Modern Slavery: Causes and Impacts

This assignment delves into the multifaceted problem of modern slavery. Students are tasked with analyzing various aspects of this contemporary issue, including its historical roots, diverse forms (e.g., forced labor, human trafficking), contributing factors (e.g., poverty, inequality, globalization), and global impact on individuals and communities. The assignment emphasizes critical thinking, research, and the synthesis of information from a range of sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of modern slavery.

Modern Slavery

TABLE OF CONTENT
ESSAY.............................................................................................................................................3
Modern Slavery with examples, its causes and solutions...........................................................3
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

ESSAY
Modern Slavery with examples, its causes and solutions
Modern Slavery has many forms and have not ended up with the abolition of 19th century.
It is where this act of modern slavery is extremely harmful for the entire world and its people
where it is also devastating the society to a great extent. Slavery can be addressed in almost
every corner of this globe with its distinct forms and nature (Albin and Mantouvalou, 2012).
Wherein, women are being forced in the field of harlotry to earn money, children are operating in
factories and mills to produce commodities that are then getting sold everywhere. Likewise,
there together exists several such individuals who are forced to operate in agricultural fields,
factories, etc., where many women who are laboured as domestic workers with a forceful
consent on them. It is along with yet another consent of huge debts on poor individuals, their
entire family members are mostly forced to operate with no pay at all.
Also, the young aged girls in their families are being married off to elderly men. It is in
accordance to a constituted data of International Labour Organisation (ILO) where they have
estimated nearly 21 million individuals are around the globe to be in a similar state of slavery
that together includes and approximate presence of 5.5 million child labours. It is where modern
slavery is composed of certain forms like a forcible work by enforcing individuals and by
threatening them either mentally or physically (Bernstein, 2010). Secondly, dominating
employees by mentally or physically abusing and threatening them is referred to be yet another
inconsiderate fact of modern slavery. Another form of modern slavery is dehumanisation which
means to treat an individual as a trading product who has been bought as a property and then
sold. Lastly, confining physically by restricting the freedom of individuals to move is yet another
atrocious form of slavery in this modern world.
It is where there exists several forms of exploitation that duly ranges from forcible
prostitution to forced marriage and forcible labour to forced removal of organs, etc., where all
these are still framing the grounds of slavery in today's modern world. Herein, a forced labour is
basically referred to any such type of work in which the people are forced to operate with no
willing consent of their own where they are merely doing it because of any forbidding clause of
penalty on them (Copeland and Thompson, 2011). This together enlightens yet another existence
of debt slavery also termed as bondage labour that is amongst the most distributed signifier of
slavery and where people are going through some sort of debt. It is where they may have

borrowed a sum of money and are now unable to repay it on time and are required to do so by
working under the lender.
This involves no such terms of employment with all conditions are powered under the
employers. As discoursed above, human trafficking is also yet another type of slavery that
includes transportation of individuals with the intent of exploiting them by threatening and
violating them via several compulsions (DAVIDSON, 2010). Descent based slavery is referred
to be yet another modernised concept of slavery in which the people who already born in slavery
due to their ancestors who have been captured and enthralled remains in a similar environ of
bondage. Child slavery that is mostly related with the tact of child labour is referred to be a much
worsen form of slavery that duly whilst the concept of child labour and is exceedingly harmful
for the children's involved in it. It resultantly hampers the education of those children's by
together affecting their developmental agenda in a negative manner.
Both these concepts of child slavery and child labour are interrelated to one other where
child slavery is basically when a child labour is being exploited for the profit of someone else. It
is where child slavery pertains the situation of child soldiers, child trafficking, child marriage and
domestic slavery of children's, etc., (Gallagher, 2014). Lastly, on discussing about another
concept of modern slavery named forced and early marriage, it is when an individual is forcibly
married in opposition to their own will. It is with no possibility of leaving the marriage where it
is with a major existence of child marriages with a clear depiction of slavery. It is also in concord
to some leading facts gathered by ILO that has represented near about 20.9 million individuals
dealing with some terrible forms of modern slavery all over the world.
This is further with a segregated data of nearly 5.5 million children's slaved across the
globe. It is where most of the individuals are slaved in the regions of Asia Pacific with an
enumerated ratio of 11.7 million where they are mostly slaved under bonded labour. It is along
with yet another major existence of 3.7 million people slaved in African regions with 1.6 million
in Latin America (Kitson, 2010). Also, 1.5 million are slaved in the developed nations where
14.2 million victims of slavery are mostly exploited for profitable activities with 4.5 million
individuals who are laboured for sexual exploitation with 98% of female victims. However, there
together exists 2.2 million people slaves who are being exploited by the government where US
has a recoded income of $150 billion earned from such illegal work. This amount is being
generated by their forced labours on yearly basis and is represented as their private economy.

It is where all these forms of slavery are duly involved in more than a single element.
This is for instance to discourse upon the concept of human trafficking where it includes
beforehand payment for travelling and oversees occupation. It however includes the money that
is borrowed from the traffickers themselves that later becomes the existence of debts as a major
contribution to control the victims (O’Connell Davidson, 2014). As a result to which, after the
arrival of the victims, they are clearly instructed about their departure where they cannot depart
till the time they entirely pay off the borrowed sum or the loan. Slavery is known to affect
individuals of any age, gender and race, etc., where it differs from a general idea which states
that everybody can be victimized under slavery.
Although, in fact, there exists such group of individuals who are more assailable to
slavery as compared to others. These are those people who are living under the state of poverty
and are having a restricted possibility of growth and development and are even not accessible to
a decent work environment (Slavery and Trafficking, 2011). As a result to which, they are more
likely to accept misleading occupational offers that in turn exploits them to a great extent. Beside
this, there together exists people who are also discriminated on the basis of their caste, race and
gender with a more chance of getting enslaved. It is where this tact of slavery is much likely to
exists in those areas where there are broken regulatory norms with a debilitated legal consent
indicating a corrupt prevalence.
The present report is mainly focussed on enlightening the relative facts of modern slavery
in the organisations situated in western countries. It is with a leading concern of those business
establishments who are successfully running in the path of international business by operating at
a worldwide level (Williams, 2014). However, by presenting themselves in this long run of
globalisation that has in turn necessitated them to make an active presence in the global set of
markets, there exists a lot of business enterprises who are not justifying there existence in a
pertinent way. It is where they are mostly making less remuneration to their hired set of workers
appointed to work in their extended set of markets. However, it is with a prime depiction of
unsettled or migrant workers along with the natives of their expanded markets who are
vulnerable to operate as a forced labour under less payment.
It is where this structure is specifically designed for them and gives a sense of partiality
to them. It is however with a major concern of those industrial sectors who are into domestic
working, construction work, entertainment, agricultural and manufacturing, etc., where around

19 million victims are duly exploited by the private entities (Bales and Soodalter, 2010). It is
along with an enumerated ratio of such workers who are duly exploited by governmental bodies
and overall reflects a consolidated ratio of more than 21 million sufferers of forced labour. It is
yet again with a bifurcated ratio of men and women where along with 11.4 million girls, there
together exist 9.5 million boys who are equally victimized under this clause of modern slavery.
Slavery is duly referred to be an immortal act that has duly lessened the commitment of
today's society to respect the fellow human beings. This involves many countries like US who
have mutely exempted the custom of modern slavery Such type of slavery is explicitly known as
human trafficking that has duly surpassed the trafficking of arms and drugs all around the globe.
On outlining the concept of human trafficking, it is referred to the selling and transferral of
human beings where it is itself done by other set of human beings with a leading agenda of
gaining profits (Blackburn, 2013). It often includes sexual slavery of individuals where most of
the nations have become spiritless towards it where it is now referred to be an urgent global issue
demanding for solutions. Whereas, such apathetic condition of the countries have resulted into
unintended insensate practices on continual basis. Apart from this, human trafficking is vastly
affecting all its involved parties with huge cost on them where it can be removed only by
operating in a collective direction.
It is where the most concerning phase of modern slavery in this report has together
enlightened the fact of declined work conditions for the employees working under the category
of forced labour where they are together required to work for long hours with no or little
payment of wages. However, it is in unification of another fact where these workers are often
hired forcibly or have themselves accepted to operate like this due to some of their personal
issues where they are in need of satisfying their elementary requirements (Crane, 2013). This is
for instance to discuss upon such a factual illustration of Nigerians in the world. It is where their
economic disorder has in turn resulted in unconquerable state of poverty that has largely
impacted the country in an atrocious way. It is together in depiction of its ranking in the year
2006, when Nigeria was clearly specified to be one of the poorest nation's in the globe. It is
despite of its plentiful personnel and natural resources, the country is continually dealing with a
high rate of unemployment. This in turn has resulted in a dreadful existence of corruption all
over its provinces.

As a solution to it, many Nigerians are looking for some resourceful ways to fulfil the
basic requirements of their family members and themselves. For which, they keep on going to
several business trips in some leading western countries that are mostly developed in nature with
few which are still at a developing state (Davidson, 2015). It is in support of such factual
description given by many Nigerian merchants looking for jobs in well inclined locations have
reported the Italy entrepreneurs to use sexual practices as leading commodity that in turn gives
them huge profits. Beside this, another form of human trafficking relating to the consequences of
forced labour consists of some other related traumas of Bangladeshi workers operating for
western firms and Chinese labours hired in the factories of a well known brand named Apple.
It is firstly on discoursing about the condition of the garment workers in Bangladesh who
are suffering from such poor conditions of work since last two years. It is where they have been
continually victimized under abusive circumstances of work with assault and strained overtime
(Harper, 2011). This has together led to a severe disaster famously known as Rana Plaza disaster
that led to the decease of 1, 100 individuals in Dhaka where the factory was located. It was a
resultant cause of collapse of this factory that was reportedly due to the miserable work
conditions over there with no health related occupational practices for the employees.
It is in accordance to the report submitted by Human Rights Watch where this self
directed advocacy enterprise came on another year of the mishap of Rana Plaza factory that was
situated on the outer section of Dhaka which is entitled to be the capital of Bangladesh.
Approximately 1100 workers who were operating for high street retailers established in the
western countries lost their lives in this tragedy where they were working on order basis
(Matthews, 2012). This incident however fetched a worldwide attention on such issues generally
created by the prosperous clothing industries operating at a global level. Followed by this
tragedy, the retailers of Bangladesh along with their governmental bodies have committed to
bring widespread reforms.
As a result to which, there existed functional investigation of many factories where
several of them were sealed due to some major structural issues in them and others were
renovated. It was however in pursuance of enhancing the work conditions of the factories with
improved treatment of employees who were partially remunerated by the western retailers
(Silverman, B. and FAcSS, 2014). Though, there continued several other issues that led to the
interrogation of 160 Bangladeshi workers from nearly 44 distinct factories established in Dhaka.

This involved several factories who were manufacturing garments to be supplied in the high
streets of North America, Australia and Europe.
Herein, the respondents duly complained of both mental and physical assaults that
involved verbal abuse, insanitary conditions, forced overtime, denial payments for maternity
leaves with failure in paying timely remunerations and rewards like bonus, etc. It was basically
due to a prime insistence of the western companies where they were signing high standard
contracts with the Bangladeshi manufacturers but were totally incompetent in observing the
exact situation prevailing over there (Weitzer, 2015). Another persisting issue over there beside
this clause of monitoring was the sub contracting orders done by the local producers that
reflected the existence of modern slavery with the hired set of employees at the workplace.
There together exists yet another factual depiction of Apple's manufacturing centres
situated in China. Into which, the employees were reportedly strained to stand for more than 24
hours a day. Also, they were operating in a vulnerable state under which they were encircled by
suicidal nets, explosions and toxic exposures, etc. It is with a special context of the factory
situated in China who were manufacturing iPads for Apple which is a renowned brand in this
world and is famously recognised all over the globe with huge demand among the users (Zach
and Pallua, 2010). This report has however led to several other headlines where the employees
appointed in the Chengdu plant situated in Southwest China were leading a terrible life with
excessive work. As a result to which, they were constantly doing overtime with no leave for a
single day. Also, they were found to live in crowded dormitory with exposed chemicals that were
extremely unsafe for them. Additionally, two explosions were together transcribed in the year
2011 from aluminium dust that in turn led to the death of 4 workers. Moreover, near about 140
employees were severely bruised from the use of toxicant elements in this factory.
Both the above specified instances have precisely illustrated an active existence of
modern slavery in this world where it is with a major involvement of big brands of western
nations. It is where these brands are duly hiring people to work into the third world nation by
hiring people to work at a very minimal level of payment to them. This in turn have indicated
violated norms of human rights in the western countries (Burke, 2015). This is urging for a more
stricter constitution of law in those regions as a way of resolving these issues and it's extending
rage that can result to devastating outcomes at the end. Furthermore, there together exits some
root cause of modern slavery that is beyond the concept of forced labour and has many more

destructing forms. Though, slavery is not referred to have a legal existence at all in any corner of
this world but has now become a trade that is constantly booming almost everywhere. It is
despite of the fact where there together exists many global accords to fight against this
problematic concern where it is required to be addressed with some radical solutions.
It is therefore on referring to some root causes of modern slavery that mostly exists due to
three major reasons namely poverty along with the impoverishment of feminization. Another
root cause is the human attitude for the capitalization of their desires which is mainly due to an
active existence of globalisation in the business world. Lastly, deficit education with an
inadequate awareness of such slavery among the public leads them to become the victim of this
act (Enos, 2016). Out of all these factors, impoverishment is referred to make a huge contribution
in the concept of modern slavery where the victims affected by it are mostly residing in the third
world. It is where they are then duly subjected to exploitation where poorness directly makes
them assailable. Wherein, the conditions that duly impacts upon the third global nations involves
degradation of environment along with certain influential means of globalization. It is along with
some other influential clauses such as corrupted governmental bodies working in support of
illegal practices along with some other natural disasters together creates a superior origin for
such slave trade.
It is also in support of some famous academic scholars who have contributed their views
on modern day slavery and have stated it to be an economic misconduct that is profitable for
those imaginative business people. These are the individuals who are continually looking for
such opportunities that in turn exploits the human commodities as a way of yielding profits from
distinct businesses as seen in the case of Nigerian merchants and factory workers of Bangladesh
and China (Duell, 2012). It is according to these traffickers, human labour is an inexpensive deal
for them with a collapsed cost of human beings. It is where the investigatory records have
reported the earlier price of human slaves to be at least $4,000 which is before 2 thousand years.
However, the average cost of slave is $90 per person where in countries like India and Nepal,
some individuals are even sold for 5 to 10 dollars.
The foremost root cause of modern day slavery as poverty is together allied with yet
another major cause of feminization of poverty. It is in support of the biggest statistic of females
who are greatly affected by this slave trade to a great extent. It is where 80% of women are
composed of trafficking in US where they are together striking into the largest portion of poverty

in this globe. However, disparity is stated to be a prime reason behind feminization of poverty
where the women are worsened at the time of dealing with any sort of economic suffering for
several reasons (Gerber, 2017). It is also in context to varied factors that involves lower societal
and profitable status of women as compared to men and due to which, the women are often sold-
out by their open family members. This duly refers to the tact of slavery where the women are
less valued in relation to men. As a result to which, the outer world is also full of gender and
wage gap among men and women. Whereas, the women are required to show multiple roles
where a deficient time schedule that in turn bound them to access formal occupation with general
progression.
Lastly, there exists another foremost issue of inadequate level of awareness and education
in the public that in turn converts them as the victim of modern day slavery. It is however with a
special context of those who are miserable and are thus assailable to the custom of slavery and
are easily tracked and induced by the traffickers. It is where the potent victims greatly deficits
the need of being aware for looking at those signs that may indicate them about getting deceived
(Human Rights Violations, 2017). However, there together exists some root solutions of these
causes that is required to be applied after addressing an active existence of this slave trade. It is
hereby with reference to the above three root causes such as poverty and feminization of poverty,
lack of education and awareness along with human attitude towards capitalization. Where the
root solution of poverty can be successful at the place where the women are targeted with a
prime responsibility of the NGOs to recognize the same at almost every corner of this globe.
It is where the women are not only subjected to become proportionately poor but are
together liable to support their occupation by together sending their children's to educational
institutions and use their own attained income for the livelihood of their family members. It is in
case of poverty becoming one of the root cause for the people getting vulnerable to the slave
trade by getting victimized then this persists to address the clause of impoverishment as a way of
referring to a root solution (Kelley, 2013). It is where a few monetary unit is often referred to
create a huge difference among the families who are either trading their own child into bondage
or not. It is with a fundamental sense of ascertaining the most undefeatable circumstances of a
poor to further provide them such mechanisms that in turn improves their livelihood. It is defined
to be the best possible way in which the poor individuals can be duly prevented to become the
victims of slave trade.

It is where there exists certain organisations all over the world who are duly educating the
potent victims of slave trade by together assisting them to create a strengthened socio-economic
condition around them to prevent such sort of victimization. Herein, these organisational bodies
are together focussed on reinforcing the economic condition of the women by together ensuring
their well being by training them about the risks of bondage (What is modern slavery?, 2017). It
is where they are together aiding those who are associated in this slave trade with profitable and
emotional restoration. It is because most of them who have once been affiliated to this trade
often gets back to it even after getting free for not being informed to anything else. There do not
exist any single guidance to combat with slavery all the time and wherever it takes place. It is
however due to an active existence of certain root cause that are alive in each of its situation,
addressing them on time is likely to combat the slave trade in an effective manner.
The above report has enlightened the existence of modern day slavery in almost every
corner of this globe where it is together referred to have different forms and varieties. All of
these are however indicating a deceitful conduct towards the society by causing some terrible
consequences at the end (Love, 2011). For which, it has illustrated some factual instances from ll
over the world that involved Bangladeshi garment workers operating for high street retailers of
western nations, Chinese workers operating in Apple's factories and Nigerian merchants
reporting the stance of slavery in Italy, etc. However, it has together discoursed about the causes
and solutions of such modern day slavery with a major intervention of certain organisations like
NGOs, etc., who can potently address the same and take appropriate actions for its end.

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