Fall Prevention Management Assignment 2022

Running Head: FALL PREVENTION MANAGEMENT
Fall Prevention Management
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

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Fall Prevention Management
Introduction:
According to the survey conducted by National Council on Ageing, it is evident that
the fall among the elderly patient is observed to be the leading cause behind the fatal as well as
non-fatal injury among the older population. It increases the risk of safety and also the
independence of the patient (Irzmańska, 2015). Apart from that, it also increases economic
burden on the patient as well as on the family member of the patient. Rendering to the study
channeled by Hartung & Lalonde (2017), fall is assumed to be the result of ageing which is not
true. This discussion states the effectiveness of non-slip footwear in order to reduce the fall
mortality rate among the elderly patient. A research question has been formulated within PICO
(population, intervention, comparison and outcomes) framework. In order to evaluate the
effectiveness of non-slip footwear in fall prevention, findings from the peer reviewed literature
has been incorporated. The literature has been evaluated by the aid of particular search strategy.
It helps in evaluating the most relevant literature which helps in answering the clinical research
question. The discussion also contains the different search strategy search term or key words,
Boolean operators, truncations, data base, inclusion and exclusion criteria are also mentioned
which helps in the evaluation of relevant article. Apart from these, strategies which can be used
in the implementation of the evidence collected from the literature are also discussed in detail in
the literature review section.
Background:
Rendering to the study channeled by Gu et al., (2016), fall is assumed to be the result
of ageing which is not true. The major reason behind the fall in the elderly patient is the life style
of the adjustment of the patient and if the life style of the elderly patient is managed effectively,

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Fall Prevention Management
the number of fall among the senior individual can be reduced. According to the Centers for
Disease control and prevention (2019), one out of every four individual who belong to the age
group of 65 years and above gets fall each year. Prevalence rate of falls in the elderly patient
results in about 2.8 million illness and injuries that leads to admission in the emergency
department. The statistics of the survey indicates that the hospitalization rate among the elderly
patient is 800,000 where the number of death observed due to falls is around 27,000. In the
discussion, the effectiveness of non-slip footwear in reducing the mortality rate of the elderly
patient due to fall over the standard procedure. Rendering to the study conducted by Courtney et
al., (2013), the general procedure used in the healthcare setting to reduce the fall cases is by
involving the patient in physical exercise. Though involving patient in physical activity is
effective in fall, prevention, but is time consuming (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2019). Therefore, it is essential for the healthcare staff and the nurse to provide an immediate
treatment which can be provided by using non-slip slippers.
Purpose of the research:
According to the research conducted by Chari et al., (2016), risk of fall among the
elderly patient is high as compared to that of the other individual and can lead to adverse
negative outcome such injury or fracture. Hence, fall among the elderly patient and is a major
concern as it contributes in the mortality rate of the target population (elderly patient). Instead of
this, the issue is not being considered effectively in the healthcare setting and along with that no
specific intervention has been applied. Hence, the study has been formulated to improve the care
of elderly patient, by increasing the use of non-skid sleepers among the elderly patient (Ambrose,
Paul & Hausdorff, 2013).

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Fall Prevention Management
Aim:
The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of non-skid slipper in me
reducing the fall cases among the elderly patient.
Clinical research question:
Clinical research question has been formulated by the aid of PICO framework which
involves population, intervention, comparison and the expected outcome (Eriksen & Frandsen,
2018).
Population: Elderly patient possessing high risk of fall.
Intervention: Use of non-slip foot wear.
Comparison: Standard method
Outcome: Reduced mortality
“Does use of non-slip foot wear among the elderly patient having high risk of fall
is more effective in reducing the mortality rate of elderly patient as compared to standard
procedure?”
Search strategy:
In this assignment to get adequate information regarding the formulated clinical
research question, systematic review has been conducted. Systematic review is considered as one
of the most effective tool used to collect evidence from the previously conducted peer reviewed
article (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018). To get most relevant articles from the systematic review

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Fall Prevention Management
search strategy has been applied to get most relatable and accurate result (McGowan et al.,
2016).
Search strategy is defined as the strategy which helps in the evaluation of the most
relevant articles (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018). It is demarcated as the organized structure of
different key terms which is used in specific database to obtain high quality peer reviewed article
that provides effective information regarding the clinical question which consist possible search
strategy. The database that has been used in the study to get the most relevant articles is
MedLine, PubMed and CINNAHL (Perera, 2017). Search terms are defined as the word or
phrase which when used in the database helps in evaluating most relevant literature (McGowan
et al., 2016). Boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT have been used to enhance the
quality of the search (Perera, 2017).
Search terms or key terms used in the research are, non-slip footwear OR non-skid
footwear OR slip resistance footwear slip OR slip resistance shoe AND fall prevention OR
slipping OR slip-related falls AND elderly patient OR older individual AND reduced mortality.
Truncation is also used in the end of the search terms to get the all the articles which constitute
that word such as, non-skid footwear*, olde* and many others (McGowan et al., 2016).
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria are the specific set of parameters based on which the
articles are included in the study. The inclusion criteria followed in this study is:
 All the articles must be within the year range of 2014-2019
 The preferred language for the selection of article is English.
 The article which aims to discuss about the efficiency of non-skid footwear are selected for
the systematic review.

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Fall Prevention Management
 Literature where the target population is taken as older population having the high risk of fall
is included in review (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018).
Exclusion criteria: There are certain parameters which are formulated to exclude the articles for
the study. All the articles which do not follow the inclusion criteria are excluded.
By the use of search terms, Boolean operators and truncations 165 study were evaluated. By
using the inclusion and exclusion criteria 140 study were excluded and only 25 literature were
included. After reviewing the literature 9 most relevant literature were included in the study.
Critical appraisal and summary of the findings:
According to the author Luk, Chan and Chan (2015) falls among the older patient is a
major health concern which is increasing day by day. The primary aim of the study is to evaluate
the effectiveness of interventions used to reduce the risk of fall among the elderly population.
The author mentioned that one of the major reason behind the increased number of fall in the
clinical care setting is providing treatment to the patient without evaluating the underlying cause.
Fall due to slipping is commonly observed in the clinical care setting which according to author
can be treated with the aid of non-slip footwear. In this study to evaluate the effectiveness of
non-skid footwear, literature review has been conducted (Luk, Chan & Chan, 2015). The
findings obtained from the study indicates that use of non-slip footwear among the elderly
Patient having high risk of fall helps in reducing the prevalence rate of fall in the clinical setting
as well as in residents thus also reduce the incidence rate of fatal and non-fatal injury caused due
to fall. In the study evidence for the other popular method is also discussed which is supposed to
reduce the rate of fall. The strategies are restraining the patient, however it can impact the mental
health of the patients and also violates the ethical rights of the patient. Therefore from the study,

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Fall Prevention Management
it is concluded that use of non-slip footwear is one of the most effective strategies as well cost
effective that can be used by nurses in the healthcare setting.
Another study directed by Kim (2015), states the application of slip resistance footwear
for reducing the rate of fall among the older population. In the study author states the incident
related to fall in the clinical care is commonly observed which sometimes leads to fatal injury. In
the clinical setting, patient are often provided with shoes or socks, however due to the lack of
slip resistance facility it cannot prevent the fall event. Therefore it is important to provide slip
resistance shoes to the patient. The primary aim of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of
resistance slip in case of elderly patients with high fall risk and the study also focusses on the
mechanism of resistance shoe which prevents fall. In the study the concept or the theory model
which helps in the formulations of slip resistance shoes is discussed in detail (Kim, 2015). It is
manufactured by the aid of polyurethane which creates dynamic friction on the ceramic tiles
which is present in the healthcare setting. Different quantitative and qualitative test has been
conducted to evaluate the wear development and formation of the anti-slip shoes. To evaluate the
effectiveness, different microscopic examination and surfaces roughness parameters has been
used . The findings of the study states that anti slip shoes are designed in such way that they
creates friction when used in different floor especially on the ceramic tiles (rate of falls on the
ceramic tiles is high as compared to other tiles). Thus reduces the rate of fall hazards and
slipping of the older population.
The study performed by Yamaguchi et al., (2015), aims to analyze the efficacy for the
rubber outsole consisting of a hybrid surface pattern which is stated to reduce the fall incidents
on any smooth surfaces. In the study author states that fall or slip on the smooth surface is
commonly observed among the population of all age group, especially in the older population.

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Fall Prevention Management
Therefore to reduce such adverse incident shoes with rubber outsole with surface pattern can be
used. In this study, primary quantitative test has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of
rubber sole in reducing the fall incidents. From the study it is observed that the anti-slip shoes
with hybrids rubber sole consist gritted straps (texture similar to sandpaper) which prevents
slipping. The comfort of the slip resistance is also tested which concludes that these rubber
outsole slip resistance footwear is as comfortable as any other footwear. The findings of the
study suggests that slip resistance footwear have higher effectivity in reducing fall risk as
compared to that of the other footwears. Therefore by analyzing the result obtained from the
study it can be stated that use of anti-slip footwear among the elderly patient who possess the
high risk of getting injured due to fall is beneficial in reducing the risk of fall. It is due to the
design of the sole of the shoes which prevents falling by creating friction between the floor and
the foot wear.
Rendering to the study piloted by Quigley (2015), one of the major cause of injury among
the older population aged 65 years and above is fall and the risk increase with the advancing age.
The study provides the statistics of fall rate among the US elderly population to make the study
more noble and reliable. The study states that fall results by due to the unsafe environment or
other known factors. A survey has been conducted in the study among the elderly Patient. The
findings of the survey indicates that the population group which uses non-slip slippers are more
safe and possess low risk of injury due to fall as compared to that of the other population group
which do not uses anti-slip footwear. In the study, the fall risk assessment is also conducted to
evaluate the major reason behind the fall in elderly patient to formulate treatment accordingly.
The result of the fall risk assessment suggests that one of the major reason behind the increasing
occurrence rate of fall is slipping in the smooth surface which can be reduced with the aid of

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Fall Prevention Management
anti-slip footwear (Quigley, 2015). The findings of the study suggests that fall among the elderly
population is common and increases the risk of injury and the one of the major reason behind
this is slipping which can be prevented by the help of anti-slip footwear in the healthcare setting.
According to the study proposed by Tzeng and Min (2015), different nurses and health
care staff have different approach regarding the treatment of the patient. The purpose of this
study is to evaluate the most effective strategies or methods that can be used in the treatment of
fall in the elderly patient by the multi-hospital nurse. In this study survey has been conducted
among the multi hospital nurse to assess different strategies which are commonly used in the
multi-hospital. In order to do that cross sectional survey has been conducted where 560 staff
respondents have been included in the study (Tzeng & Min, 2015). The result of the survey is
analyzed and it is concluded that there are top 10 strategies which is commonly used in the
hospital setting. Out of these, use of non-skid slippers also help in reducing the risk of fall
among the elderly population. Out of 550 respondents, 10% of the nurses states that use of slip
resistance slippers is more effective as compared to the other population in minimizing the risk
of fall among the vulnerable older adult. The findings of the study states non-slip slippers is
among the 10 leading preventive strategies.
Another literature which has been included in the study indicates that foot slippage is
considered as one of the most widespread unforeseen event in the case of individual over the age
of 65 and above (Irzmanska, 2015). Foot slippage contributes to the falls from lower level or
height. The study consist the statistical data about the number of slip related events. The purpose
of the study is to evaluate the preventive measures which can be designer or developed to reduce
the risk of fall and injuries due to slipping, tripping, and falling. The study also suggests the
factor such as, gender, age, weight, vision and motor function which is responsible for the fall.

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Fall Prevention Management
To evaluate more information about the preventive measure, survey has been conducted among
the nurse taking care of the elderly patient. The results of the survey indicates that use anti-
slippery footwear among the individual who are at the high risk getting injured due to fall is
effective as compared to that of the other preventive measures. The author suggests that foot
slippage is also common among the workplace which can also be reduced by the use of non-
slippery footwears (Irzmanska, 2015).
The primary objective of the study conducted by Chari et al., (2016), is to establish point
prevalence rate of the sub optimal features in the footwears which has been reported to be used
in the older individual. This will help in evaluating the advantage of non-slip footwear. In order
to do that cross sectional study is conducted in the study among the patient with high fall risk in
metropolitan hospital in Brisbane. In this study, different types of slippers and its effectiveness in
reducing the fall rate among 149 residents (patient) is assessed. The results obtained from the
study suggests that use of non-slip footwear prevents the rate of accidental fall and other foot
slippage which results to injury. This paper provides enough evidence regarding the choice of
resistance footwear among the unwell older patient admitted in acute care setting and its positive
impact on fall reduction. Apart from reducing the rate of fall, it also helps in decreasing foot pain
which is prevalent among the older patient by initiating the foot pathology. Hence, the findings
of the article suggests that implementation of footwear which are resistance to foot slippage
helps in the prevention of foot slippage as well as relives foot pressure thereby reducing foot pain
(Chari et al., 2016).
The study piloted by Gu et al., (2016), helps in evaluating the root cause which can lead
to fall and along with that also helps in identification of prevention measures which are
associated with the fall among the elderly population. The study also provide ab effective

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Fall Prevention Management
overview of the best evidence practice available for the fall prevention at the leading healthcare
organizations. In this study health care program initiated by the nurse and the healthcare staff in
fall prevention is critically evaluated. In the program, the target population (population aged 65
years and above) are educated about the different preventive measures which can minimize the
fall rate. As in the health promotion individual from all economic background are involved, the
principal Focus is to provide with the strategies which us cost effective. In the health promotion,
use of non-slip footwear is suggested which is one of the most effective preventive measures as
well as cost effective (Gu et al., 2016). After that a survey has been conducted among the older
population, from which it is concluded that the individual who have used non-slip footwear gave
experience less events of fall than before. The findings of the study suggests that use of non-slip
footwear helps in reducing the fall.
The study piloted by Vaccari et al., (2014), aims to describe the adequate epidemiology
of the hospital falls including all the patient who are at the high risk of fall and other fall relates
injuries. The methodology used in the study is prospective descriptive study of the inpatient falls.
In the study, data from the patient circumstances, injury and medical records were collected and
along with that fall rates and the nurse staffing level were compared. The total number of
respondents involved in the study is 183 among the 1300 bed urban of the hospital for the time
period of 13 weeks. The results of the study suggests that individual who are at the age group of
65 years and above are more vulnerable to the falls and hence it is important to use preventive
measures for fall prevention. In the study, effectiveness of the non-skid footwear has been
evaluated in reducing injuries related to fall among the elderly patient. The findings of the study
suggests that falls among the elderly patient is common and can be effectively reduces by the
implementation of non-slippery footwears among the healthcare setting.

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Fall Prevention Management
Implementation of Evidence in Practice
The evidence based practice highlights the PICO question that emphasizes the use of the
non-slip footwear for the elderly that will reduce the chances of falling among the elderly as
compared to the normal footwear. The problem of falling is very common in the elderly and one
of the main reasons for that is the error in the management of the issue. Research highlights the
fact that the treatment to most of the falling issues is carried out by the healthcare staff without
knowing about the proper cause of the fall (Phelan et al., 2016). Thus, there is a need to develop
the fall assessment properly so that the main reason behind the fall of the elderly can be known
and the treatment can be provided to them as per the requirement. The assessment of the fall is
usually under the focused target and that comprises of the physical assessment of the patient. The
various evidence-based management strategies involves a number of practices like the home-
based exercises, modifications in the environment, management of the foot and the various
footwear associated problems. These treatments of the fall assessment can be done properly if
the multifactorial interventions are applied (Ambrose, Paul & Hausdorff, 2013).
The falls among the older patients are the most common cause of hospitalization among
the older patients. The use of the non-slip socks have increased in the hospitals that can be used
as an alternative to the footwear in order to reduce or prevent the rate of falling among the adults.
There are several studies being conducted on this topic that show that the patients who were
using non-slip sock were less hospitalized for falling however, the non-slip socks does not have
the properties of the proper footwear and thus, have the capability of spreading infection
(Courtney et al., 2013). Thus, the safest thing is to use the patient’s personal footwear while
admitted to the hospital. Hence, evidence suggests that the use of the non-slip footwear will be
beneficial for the use of the patients to reduce fall.

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Fall Prevention Management
The use of the traditional footwear like crampons can be useful in the prevention of the
slips on the surface that is slippery. However, the shoes have protruding studs that can cause trips
in the patients. Thus, the use of the rubber outsole has been designed that will help in the
prevention of the slips or fall without using the studs or asperities. Recent study on the rubber
outsole has shown that the footwear has a resistance to slip in both wet and dry conditions
(Hartung & Lalonde, 2017). When the non-slip footwear was compared to that of the three
conventional footwear like metal straps, crampons, and gritted straps it is seen that the non-slip
footwear with the rubber outsole is much more advantageous. The researchers has performed a
number of tests in order to examine the slip resistance and the results showed that the number of
slips or falls were more in case of metal coils, followed by gritted straps and crampons. These
results suggest that the use of the hybrid rubber sole that is less susceptible to slipping, and gives
a better grip to tripping on the wet surfaces or dry surfaces, it is less likely to cause accidents
(Quigley, 2015).
The elderly also fall due to safe environment that is called as risk factors that is also not
addressed in most of the cases. Most of the falls can be preventable and the prevention of the
most of the falls is at the highest patient priority. As a nurse it should be their responsibility to
enhance their skills, knowledge and experience regarding the fall management of the patients.
These skills should be improved in order to minimize the risk of falling among the elderly
(Ambrose, Paul & Hausdorff 2013). A number of studies has shown that the use of the proper
footwear has a significant role to play in the fall assessment. The use of the non-slip socks
prevents the fee from slipping. They are used in a number of clinical organizations generally
because the use of normal footwear or standard socks is related to the higher rate of the fall.
However, for ambulation the patients should be encouraged to wear proper fitting shoes that will

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support them to walk and will reduce the chances of falling (Montero‐Odasso & Speechley,
2018).
There are high chances of the slips when the floor is wet or dirty or even if the floor has a
smooth surface. In order to control or reduce the chances of falling it is necessary that the needs
and demands of the patients is fulfilled. Research has shown that the best method to prevent
injury and to reduce the chances of falling it is important that the older population wears a proper
footwear that completely fits their foot and is supporting them while walking or standing (Kim,
Hsiao & Simeonov, 2013). It has been identified by the researchers that the older population uses
inadequate footwear both inside and outside their house that is thus, related to higher rate of fall.
This is the contribution to the higher rate of falling in the older people.
For instance, the older individuals who used to walk barefoot or walk standard socks or
stockings experience more falls as compared to that of the older people who wear athletic style
shoes. The older individuals usually wear slippers inside the house that are not well-fitting that
ultimately increases the risk of the fall (Mahida & Boswell, 2016). Thus, it should be
implemented that the patients who have higher chances of falling should include the non-slip
socks and shoes both in the outdoor and indoor use. This will include the wearing of the shoes
that has a thin and firm sole that is resistant to slip. The use of the non-slip footwear can be done
by the use of the low square heel along with a supporting collar. The nurses for the self-
management of the patients who have high risk of fall should incorporate the use of the non-slip
socks and shoes in order to reduce the chances of falling.

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Conclusion
Thus, the conclusion that can be drawn is that the use of the non-slip socks and shoes for
the elderly patients is essential in order to carry out the fall management. The fall management is
the most important part of the fall assessment among the elderly patient who had high chances of
falling. The injuries that are associated to falling is one of the major issue for the older people.
The report also highlights the risk factors that contribute mainly to the falling of the elderly.
However, through the rigorous literature review it has been seen that the use of the footwear is
one of the modifiable risk factors that is linked to the falling.
The studies that has been selected for the literature review highlight the fact that the
patients who have higher chances of falling are much more careless about their immediate
surrounding and thus creates a lot of impact on the health and the injuries that are linked with the
falling. The research studies always emphasize on the fact that the nurses and the physician
should always focus on the main causes of falling, identify the potential risk and then provide
certain instructions related to the prevention of falling.
The study also highlights the fact that the use of the normal and standard socks or
footwear can contribute to the higher risk of falling and thus, it can be changed to non-slip
footwear that will support the elderly patient in walking and standing and thus, prevent in
tripping. This will in turn reduce the injuries related to falling. The study also highlights the
various ways that can be used to implement the use of the fall-resistant socks and the shoes in the
clinical setting that will help the nurses and the clinician in order to reduce the chances of falling
among the elderly once they have been discharged from the hospitals. Therefore, it is important
the nurses should always emphasize on the importance of the reduction of the falling by the use
of the non-slip socks and shoes.

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References
Ambrose, A. F., Paul, G., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2013). Risk factors for falls among older adults: a
review of the literature. Maturitas, 75(1), 51-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.009
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Older Adult Falls. Retrieved 26 October
2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/features/falls-older-adults/index.html
Chari, S. R., McRae, P., Stewart, M. J., Webster, J., Fenn, M., & Haines, T. P. (2016). Point
prevalence of suboptimal footwear features among ambulant older hospital patients:
implications for fall prevention. Australian health review, 40(4), 399-
404. ttps://doi.org/10.1071/AH14168
Courtney, T. K., Verma, S. K., Chang, W. R., Huang, Y. H., Lombardi, D. A., Brennan, M. J., &
Perry, M. J. (2013). Perception of slipperiness and prospective risk of slipping at
work. Occup Environ Med, 70(1), 35-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-100831
Eriksen, M. B., & Frandsen, T. F. (2018). The impact of patient, intervention, comparison,
outcome (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: a systematic
review. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 106(4), 420.
doi: 10.5195/jmla.2018.345
Gu, Y. Y., Balcaen, K., Ni, Y., Ampe, J., & Goffin, J. (2016). Review on prevention of falls in
hospital settings. Chinese Nursing Research, 3(1), 7-
10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2015.11.002

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Hartung, B., & Lalonde, M. (2017). The use of non-slip socks to prevent falls among
hospitalized older adults: A literature review. Geriatric nursing, 38(5), 412-416.
Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.02.002
Irzmańska, E. (2015). Protective Footwear And The Risk Of Slipping In Older Workers–
Definitions, Achievements, Recommendations. AUTEX research journal, 15(3), 181-
190. DOI: 10.1515/aut-2015-0009
Kim, I. J. (2015). Wear observation of shoe surfaces: Application for slip and fall safety
assessments. Tribology Transactions, 58(3), 407-
417. doi:10.1080/10402004.2014.980593
Kim, I. J., Hsiao, H., & Simeonov, P. (2013). Functional levels of floor surface roughness for the
prevention of slips and falls: Clean-and-dry and soapsuds-covered wet surfaces. Applied
Ergonomics, 44(1), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.010
Luk, J. K., Chan, T. Y., & Chan, D. K. (2015). Falls prevention in the elderly: translating
evidence into practice. Hong Kong Med J, 21(2), 165-71. DOI: 10.12809/hkmj144469
Mahida, N., & Boswell, T. (2016). Non-slip socks: a potential reservoir for transmitting
multidrug-resistant organisms in hospitals?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 94(3), 273-
275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.06.018
McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D. M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V., & Lefebvre, C. (2016).
PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. Journal of
clinical epidemiology, 75, 40-46.
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Naidu, A. S., Vasudev, A., Burhan, A. M., Ionson, E., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2019). Does dual-
task gait differ in those with late-life depression versus mild cognitive impairment?. The
American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(1), 62-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.10.011
Perera, P. A. S. H. (2017). Systematic reviews: significance of search strategy. Journal of the
University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka, 20(1). Retrieved from:
https://jula.sljol.info/articles/abstract/10.4038/jula.v20i1.7896/
Phelan, E. A., Aerts, S., Dowler, D., Eckstrom, E., & Casey, C. M. (2016). Adoption of
evidence-based fall prevention practices in primary care for older adults with a history of
falls. Frontiers in public health, 4, 190. Retrieved from:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00190/full
Quigley, P. (2015). Tailoring falls-prevention interventions to each patient. The American Nurse
Today, 10(11), 8-10. https://americannursetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ant11-
Essence-Supplement-FULL.pdf#page=10
Tzeng, H. M., & Yin, C. Y. (2015). Perceived top 10 highly effective interventions to prevent
adult inpatient fall injuries by specialty area: A multihospital nurse survey. Applied
Nursing Research, 28(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2014.04.005
Vaccari, É., Lenardt, M. H., Willi, M. H., Betiolli, S. E., & de Oliveira, E. S. (2014). Safety of
the hospital environment in terms of preventing falls on the part of the elderly: a
descriptive study. Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 13(3), 271-
281. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3614/361441680002.pdf

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Yamaguchi, T., Hsu, J., Li, Y., & Maki, B. E. (2015). Efficacy of a rubber outsole with a hybrid
surface pattern for preventing slips on icy surfaces. Applied ergonomics, 51, 9-
17. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/69906/3/Accepted
%20manuscript_Yamaguchi_ApplErgon.pdf

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Appendix:
Author/Year Study design Sample/Setting Findings Strengths/
Limitation
s
Luk, Chan &
Chan, (2015)
Multi component exercise. Systematic
literature
review
Multi-
component
group or
home-based
exercises, Tai
Chi,
environmental
modifications,
medication
review,
management
of foot and
footwear
problems,
vitamin D
supplementati
on, and
(S)Found
out the
most
effective
processes
in the fall
prevention
including
footwear
issues.
(S)Factors
induce the
fall risk
also
identified.

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addressing
cardiovascular
problems are
the effective
interventions
in fall
prevention.
MFI program
and RCHE
setting also
effective in
this process.
(L)There
is no
practical
or
statistical
data found
on this
context.
Kim, (2015) Experimental study. Dynamic
friction tester
that is a
quantitative
data collection
and
quantitative
data analysis.
DFCs were
significantly
related to the
variations in
surfaceroughn
ess of the shoe
heels.
Massive
structural
changes on the
heel surfaces
(S)Proper
descriptio
n of the
relation
between
the fall
risk due to
slip and
shoe
surface

21
Fall Prevention Management
were foundnot
only in the
initial stages
but also in the
later stages
ofrubbings.
Surface
alterations and
wear
development
were
consistentwith
abrasion,
ploughing,
and adhesion
theories of the
shoewear
model.
Abrasive,
adhesive, and
ploughing
wear were
clearly identi-
design.
(L) Small
sample
size.
(L)
Limited to
two types
of
material.

22
Fall Prevention Management
fied by surface
roughness
parameters.
Microscopic
works visibly
supported the
theoretical
develop-ments
and provided
unique wear
information on
each
heelsurface.
Although a
limited
number of
rubbings were
made on
eachshoe,
overall wear
results were
more severe
than

23
Fall Prevention Management
expectedand
occurred from
a very early
stage of
rubbing.
Yamaguchi, Hsu,
Li & Maki,
(2015)
Quantitative experimental
study.
3 sample used
in the drag test
and 12 samples
used in the gait
test.
Mean SCOF
and DCOF
values are
significantly
affected by
footwear type,
temperature
condition and
footwear
temperature
interaction.
SCOF and
DCOF values
for all types of
footwear at
0°C are lower
than −10°C.
However, the
(S)
Effectivel
y
highlighte
d the
factors of
3
materials
of the
footwear
effective
in the
process of
the fall
prevention
.

24
Fall Prevention Management
hybrid rubber
sole showed a
slightly higher
DCOF at 0°C
in comparison
to −10°C.
No falls were
detected
during the gait
trials on the
level walkway
or slope at
0°Cor−10°C.S
lips occurred
in 34 of the
1152trials(3.0
% of trials),
and all but one
subject had
one or more
slip trials.
(L)
Further
research
on
different
materials
will be
required.
Quigley, (2015) Systematic review NA Footwear
material and
(L)
Limited

25
Fall Prevention Management
structure play
a crucial role
in the fall
prevention.
The nurses’
knowledge
regarding
appropriate
footwear for
the fall
prevention is
inadequate.
knowledg
e about
this factor.
The
process of
the
practical
knowledg
e is not
properly
described.
Tzeng & Yin,
(2015)
Cross sectional study 560 staffs
participated in
the study.
10
interventions
are most
appropriate in
the all the
specialty areas
for the fall
prevention.
The
intervention
included with
(S)
Finding a
large
amount of
interventi
on for the
fall
prevention
.
(S)
Finding

26
Fall Prevention Management
the footwear
structure and
also the
material of the
footwear.
Thus the
footwear of
the person
plays a crucial
role in the fall
prevention.
the
importanc
e of the
footwear
design
and
material
in the fall
prevention
.
(L)
Versatile
footwear
material
was not
assessed
properly.
Irzmańska,
(2015)
Systematic review NA Locomotors
biomechanics
in older adults.
The
relationship
(L) No
practical
study
results
have been
addressed

27
Fall Prevention Management
between
slipping and
footwear
outsole
friction.
The role of
footwear in
preventing
slips and falls.
Instrumental
testing of the
slip-resistance
of footwear.
Sole material,
Sole tread,
Heel style and
Hardness and
Sole wear
during
footwear use
are the factors
effective in
in the
article and
also the
effectiven
ess of the
results
have not
been
justified
with
statistical
results.

28
Fall Prevention Management
the fall
prevention.
Chari et al.,
(2016)
Cross sectional study 95 participants
from 2 high
fall risk wards
were selected
for the study.
92 per cent of
participants
had access to
some form of
footwear in
hospital and
nearly all
reported
ambulating in
footwear with
‘suboptimal’
features. Only
one-third
reported ‘lack
of access to
footwear’ as
the primary
cause fall.
(S)
Practical
and
statistical
data on
the
context of
the fall
prevention
and the
effects of
the
footwear
on this
process.
(L) Small
amount of
sample for

29
Fall Prevention Management
the study.
Gu et al., (2016) Systematic review NA Root causes of
falls,
Evaluation of
fall prevention
and Risk
assessment are
the primary
finding of the
review. The
footwear
material and
design lies in
the causes of
the fall and
also the
preventive
measure as
well.
Moreover, the
implications
for the
reduction of
(S)
Assessme
nt of all
the factors
that are
related to
the fall
risk and
also fall
prevention
.
(L) Lack
of
statistical
and
practical
knowledg
e
regarding
the
footwear
and the

30
Fall Prevention Management
the fall risk
also assessed
in this study.
The
prevention
measures
found changes
in the
footwear
material plays
a key role as
well.
fall risk of
the
people.
Vaccari et al.,
(2014)
Cross sectional quantitative
study
127
participants in
hospital wards
were selected
for the study.
77.7 per cent
of the hospital
compliances
including
footwear in
the hospital
showed lack
of safety
measures. 42.8
per cent
consideration
(S)
Statistical
analysis
and also
providing
proper
knowledg
e about
the factor
of the fall
prevention

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Fall Prevention Management
of the
compliances
for the fall
prevention has
been seen
during the
study.
According to
the authors
prioritizing the
fall prevention
factors are
required for
the fall
prevention and
the footwear
improvement
is also
required with
this factor.
and fall
risk
regarding
hospital
complianc
e
including
footwear.
(L) Small
sample
size is the
primary
limitation
of the
study.