Exploration into the Reduction of Pharmacy Dispensing Errors

This study explores the reduction of pharmacy dispensing errors and the impact on patient safety. It discusses the concept of dispensing errors, pharmacist awareness, and the importance of avoiding drug interactions. The research aims to provide insights into minimizing errors in medication.

EXPLORATION INTO THE
REDUCTION OF
PHARMACY DISPENSING
ERRORS

ABSTRACT
Dispensing error is referred to as the difference between the prescription provided and the
medicine being provided to the patient. This is majorly because of the reason that when there
will be difference between the prescription and the medicine provided then this will create
problem in managing the health and safety of the person. Dispensing error is mainly referred to
as the range of discrepancy which is linked with the prescription and also the medicines which in
turn has been delivered to the patient by the pharmacy on the key basis of prescription. With the
help of the methodology section it was seen that the method for the study chosen was the
qualitative research as the researcher anted to gain in- depth knowledge relating to the research
topic that is how medication reduces dispensing error. Further, with the help of the feasibility
study it was seen that finance was the major resource necessary for the success of the research.
With the study of impact it was seen that if country and medical health care providers use right
medicine of desired quality and also deliver the same to correct time, with right dose, strength
and frequency in both verbal and written format with appropriate packaging will help to sustain
the brand image of the country and provides healthy community as well.

Table of Contents
Formative Assessment.....................................................................................................................4
Research question: ..........................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Background/ literature review..........................................................................................................4
Aim and objective of research.........................................................................................................5
Research aim: ..............................................................................................................................5
Research objectives: ....................................................................................................................5
Possible Methodology......................................................................................................................6
Potential resources and timeline......................................................................................................6
Summative Assessment...................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................9
Research objectives: ....................................................................................................................9
Research question: ......................................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................10
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................14
A) Aims and objectives..............................................................................................................14
B) Study design and development.............................................................................................15
C) Study population...................................................................................................................15
D) Data management to include collection and storage and analysis........................................16
E) Study limitation.....................................................................................................................16
F) Ethical issues and their migration.........................................................................................17
FEASIBILITY STUDY- RESOURCES AND BUDGETARY CONSIDERATION...................17
IMPACT........................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22

Research Title:
An Exploration into the reduction of Pharmacy dispensing Errors
Formative Assessment
Research question:
How pharmacy can minimise the errors in medication.
Rationale- the major reason behind the selection of the research topic of ‘how pharmacy can
minimise the errors in medication is that in the current modern world there are many different
types of errors taking place in the medication of the people. Thus, this research will assist in
managing the various ways in which the company or the health care setup in managing the health
and medication of the patients coming to the place.
INTRODUCTION
Dispensing medicine define as a method of giving medicating to the patient along with
providing them knowledge related to the drugs as well as showings them the dose for patient
safety and health. For reducing the dispensing error United Kingdom is maintaining a ward
pharmacy system. In this research, aim and objective is going to be formulated so that the whole
investigation can be done in a systematic manner. It has been said that United States National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) says that a
medication issue refers to “any preventable event which might create inappropriate medication
use as well as patient might get harm at the time of medication in the control of health care
professional, consumer as well as patient. Such events may be associates to the professional
practice, health care procedures, products and systems, consist of prescribing, order
communication, packaging, and nomenclature, dispensing, distribution, education, monitoring as
well as use” Also this research includes various authors view point and for which literature
review section is going to be developed.
Background/ literature review
As per the views of McDerby and et.al, (2019) dispensing error is defined as the
discrepancy or the inconsistency which is present between the medicine prescribed and the
medicine which is being delivered to the patient. This is the error which need to be taken care as
if there will be more error then this will have a great impact over the treatment and the
medication of the patient and this can also impact the recovery of the patient.

Along with this Lloyd and et.al, (2016) argues that for proper working and caring of the
patient the most essential thing is that the pharmacist must have proper knowledge relating to the
adverse effect which may take place at time of managing the prescription and the medicines of
patients. This is particularly because of the fact that is the person dealing in medicine does not
know the effect of any drug and they give it to the patient who is not prescribed of that then this
can have very bad effect over the health of the patients.
In addition to this Stewart and et.al, (2018) articulates that the management of the drug
and its usage for the person or the patient is very essential to have the knowledge. Thus, if the
person or the pharmacist are having proper knowledge relating to the use of the drugs. This is
helpful as if the person is having proper knowledge relating to the fact that when to use which
drug then there will not be any of the error and this will have good and positive impact over the
patient and will result in healthy recovery of the patient.
Along with this Wheeler and et.al, (2018) states that when the people dealing in drug and
the different medicines then this will have a great impact over the effect of the consumption of
the drug. It is the responsibility of the person to gain all the knowledge relating to the drug usage
and consumption and also to gain the knowledge relating to the effect of the consumption of the
drug and what will happen if the drug dosage is increased without seeking permission of the
doctor or the medical practitioner.
Aim and objective of research
Research aim:
 To know the basic concept about dispensing errors.
 To evaluate the dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse effect. To avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect
Research objectives:
 What is the meaning of dispensing errors?
 How to understand dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse
effect.
 How to avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect?

Possible Methodology
This is one of the main section for every research where best and most suitable method used
by the researcher for collecting information and data related to the topic. There are various
techniques which are going to be discussed as follows:
Primary and secondary data collection method
In context of gathering primary information, it is said that researcher adopt questionnaire
method where by using online mode of filling questionnaire is used due to COVID 19. On the
other hand, in case of secondary method, literature review is the method used by investigator
where view point of different authors analysed by the researcher.
Qualitative and quantitative approach
There are two main approaches for gathering information where one is qualitative is
completely based on human perception and includes all the data which are non- numerical in
form. On the other hand, in case of quantitative method, data collected by investigators are in
number form where graph, figures and statistical data are included. In this research, investigators
adopt quantitative method for collecting all the information and data.
Potential resources and timeline
The potential resources which are essential for the completion of the research is of
various types like the internet, computer, laptops, transportation, stationery, personal
expenditure, communication cost and many other different types of resources and other
instruments and material. All these resources are very essential for the researcher to make use as
this will assist the researcher in making the research successful.

Summative Assessment
INTRODUCTION
Dispensing error is considered to be as an effective set of discrepancy associated with the
prescription and also the medicines which in turn has been delivered to the patient on the key
basis of prescription. The dispensing in turn tends to mainly comprise of the dispensing of the
medicine which in turn is highly inferior associated with the information quality and
pharmaceutical (Shawahna and et.al., 2016). Such key practice is mainly linked with the
professional practice, products and systems, health care procedures, prescription, communication
of the order, packaging, nomenclature, distribution, dispensing, education and monitoring. The
most common type of the dispensing error is mainly linked with the dispensing of the wrong
drug, wrong quantity, omission of the items and wrong strength. This study will highlight on
effectively examining how the pharmacy can minimize the key errors related with the medication
section. This study tends to mainly focus on exploring the reduction within the pharmacy related
with the pharmacy dispensing errors.
Research aim: “An Exploration into the reduction of Pharmacy dispensing Errors.”
Research objectives:
 To know the basic concept about dispensing errors.
 To evaluate the dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse effect. To avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect
Research question:
 What is the meaning of dispensing errors?
 How to understand dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse
effect.
 How to avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect?
 How pharmacy can minimise the errors in medication?
Rationale
The key significant reason related with carrying out the study is that it is considered to be
as one of the key issue currently. It is considered to be highly important to effectively evaluate
the key significant measures and factors which helps in reducing such dispensing errors within
the pharmacy. Another key prominent reason for carrying out the study is mainly linked with the
academic as well as for the personal interest of the researcher.

Research significance
This study is highly significant for the pharmacy industry because it will help them in
taking necessary set of precautionary measures which helps in the reduction of dispensing errors.
This study is highly useful for the researcher further because it helps in effectively improving the
results and investigation. This will help the researcher for effectively further carrying out the
study and helps in the better attainment of the key relevant results by bridging up the gaps.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1: To know the basic concept about dispensing errors.
Aldhwaihi and et.al., (2016) sought to determine the fact that, the medication errors tend
to have high degree of impact upon the safety of the patient. Such errors can occur at various
stages which mainly includes ordering, dispensing, prescription and administration. The
detection of such errors is highly useful in effectively encouraging the safe culture. Effective
implementation of the tailored preventive strategies is highly significant in effectively improving
the set degree of results and outcomes. The major type of the pharmacy dispensing error is
mainly linked with the dispensing of the wrong drug, wrong quantity, omission of the items and
wrong strength. Tseng and et.al., (2018) argued that, the medication errors are considered to be
high when at the time of prescription and the ordering stage which is further followed up by the
administration stage. Medication and dispensing errors are the key leading cause of the mortality
and morbidity of the patient. However, the faulty dispensing can eventually lead to the litigation
which is considered to be highly expensive and also results in the increased degree of cost. The
dispensing error is highly traumatic for the patient as well as for the pharmacist. The dispensing
error is mainly associated with the deviation associated with the prescription order and
inadequate labelling. The error which has been committed by the individual is mainly the result
of the error prone process and system. Implementation of the system oriented approach or
strategy is considered to be highly prominent in minimization of the dispensing errors.
Subsequently, AL-WorafiI, (2018) stated the point that, errors are considered to be as the
failure or near misses within the process and the system. The appropriate set of clinical check
and also the final accuracy check related with the medical item is considered to be of key
relevance importance. The pharmacies tend to dispense high volume of medications which
results in the high degree of dispensing errors. There can be prescribing faults, transcription
error, prescription error and administration error. Incorrect dosage form, incorrect name of the

patient, incorrect expiry date of the medication, dispensing at the wrong time, omission of
warning associated with medication, incorrect drug name, failure to dispense, inferior quality
medicine, etc. are considered to be the key dispensing errors which has been conducted by the
pharmacy company. However, the dispensing errors likely affect the health of the patient.
Aldhwaihi and et.al., (2016) sought to determine the fact that, the dispensing issue is
mainly linked with the inappropriate degree of medication which has severe impact on the health
of the patient. The United Kingdom tends to focus on prominently complying with the ward
pharmacy system which is useful in effectively reducing the human error. However, dispensing
of the medication is mainly linked with the procedure of giving the prescribed drug to the named
person upon the basis of the prescription. This is relevant in avoiding and reduction within the
dispensing errors and carry out effective practice within the pharmacy with utmost level of
accuracy and relevance. It is important for the pharmacy company to maintain complete set of
records and work in a highly responsible manner at the time of dispensing of medicine to the
prescribed person. This way it helps in improving the health outcomes and results.
Theme 2: Dispensing error which pharmacist should be aware
Weir, Newham and Bennie (2020) stated that mistakes are a part of every human activity
including health care and that is why, there is a need to take proper care of the error so that
health of patients are properly managed. Generally, in every country, some of the error are
happen in every 1 out of 5 dispensers. Such that medicine with similar names or packaging are
consider one of the top common issue, when working in a busy dispensary, medicine with same
name or almost identical packaging confused the workers. Hence, more that 70% of the error
report received due to this issue. Abdel-Qader and et.al., (2020) also support and state that some
medicine is vulnerable to mix-up due to their names i.e. enalapril and anafranil, while on the
other side, same got confused due to its packaging like amlodipine and allopurinol, hence these
are easy target for a dispensing error. So there is a need to be focused upon this issue because it
may somehow cause serious consequence. For example, a case in UK, when prednisolone was
mixed up with fliclazide due to similar packaging and as a result, patient going into a diabetic
coma.
Campbell and et.al., (2018) present their own views and stated that dispensing out of date
medicine is also consider another dispensary error which pharmacist should be aware. Such that
it is most common error which also cause negative impact upon patient's health. For example, if

patient had an infection and then looks at packaging, then government may take a change against
them. That is why, there is a need to minimize the error otherwise it may leads to cause wrong
impact upon project. Hence, the quality of all pharmacy care activities should be assured by
pharmacist and correct a prescribing error before dispensing. Rodriguez‐Gonzalez and et.al.,
(2019) explain that incorrect calculation is also consider another error which is also perform by
pharmacist because a complex calculation is fertile ground for an error. As sometimes
pharmacist get confused in relation to milligrams and milliliter, thus it is necessary to pay
attention especially in the case of children because a small mistake in calculation will lead to
cause serious issue and also affect the overall image of the organization as well.
Therefore, the root cause of dispensing error is due to poor, often unreadable,
handwriting and lack of effective controls which leads to interruption. Many secondary research
also stated that due to dispensing the wrong drug with wrong quantity by inexperience staff is
affect the patient's life in negative manner. Naybour, Remenyte-Prescott and Boyd (2019)
present their own views and stated that sometimes due to urgency, misreading prescription is
another type of dispensing error that leads to cause negative impact upon the results. As
everyone knows. That doctor with near illegible handwriting and dispensary are only guess but
sometime due to misreading prescription, wrong medicine is prescribing. Author also stated that
pharmacist can misread the drug name and also Latin abbreviation and this leave a scope for
some error. Therefore, it is not good to only guess the handwriting of doctors and provide
medicine accordingly, but there is a need to make sure that read the prescription in better manner
and then offer medicine so that it will not cause any negative cause to an individual's health.
Many studies also are identified the factor behind causing the dispensing error and
revealed that most of the pharmacist assistant followed by the high workload and these errors
should be reducing immediately because it somehow leads to cause negative impact upon
patient's health. On the other side, AL-WorafiI (2018) argued that pharmacy design, interruption
and other pharmacy environmental factors are also plays an important role in order to increase
the incidence of dispensing error. Thus, a culture within hospital should be positive so that all the
employees will be happy and they also realize the work related responsibilities which in turn
leads to improve the results in better manner. Also, all the pharmacist who work of dispensing
should be concentrate on their work and this in turn leads to minimize the error up to some level
and hence, provide appropriate medicine to the patients as well.

Theme 3: Minimize the Drug interaction and its adverse side effect
Majorly, there are some common error found out under dispensing i.e. omission and
wrong drugs, dispensing the wrong strength and wrong quantity as well as omission of items. If
these errors are not minimizing, then it causes negative or side effect upon the patient. Therefore,
Campmans and et.al., (2018) suggested that in order to minimize the error, there is a need to
reduce distraction when possible because multitasking and distraction during work is one of the
leading cause of dispensing error and to reduce it, automatic-refill request is helpful. Also,
having pharmacy technicians who assist pharmacy by performing the routine functions will help
to minimize distraction. Thus, it must be a goal of every pharmacy to improve the internal
environment even the cost of patient convenience so that errors are reduce.
Rajah and et.al., (2019) stated that to minimize the error, each and every pharmacy
should have repeated checking and counter checking that assist to provide the right medicine.
For example, in UK, most of the pharmacy compare the written prescription with the product
that appear in computer with label and then provide the same which in turn reduce error.
Therefore, wherever possible, it is necessary to have a rechecking done by the another person.
Also, in order to reduce the error of similar packaging and name, pharmacies should color one
medicine and communicate the same to entire staff members. For example, in UK, NHS provide
scheme name as yellow card to report and avoid error in medication. This in turn leads to save
patients to offering wrong medicine. Shao and et.al., (2020) argued that organize the workplace
in such a manner, thus reduce the chances of dispensing error. Such that proper lightening,
adequate counter space as well as comfortable temperature that assist to smooth flow from one
task to next and chances of error is minimized. In addition to this, develop a routine for entering,
filing and checking prescription in better manner that assist to organize the flow of work.
Wang and et.al., (2018) reflected that pharmacist should not guess the prescription
provided by the doctors, but try to understand the nonstandard abbreviation which is associated
with medication error. If they face any issue in writing, they must call to doctor and confirm the
cases in order to clarify the uncertainties and doubts. While if customer provide verbal
prescription, make sure that all verbal prescription should be immediately transcribed to a blank
prescription pad and read back to caller in order to make sure that prescription has been
transcribed correctly. Therefore, it is analyzed that with the help of confirmation to prescription

will help to minimize the chances of dispensing error. Guirguis and et.al., (2020) argued that due
to having high stress, most of the pharmacist got confused and leads to dispensing error.
Therefore, to minimize the same, focus on reducing stress and also balance the heavy workloads
because workload increase is one of the contributing factor. That is why, there is a need to
provide regular breaks and time off for meal breaks, also share the responsibilities by assigning
duties to all staff which will turn up to understand the expectation of the flow of work and also
reduce dispensing error as well.
Chen (2018) examine that counseling is consider one of the most advance way through
which it reduces the number of error because it allows the pharmacist to formally determine the
product and also make sure that correct drugs are dispensed to right person without interruptions.
For example, NHS in UK uses report that assist to protect patients from an avoidable harm by
increasing opportunities, also staff learn from mistakes. So there is a need to make a report in
order to identify and take action to prevent emerging pattern of incident on a national level. In
the same way, the Global Patient Safety Challenge on Medication Safety aim is to address the
weakness in health system especially in medication and dispensing error. It also lays out
different ways to improve the way medicine are prescribing, distributed and consumed, also
increase awareness among patients about a risk related to improper use of medication. Snoswell
(2020). clarifies that in Sri Lanka, there are some error in dispensing and that is why, in order to
solve the same, well prepared medicine labeling system is introduced that helps to solve the
problem of similar label medicine. But on the other side, author also stated that country do not
have a comprehensive account of dispensing error due to low resources.
METHODOLOGY
A) Aims and objectives
Research question: How pharmacy can minimize the errors in medication.
Research aim:
 To know the basic concept about dispensing errors.
 To evaluate the dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse effect. To avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect
Research objectives:
 What is the meaning of dispensing errors?

 How to understand dispensing error pharmacist awareness about all kind of adverse
effect.
 How to avoid the drug interaction and its adverse side effect?
B) Study design and development
Study design is the process through which the methodology is tried and tested and
applied for the completion of the whole research in successful manner (Paul, 2017). It is very
essential for the researcher to decide for the design which they will be using to complete the
research. This is very essential for the reason that when the researcher know what method of
research they have to use then this will make the research to be completed in much easier and
simple manner. This is particularly because of the reason that when the researcher is having the
knowledge that which method they will be applying in the completion of the research then this
will be more effective and will assist the researcher in conducting the research in successful and
effective manner.
For the current study over the ‘how pharmacy can assist in minimizing the errors of
medication’ the design of the research used is qualitative from two option that is qualitative and
quantitative research. The major reason behind this fact is that when the qualitative research is
used then it means that this study will aim at highlighting the in- depth analysis of the study
relating to the use of pharmacy in the medication and its error reduction (Hathaway and et.al,
2018). This study with the help of qualitative research will be more effective and this will assist
the reader in gaining more of the knowledge and increase the information base relating to the
topic of research.
C) Study population
The study population is defined as the area of the study which will be included for the
completion of the whole research in successful manner (Arstein-Kerslake and et.al, 2019). This
is majorly because of the reason that study population is defined as the base or the study which
will be included for the conducting of the research. This is essential to be selected in proper and
effective manner as if the study area will not be good then the researcher will not be able to
collect the relevant and reliable data relating to the topic of research that is ‘how pharmacy can
assist in minimizing the errors of medication’. Thus, for this purpose the researcher has made use
of the secondary sources of data and the reason behind preferring the secondary source of data is
that the primary data cannot be collected in proper and effective manner. Thus, for this the

selection of different types of articles and journals will be made relating to the research topic and
dispensing errors.
The major inclusion criteria for the selection of the articles to be studied and reviewed for
the collection of the data is that the articles which will be selected will be selected from the range
of year 2016 till 2020. This is majorly because of the fact that the data older then this will not be
much relevant as many changes have taken place and it might be possible that the use of the
older data will not be much helpful. The major exclusion criteria for the selection of the
secondary data is that the articles and journal beyond the year 2015 will be excluded from the
study. It simply means that if the article which are beyond the year 2015 will be excluded from
the study. Another major exclusion criterion is that if the article or journal is relating to a
particular and specific case then it will be excluded from the study.
D) Data management to include collection and storage and analysis
The mere collection of data is not enough rather it is very essential for the researcher to
keep and store the data and then manage the use of the data in proper and effective manner. This
is particularly because of the reason that when the data will not be managed and arranged in
proper and effective manner then this will have a great impact over the working and the
completion of the research in effective and efficient manner (Shrivastava, Shah and Navaid,
2018).
Thus, for this the researcher will make use of the collection of the data with the help of
the secondary sources that is the different types of articles, journals and other published data
(Beard and Cook, 2017). Hence, the collection of this type of data is very easy and this will
generally be done in electronic format. Along with this the data can be stored in electronic
format and in the computers and pen drives. This storing of data will be more convenient as the
data can be revived as and when needed and required.
E) Study limitation
Every aspect has two outcomes that is the positive and the negative aspect and the
research study also has some of the limitation which affects the successful completion of the
research. The major limitation of the research is that the data is available in abundance and
because of this there is always a confusion that which source of data will be more reliable and
valid for the research. In addition to this another major type of limitation to the study was the

time as the time provided for the research was limited and this has a great impact over the
successful completion of the research.
Furthermore, the finance which is provided to complete the research is very limited and
this will affect the working and completion of the research to a great extent. But even after the
existence of the so many limitations the researcher has managed to work and complete the
research in successful and effective manner.
F) Ethical issues and their migration
This is also the essential part to be taken into consideration at time of completing the
research in successful and effective manner. The major reason underlying this fact is that when
the researcher will take into consideration the ethical principles then the research will be
successful. The ethical principle need to be followed and the reason underlying this is that if the
ethical principles will not be followed then the research will not bring out the intended result.
The major ethical consideration for the researcher is that they must take into consideration the
fact that all the data is collected from the authentic and reliable data. This is of utmost important
as if the data will not be correct then the result or the outcome will not be good and effective.
On the other side if the researcher will collect the data from all the reliable and valid
sources then this will provide better result for the research (McKelvie and Standing, 2018).
Another major ethical consideration is that if the researcher is using the secondary sources then
they must properly cite the resources within the research. This is majorly because of the reason
that when the give credit to the author then it will be morally correct for the author who has
written the article or the other published data. For the research to be successful the most
important thing is the use of all the ethical and moral principles so that the research gets
successful.
FEASIBILITY STUDY- RESOURCES AND BUDGETARY
CONSIDERATION
The feasibility study is the one which assist the person in analyzing the fact that whether
the plan or the research will get successful or not. This is very essential for the company or the
researcher to conduct the feasibility study in order to ensure that the working of the research is
taking place in the intended manner (Sindhu, Nehra and Luthra, 2017). This is due to the fact that
this will assist the company or the researcher in making sure that the research is conducted in the

planned manner only. In the feasibility study it is analyzed that whether the resources are enough
for the company or the researcher to make use or not. Also the feasibility study analyses the fact
that whether the limited resources are optimally used or not.
If the resources are not used in optimal manner, then this will have adverse effect over
the completion of the research. The major resource within the completion of the research or the
project is the use of the finance. This is majorly because of the reason that if the finance will not
be effectively managed and used then the company or the research will not be successful. Thus,
for this the budget need to be prepared in effective manner as this will outline all the requirement
of the expenses and whether these expenses are being met by the researcher or not. Therefore,
there is a need to be proper budget for data analysis in order to meet the define aim. Thus, the
estimated cost which might be incurred by the researcher in completion of the project is as
follows-
Expenses Amount
Material and supplies 950
Project management cost 1050
Transportation cost 850
Stationary charges 750
Personnel expenditure 400
Internet charges 1000
Communication charges 350
Payment made at the time of data collection 950
Contingency reserve 700
TOTAL £7000
With the above table it can be seen that the total estimated expenses of the undertaking of
the project is £7000 which is an estimated expense. This counts for the total of different types of
expenses which adds and get the total of the £7000. The highest expense which is incurred by the
researcher is the project management cost. This is majorly because of the reason that
management of the project is the most important stage and if this will not be managed then it will
have a great impact over the completion of the project.

In addition to this major resource of finance there are also some of the resources which
assist the company or the researcher in successfully attaining the objective of the research. The
major resource other than finance is the human resource. This is majorly because of the reason
that when the human resource will not be there then the project will not be successfully attained.
This is due to the reason that if there will not be any of the human resource then the research will
not be successful. Thus, the presence of efficient human resource is very essential as this
includes the fact that if the human resource will be efficient then they will easily manage and
handle the working of the company or the project (Rojas- Solano, Ugalde- Gamboa and
Machuzak, 2018).
Along with this another major resource which is very essential for the success of study on ‘how
pharmacy can assist in minimizing the errors of medication’ is the use of proper and effective
technology. The major reason behind this fact is that the technology is the latest trend which is
very essential in the completion of the research in successful manner. Thus, for this the resource
that is technology is of utmost importance to be used. The technology assists the researcher and
the other people in using the technology and simplify the work of the completion of the research.
Thus, for this the use of technology will assist the person in dealing with better working of the
company.
IMPACT
Study on this topic will help to determine different types of dispensing error within a
medical because minimize dispensing error is as important as medication error, otherwise it
cause many side effect upon patient's health. Especially in the case of children because small
amount of overdose will lead to affect patients' mental and physical health in negative manner.
That is why, there is a need to follow all the rules and regulation in better manner by the
pharmacies, otherwise it may lead to creates negative impact upon country's success. Hence, with
the study on this topic, different health care providers and sector come to know how dispensing
error will be minimized so that it creates positive impact upon the health of patient. As every
country have their own practices and comply with the advance techniques in order to make sure
that chance of dispensing error is minimized up to some level (Weir, Newham and Bennie,
2020). From the literature review it is analyzed that there are many different types of dispensing
error found in many pharmacies and present many ways through which the error is minimized up
to some level, but pharmacist should make sure that all kind of risk must be minimized and if

they need, can take a help from professional in order to provide proper medicines to their
patients.
Moreover, the study provides different ways to the health care social sector as well as
pharmacies that they may use different strategy to reduce dispensing error and provide better
workplace environment to their staff members so that they get perform the work without any
error. In addition to this, it is also necessary for all the pharmacist that they should not leave any
drug container unlabeled because it may provide to other customers without seeing prescription,
as a result, it may cause to wrong impact upon the health and cause many side effect as well.
Countries such as USA and Europe, there is a high rate of dispensing error and among all,
omission and misreading prescription is considering some common mistake that affect the
results. As the study provide different ways in order to avoid drug interaction and its side effect
from the patient, so research compare the methods through which it is analyzed that every
country have their own methods in order to reduce error in their medication and dispensing. As a
result, it creates positive impact upon the local communities and local health care provider so
that they provide range of high quality of medicine to their customers in order to reduce the
disease. Also, countries like UK have several pharmacy distribution system and different
pharmacies have various processes for distributing medication. Therefore, it will help to improve
dispensary error up to some level and government also define laws and regulation which needs to
be used by all pharmacies in order to meet the define aim.
Lastly, it is examining through the study that dispensing error are the part of medication
error which play an integral role in maintaining the quality use of medication. As there are many
errors identified from the study which are commonly perform in every pharmacies and that is
why, there is a need to overcome otherwise it will cause wrong impact upon the results. For
example, in 2017, there were 64 prescribing incident which caused death and serious harm in
NHS because of wrong prescription that were omitted and delayed. Hence, this shows that there
is a need to take strict action and manager and professionals should be aware and delegate the
task to all the staff members that assist to creates positive impact. Also, provide effective training
session to new employees in order to understand the actual working environment and tries to set
them in proper manner so that they perform the work and dispensing the medicine in proper
manner (Abdel-Qader and et.al., 2020). As a result, it causes positive impact upon the total

working hours and also reduce the chances of error up to some level that leads to save the life of
many people in a short period of life as well.

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Online

Common error in dispensing. 2019. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.chemistanddruggist.co.uk/feature/4-common-dispensing-errors-
and-how-avoid-them>.
Ways to minimize the error of dispensing. 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/January2010/
P2PDispensingErrors-0110>.