that
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present in more significant way as a method which help to facilitate the interpretation of the data
(Tasnim and et. al., 2019, 70).
In addition to this, the data that is related with the chosen topic is collected through the
self-questionnaire which is based on the selected participant. The form which is taken for the
conducting of research is continuous because the selected approach is deductive and require
progression of research. Moreover, the physiological questionnaire is used to taken due to the
topic which require data that is based on anatomical and morphological information. The
timeline which is related with the anatomical data take a 6 week for the preparation of quasi-
experimental research based on the physiological questionnaire. In addition, to reach up the
standard ethical approach while conducting the research the physiological measurement is
suitable which work as tool. Therefore, as per selection of participant which is related with
random basis provide such outcome which is unpredicted that show the research is reliable and
validated.
Data analysis tool: The collected data is help to evaluate with the using of software
which play vital role in the analysis of the data which is related with the research questions. The
SPSS V 20 which known as the Statistical package for the social science that is regulated with
the help of software. The chi square test is also taken in the research because it acts as the aspect
which is based on secondary aspect that is useful to identify the significant relationship. For
calculation, the independent and dependent variable is used to chosen for the aspect of chi square
test. Moreover, it also helps in the process of analysis which is take necessary aspect which is
based on the scale of measurement and accountability. It is help also a helpful approach which is
allow the process of generalisation that make the result which is based on the population as
whole. The research is also conducting in such a way which propose number of data that show
significance towards the population and authentication towards the group suspects.
Ethical issue
While conducting the research, there are number of ethical issue which is associated with the
research study. The ethical clearance of the study which is obtained that is based on ethical
committee of international institute of the health science which is related with the letter stating of
the purpose of the research study and the data which is gathered in the study. In addition to this,
the permission used to take from the various hospital in order to select the participant which is
based on random selection. Moreover, the participants will be used to inform the benefits which
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is associated with the study and they written informed consent that will be taken from all the
participants which is associated before the collection of data. While conducting the research, the
participants are used to focus on projection which is indicated by researcher for the optimum
outcome (Yenti, Ramadani, Nursal, and Maulida, 2018, p. 550).
Moreover, they have the right to refuse and withdraw the participation within the process of
research without any elaboration with the research committee in which they have also right to
ask any of question at any of time. However, they have volunteer function which is based on the
participation which help to encourage. The confidentially of the all the participants maintain
which is essential aspect for the data collection. In addition to this, the group data is more
beneficial which will be observed during the process of research. The data will be only used on
the educational purpose that provide effective sense towards the field for the betterment of the
health of the infants and the postnatal mothers. As per this, the privacy of the participant is the
major issue which always act as ethical issue within the research. The privacy and confidentially
is maintained by eliminating the personal data which include name and the address from the
aspect of survey and questionnaire. Therefore, the participants with the all questionnaire that help
in the process of collection of data will be discarded after the front of submission of the final
paper (Zielinska, and Hamulka, 2018, p. 280).
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
As per the above discussion, it is analysed that the exclusive breastfeeding rate which is
relatively low in Addu city which act as the major issue. The premature cessation which is
associated with having a college degree, parity, and perceived low milk quantity, mother and the
infants ‘separation and the personal decision which is based on the inconvenience due
breastfeeding and used to return to work. In this, it is based on the finding which include
strategies that make influence which is customise and related with the breastfeeding and they
used to promote the protective factor which is provided by the breast milk which may help to
enhance the breastfeeding rate among the women of the Addu city. There are various
complication and social factor is also creating hindrance which may affect the effective
breastfeeding factor among the people which is determine by using the approach of proper
education. Moreover, they used to include the health education in order to improve the
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knowledge and skill, the proper family support in order to reduce the mother burden and they
focus on the continuous support for the baby mother environment which is friendly that is
associated with the workplace policies and community guideline.
These interventions and the strategies may be effective in the reaching towards the WHO
global target 2025 of 50 percent which has been infants being exclusively breastfeed which is
based on the six months of age. In addition to this, there are relatively unfavourable which is
based on the level of knowledge which is less positive attitude towards the exclusive
breastfeeding when they are compared with the FAO guidelines. There is various study which is
based on the different concept which is analyse with the Knowledge, attitude and practices on
exclusive breast feeding in lactating mothers of infants aged 0-6 months in Addu City.
There are some of the recommendations which is based on the breastfeeding include that the
infants are used to fed breast milk which is exclusively for the first 6 months after the course of
birth. After the first 6 months and until that is based on the infants 1 years old. The mother must
use to feed the milk that is gradually introduction solid that the infants focused on the diet.
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