Fault Tree Analysis

This report discusses fault tree analysis, a deductive procedure used to analyze the causes of catastrophic failures in systems. It explores the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion in 1986 and its effects on the surrounding environment. The report also provides recommendations to prevent similar events.

Fault Tree
Analysis

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
The description of systems and its working environment...........................................................3
Description of catastrophic failures and the effects on the systems along with surrounding
environment.................................................................................................................................4
Description of failure and causes which have the contributed in catastrophe............................5
Any level of similar events which have taken places ................................................................6
Recommendations to have the stoppages on such events...........................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The fault tree analysis is the introduction of the systems which is the widely used
methods in the systems achieving proper level of reliability, maintainability and safety analysis.
It is deductive procedure which is used to have the various level of combinations of the software
as hardware failure which have the inclusion of human errors which have the have caused the
under desires events at the different systems level. The inclusion of deductive analysis have the
general inclusions which have determination of the specific causes constructing the logic
diagrams. In this report, there is discussion regarding catastrophic failure which is complete,
sudden and unexpected breakdown in the machines, electronic systems and the computer
network. In this report, there will be discussion on Chernobyl nuclear power plant which have
the explosion in 1986 which have causing the release of sustainable amount of the radio active
materials in city of Pripyat in the north side of Ukrainian SSR.
MAIN BODY
The description of systems and its working environment.
This is the nuclear plant which is located in the 81 miles north city of Kiev, Ukraine
which have the border with Belarus. There is proper designing made of four reactors that were
designs and built during the 1970's and 1980's. The plant has the four Soviet designed RBMK-
1000 nuclear plant which is now recognizably as heterogeneity flawed. The reactor were of the
pressure tubes that are designed which is used to have enriching the U-235 uranium oxides in
order heat water (Drozdovitch and et.al., 2016). This is helpful join creativeness systems that
have driving of the reactor turbines along with germinating the electricity as per the world
nuclear associations.
In most of the nuclear reactor, there is used of water as the coolants in order to have proper
moderating the level of reactivity of the core of nucleates in order to have the removing the
excess level of heats and stream. On the other hand the RM BK-1000 have the appropriate used
of graphite in order to have moderates the sacristy of cores along with keeping the constitution
level of reaction of nuclear at its core. As the nuclear is considered to be more level heated by
producing more level of bubbles of steam. In adaptation to that core turbaned out to became
more level of reactive, not less by creativeness positive level of feedback loops as the engineer
have it referring to be positive void coefficient.

There is the inclusion of the major systems have the proper designing that is term of electrical
systems which is connected to plan to the 330 kV and 750 kV electrical grid. In addition to that
the each generator have the connection of the unit transformers and the generator transformers
on order to fee power to the grid. On the other hand, there is inclusiveness of turbo generators
within in pair of the 500MW hydrogen cooled turbo generators as it is design and reliability of
the turbines earned them the State Prize of Ukraine for 1979.
The next is the reactor fleet and the developmental of computer system which is considered as
the important parts of system. As per the former is considered the no.5 and no.6 Have
immediately suspended after the accident of reactor 4 and eventually canceled the 1989. With
next to that 1 and 3 continue to operate after disaster. The no. 2 has bee permanently being
shutdown 1991 after fire broke due to the faulty switch in turbines. Later on the no.1 & 3 have
been permanently closed in 1995 Ukraine agreement.
In terms of computer systems SKALA is been monitored and recorded reactor coalitionists
along with controlling the broad inputs. It was wired to accept 7200 analog signals and 6500
digital signals. The system continuously monitored the plant and displayed this information to
operators.
Description of catastrophic failures and the effects on the systems along with surrounding
environment.
The accident of the Chernobyl is a nuclear reactor accident which have taken place ob 26 April
1986 in Ukraine. It has been released have more radiation developed as the result of the flawed
reactor design which is being operated equality trainee snooper (Drozdovitch and et.al, 2019).
The time around 1.30 at night, there is an explosion in reactor 4 as total about of 30 of people
which have the inculcation of operators to the direct exposure to radiation. In more of later years
more people have died as the result of acute radiation syndromes withing the next few weeks to
the 3 month of accident.
As the result to the fallout of explanation the environments turned out to high radio
actives. In addition to that there the coverage of atmospheres with having wide geographical
area. In more level of estimation about four hundred times more level of radioactive has been
fallout with the release at the time of Chernobyl accidents as compare to the word war II actor
bombing of Hiroshima. In addition to the wind and the other level of western condition, there
plumb shift of the drifted over large regions of Soviet Union, Europe (including Eastern, Western

and Northern regions), Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, among many others. There areas were
considered as the badly level of contamination which have the major level of leading in term for
evacuation of 1000 of propel (Ager and et.al. 2019). the majority of radio active fallout which is
landed in breakables.
In addition to that the urban areas have the sustainable able amount of the radioactive materials
were considered to be deposits in urban areas which ave received level of deposition. On the
other hands the radio actives material were deposited in the open surfaces which are such as the
as lawns, parks, roads, and building roofs, for instance by contaminated rain. In result that the
wind and rain along with different level of hum activities is being having proper level of
contamination radioactive materials as the consequences of the sewage and sludge systems. As
the result the air does have the rate absolve the solid surfaces as the contamination for radio
actives materials have been returned to background level.
In the extent to which this distorter have effected the agriculture. There is abortion of the
radioiodines in milk which is recreation to high result of the thyroid doses. In generals, there is
sustainable level of reductions in the transferring of nucleates radioiodines to have the
investigation and farmer and animals in the development of intensive agriculture systems.
At last the restoration which have relation in classification of particular disaster have poses the
gesture level of significance along chlorine level of risk which are in immediate environments of
developing the wide geographic area (Evangeliou and et.al. 2016). In addition to that there is
more level of radioactive intensification which can be typicality more in level of the airborne is
long lived ans the half of lives is guaranteeing conservationism for hundred of years.
Description of failure and causes which have the contributed in catastrophe
The one of major causes of the accident is large positive void coefficient which have
been possessed by the nuclear reactors from the RM BK reactor. This have resulted in the
increase level of voids or the steam bubbles which are related to more reactivity. On the other
hand, the other factor have the designed of negativism coefficient which make the fomentation of
stream bubbles in decreasing heat output. However, the RMBK reactor turned out to be unstable
due to its positive coefficient at low power levels' ad gave rise vulnerable to dangerous rise in the
energy production.
The next fault regarding the flaunt in designing the control rods which are meant to have
the multiplication of K factors of the reactor. The rods have the property to absorb neutron in

which single with drawn can have the increase in value of k. The item 16 rods of graphite were
interested the graphite rods which is 1.3m shorter that the quintupled which is considered to be
unacceptable.
In addition to that the upper portion of the rod which have the property to absorb the
neutron have the low down the nuclear reaction along with increasing the fission rates. This is
act as barbecues the graphite is a more powerful neutron moderator than light water, i.e., it
absorbs fewer neutrons.
As per the international standard there is requirement of minimum 15 such rods as the
reactor is only having 8 is been concluded as the flaw in design as the number of control in rods
as the important causes of the disaster as well.
Any level of similar events which have taken places
The Chernobyl have the high death as compare to fukushima as while the evaluation of the
human cost the nuclear disaster is considered to difficult task. As competitiveness to that the
Chernobyl have been outrun as the most level of damaging nuclear accident world ever (Prister
and et.al., 2018).

Fukushima has the more devastating the as Tohoku earthquake and tsunami have the three
nuclear meltdowns along with multiple hydrogen exposition in the fukushima Chichi Nuclear
Power Plant in Japan.
The vents has the didn't directly kill anyone's but have the resulted in 1600 stress which is
related by having the following the accident.
The impact of environments the were not less severs. There were increasing of the fukushima
released around 520 petabecquerels of which is radio activities materials which is being released
in the pacifier ocean.
On the other hand, there were various irises as the per the environmentalist aspects the
dispassionate of nuclear waste id still effectiveness the million of gallons of radio actives waters.
In addition to that there is more level of radioactive intensification which can be typicality more
in level of the airborne is long lived ans the half of lives is guaranteeing conservationism for a
hundred of years.
Recommendations to have the stoppages on such events.
As on the other hand, the recommendation are as there should be string level of awareness of the
potential level of hazards of the nuclear level inscrutability along with revealing the radio
activities' materialism in order to have the generations of electricity nuclear power ( Rääf,
Tondel and Isaksson, 2019).
There should be proper designing and operation of nuclear power plants in order to have
ministrations of accidents and major level of hum death consequences.
The safety should have major confusing the unintended confidentiality along with events which
is leading to have the radio logical releases from the authorized activities.
There should be proper security in terms of the international level of misuses of radioactive
material with non states' element which causes the harm.
There should be retraining activities by the states which could have developmental of clear
inclusions of acquisition and development of various nuclear weapons.
There should be developmental of effective concerns in recreation to material and equipment to
rouge government.

CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded as Chernobyl nuclear power plant which have
the explosion in 1986 which have causing the release of sustainable amount of the radio activen
more level of estimation about four hundred times more level of radioactive has been fallout with
the release at the time of Chernobyl accidents as compare to the word war II actor bombing of
Hiroshima. In generals, there is sustainable level of reductions in the transferring of nucleates
radioiodines to have the investigation and farmer and animals in the development of intensive
agriculture systems (Imanaka, 2020 ). As per the international standard there is requirement of
minimum 15 such rods as the reactor is only having 8 is been concluded as the flaw in design as
the number of control in rods as the important causes of the disaster as well. Fukushima has the
more devastating the as Tohoku earthquake and tsunami have the three nuclear meltdowns along
with multiple hydrogen exposition in the fukushima Chichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. There
should be proper security in terms of the international level of misuses of radioactive material
with non states' element which causes the harm. There is requirement level of awareness of the
potential level of hazards of the nuclear level inscrutability along with revealing the radio
activities' materialism

REFERENCES
Imanaka, T., 2020. Comparison of Radioactivity Release and Contamination from the Fukushima
and Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accidents. In Low-Dose Radiation Effects on
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absorbed dose to the thyroid in Swedish inhabitants following the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant accident: implications for existing international estimates and future model
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journal of the Society for Radiological Protection.
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of monitoring and countermeasures after radiation accidents. Journal of environmental
radioactivity, 184, pp.140-151.
Evangeliou, N and et.al., 2016. Reconstructing the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP)
accident 30 years after. A unique database of air concentration and deposition
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Ager, A.A and et.al.,, 2019. The wildfire problem in areas contaminated by the Chernobyl
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Drozdovitch, V and et.al.,., 2019. Thyroid doses due to Iodine-131 inhalation among Chernobyl
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