Famous Female Warriors and Revolutionaries

This assignment explores the lives and achievements of famous female warriors and revolutionaries from various historical periods. It includes a list of references to books and articles that provide detailed information about these women, including Boudicca, Joan of Arc, Artemesia of Caria, Zenobia of Palmyra, and others. The assignment also touches on the roles of women in society during preindustrial to modern times, and how they have been perceived and portrayed in history.

Running head: FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR
Feminist Theory on Women's Participation in War
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR1
Table of Contents
Role of Women................................................................................................................................2
Feminist Theories............................................................................................................................3
Ancient History................................................................................................................................4
American Movement.......................................................................................................................7
Other Cultures..................................................................................................................................8
Female Pirates................................................................................................................................11
Modern Female Revolutionaries....................................................................................................15
References......................................................................................................................................23

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Role of Women
The role of women in the society has been changing since ancient times. While tracing
the development in the different societies there are a number of factors that are to be taken into
account in understanding the different concept of the development of women. The development
of women in the modern society has transcended through ages and it has been a relatively new
concept of the women in the society. While tracing the history of women as a gender identity it is
seen that through time they were seen as the weaker sex in the different societies (Lindio-
McGovern and Wallimann 2016). Although in the modern society sees them as the weaker sex,
the history and the mythology of the world tells us otherwise. The depiction women as warriors
in Greek mythology in the form of the Amazons is one of the major examples of how highly the
women were held as warriors in the ancient societies. The different depiction of the women in
the different mythologies show that they were held as equals in the society. In Greek mythology,
Athena was held no less in the matters of war fare than Aries in the mythological context. The
different depictions of women in the mythologies show that they were treated as the equal in the
different societies but it was the gradual development of culture which started treating them as
the weaker sex. The different conventions of modern society which judges the strength of the
women in the terms of physical strength do not stand true to their identity. There have been
examples throughout history where women have proved their mettle as warriors even sometimes
clad as men. Even in todays society there exist a number of references of women warriors who
are fighting for their right in the different societies. The modern revolutionaries across the world
comprise of men and women working in tandem for their rights and the women fight as equal to
men and in among the revolutionaries they are considered no less than their male counterparts
(Giuliano 2015). There are various literary theories which relate to women and the cause of their

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bravery and strength when they fright for their rights. A number of Feminist theorists like Julia
Kristeva and Virginia Woolf defend the position of women as the weaker sex as far as physical
conflicts are concerned.
Feminist Theories
There are a number of different feminists who take into account the different aspects of
the depiction of women across different societies and cultures and estimate a number of reasons
or theories for the women being an equal in the art of warfare and in physical strength in the
modern context. The psychological barrier of the physical strength inferiority is basically due to
the long term acculturation of women as the weaker sex in the modern society. The different
aspects of the psychological barrier are well studied by Virginia Woolf in her Theory of
Androgyny where she attributes the presence of both male and female psychological states in
both men and women. The two psychological states of the male and the female mind co-exist in
the psyche of a person and it is therefore difficult to understand the behavioral pattern in the state
of stress by the individual. The ‘male’ valor can therefore be present in the mind of women and
make them equally strong warriors and strong competitors. In fact, in the oriental societies there
have been examples of queens who reigned not by their political aptitude but by their superior
military tactics in the war field. Androgynous mind as Bazin (1973) puts it is a delicate balance
between “the evanescent masculine and the eternal feminine” which makes the women posses
the qualities of bot men and the women at the same time and given the scenarios they can present
themselves as equally strong and able in defending their rights. The analysis of the Virginia
Woolf’s approach shows that each sex that is present in the society is hermaphrodite in their own
self and the individual can write in any context irrespective of their gender. Therefore, it can also
be alluded that any gender can perform any task irrespective of the fact what the social

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expectations of the society from the gender are. This also shows that women can be equally
strong as warriors and fighters irrespective of the fact that they may be considered a weaker sex
in the society.
The concept of nature versus nurture is also an important factor is the assessment of the
different ideologies in the context of the development of the human mind as an important factor
in the psychosocial development of women. Mary Wollstonecraft’s discourse on the Nature
Versus Nurture in the cognitive and the social development of women tells us that the social
factors have a strong role to play in the overall nurturing of women in the society (Berges 2016).
The nature versus nurture ideology also helps in the understanding the importance and the role of
the society in ascertaining the different ideologies of women which helps them identify as
warriors in the society. the social implications of their development have an important role to
play in the development of women in the society. For example, a woman born in the Dahomey
African tribe was nurtured as a warrior as was no less strong than any of their male counterparts.
The women in these societies were trained to be warriors from an early age of 8 which made
them a force to be reckoned with in the African society (Salmonson 2015). On the contrary,
away from the modern societies lie a number of examples where the women are fighting for their
right with men and against them when the need arises. There are no sure theory which can define
the behavior of the women through history but it is seen that from the most effeminate emotions
of caring for their own rises the strongest actions of valor shown in the form of revolts or wars.
Ancient History
Artemisia of Caria was perhaps one of the most famous queens of her age in Greece and
apart from being an able queen she was a naval commander who was held in high among her

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peers due to her prowess and her administration. During her rule she won the praise of Xerxes
one of the bravest warriors and the military administrators of his times which establishes her
prowess as a warrior. It is also seen that the she was held highly among her Greek compatriots
which included mighty kingdoms of Athens and Sparta (Greenhalgh 1972). Almost all the
information available about her comes from the accounts of Herodotus who praised her highly
for her naval abilities. As far as historical references are concerned she is one of the first female
warriors who was taken in history as an equal to the male warriors and that too in the times of
Greek and Persian dominance. The overall rise of Artemisia is attributed to her extensive
knowledge of the military tactics and her superior intelligence when attending to political matter.
Such was her fame that Xerxes sought her advise and followed it. The different aspects related to
the different stories related to the stories related to her show the dominance her reign. She is best
known for her military expedition to Salamis where the Greek army had to accept her
superiority. She was an asset to Xerxes army during a time when majority of the army consisted
of men. This very well shows that since the ancient times the women were not seen as the
weaker sex or their leadership was seen as negative. She was the queen of Caria and she was not
bound by duty to lead the army to the war but she chose to do in on her own accord which shows
she was as confident of her warrior skills as she was of her leadership.
Another queen from the ancient ages who was held in high regard as a warrior is
Boudicca, wife of the King of Celtic tribe. Her husband wanted the kingdom to be divided
among her daughters and the current roman emperor. The romans who took only male heirs as
the legal heirs to the throne invaded the kingdom and raped Boudicca’s daughter after torturing
her. This enraged her and she assembled an army of nearly 100000 to invade the roman supreme
area in the country. They pushed the romans back till Londonium and established supremacy on

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the majority of the areas. She is said to be single handedly responsible for the pulling back of
King Nero from Britain (Fischel 2017). This can be cited as one of the earlies woman led revolts
in the history of mankind and that too t was against one of the largest empires in history, the
roman empire. It is tough to ascertain what became of her but she proved that she had the mettle
to stand against tyranny and anyone who would prove to be threat t o her people. She is not
sought to be the smartest of administrators or planners but as one of the braves women warriors
of her time. Her prowess in the battle field can be shown in her ability to push back one of the
largest and the best organized armies that existed in their times (Lee 2017). The different stories
related to her tell of her undying valor and her constant strength against the romans has led the
people to believe in her abilities which made her epitome of strength and valor, even in the
modern age.
Zenobia ruled the Palmyrene Empire who tested the expertise of Rome under the rule of
Emperor Aurelian (ruled 270-275 CE). Aurelian reached control toward the finish of the period
in Roman history which is known as The Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 CE), when the
realm split into three separate substances: the Roman Empire, the Palmyrene Empire and The
Gallic Empire. The Historia Augusta puts forth an admirable attempt to ensure the reader sees
how commendable a rival Zenobia was on account of Aurelian was worried that he would seem
despicable going to war against a lady. Zenobia was and how fair Aurelian's activities were in
catching her and demonstrating forgiveness. After she was transported to Rome and paraded
across the boulevards in his triumphal walk, Aurelian discharges her to experience whatever is
left of her days in "peace and extravagance" (Steyn 2017). In view of the other antiquated
sources on Zenobia, it appears this is truly what happened, however it is the manner by which the
Historia Augusta introduces the story that is of intrigue. Zenobia the obstinate eastern radical

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was countered by the respectable Roman head who, however constrained by situation to crush
Palmyra, tries his best to determine the contention through easier measures. His absolve of
Zenobia and the tranquil finish of her life in a Roman castle would have additionally went well
the ruler. Albeit some later forms of Zenobia's legend guarantee that she was executed in Rome,
this conclusion to her life is no place given in the earlier accounts related to her. What ever may
her position was supposed to be in the different ages she was very well a force to be reckoned
with amidst her contemporaries.
American Movement
The American suffragette development drew strength and motivation from the utilization
of Joan of Arc as an image of women activism. Joan of Arc has been held onto as both a martyr
holy person and a mainstream symbol of patriotism and courage. Amidst the battle to accomplish
equal voting rights for ladies in the USA, the Maid of Orleans was cherished by the oft-criticized
suffragette development; and turned into a vital image of woman's rights in America. The
fifteenth century town young lady who turned into a military pioneer and strategist was a
characteristic image of woman's rights among the suffragettes. All things considered, she had left
without the consent of her family keeping in mind the end goal to take after a conventional male
part favored tasks; and she was in the long run executed since she declined to bow to the male-
ruled chain of command of the Church. Joan's picture as a religious figure was not excessively
essential to the early women's activists (Thibodeau 2017). They considered her to be a portrayal
of a non-customary, "gutsy" female warrior for all-inclusive rights. Not slightest, she contended
her case in front of authorities with mind and aptitude; in spite of the apparently unfavorable
impairments of youth, freshness, and lack of education. Therefore, she roused the "Votes in favor
of Women" group to keep up the great battle, regardless of how often they were imprisoned or

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mocked for their irregular convictions. Reliably snickered at, tortured, or lied about, it was not a
big surprise that they related to the youthful Joan; whose ethics and dreams were continually
examined and eventually condemned. Joan was an essential image of the American patriotism
since directly after the Revolutionary War, when an Irish outsider named John Burk composed a
play called "Female Patriotism Or the Death of Joan of Arc."
By 1912, Americans became very comfortable with Joan's mixing abuses. For any
resident who missed every one of the books, plays, and show-stoppers, Ringling Brothers visited
that season with a $500,000.00 party about Joan that bragged 1200 on-screen characters and
amazing enhancements. The next year, Americans walked on Washington, requesting that the
Constitution be altered to give ladies the privilege to vote. Suffragette parades in England were
driven by a lady dressed as Joan from 1911. Joined States ladies cheerfully acquired the custom
for the Washington walk: the Women's Suffrage Procession highlighted a dynamic lawyer
named Inez Milholland mounted on a white steed (Günther 2017). Despite the fact that the press
and authority program alluded to Ms. Milholland as a "messenger," conceivably to recognize
American women's activists from their as far as anyone knows more radical British partners, it
was clear that she had been attired and postured to take after a glorified picture of Joan.
Other Cultures
Nakano Takeko (1847-1868) was a Japanese Onna-bugeisha who battled in the Boshin
War. Nakano was born to an officer from Aizu yet was brought up in Edo (Tokyo) where she
was prepared in academic and combative techniques, represent considerable authority in a type
of Ittō-ryū one-sword battling. She likewise turned into a talented teacher in the utilization of the
naginata, a bladed polearm. She put in five years as the adopted child of her martials expressions

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educator, Akaoka Daisuke, yet left him after he endeavored to organize a marriage for her. She
migrated with her local family to Aizu in 1868. Amid this time, the Boshin War started between
the reigning Tokugawa shogunate and supporters of the Imperial Court. Despite the fact that the
Shogun surrendered in May 1868, some of his powers kept on battling on, withdrawing to Aizu.
Nakano joined the armed force in repulsing the Imperial powers and battled at the Battle of Aizu,
which was as a result a month-long attack. While Aizu retainers did not enable ladies to battle,
Nakano shaped an informal unit of twenty ladies furnished with naginata, including her mom and
sister. The gathering participated in a counter-assault intended to break the attack, amid which
Nakano executed five foe rivals before taking a deadly slug to the chest (Galindo 2017).
Perplexed that the adversary would take her head as a trophy, she asked her sister to rather
behead her and cover the head. The shogunate powers in the long run lost the attack to the better-
equipped Imperial powers. As asked for, Nakano's sister covered her head under a pine tree at the
Hōkai-ji Temple and a landmark was raised there in her respect (Wright 2001). Amid the yearly
Aizu Autumn Festival, a gathering of young ladies partakes in the parade to celebrate the
activities of Nakano and her band of lady warriors.
Like most different social orders, fighting in primitive Japan was a generally male issue.
However, even in this general public, there were lady warriors, a standout amongst the most
acclaimed being Tomoe Gozen. It might be worth calling attention to first that it was normal for
ladies in primitive Japan to get military preparing. Between the 12th and 19th century, ladies of
the samurai class were prepared to utilize the sword, the naginata (a polearm with a bended
cutting edge toward one side), and the bow and bolt. In any case, the part of these female
warriors (known as onna bugeisha ) was fundamentally cautious in nature, as they were relied
upon to ensure themselves and their homes in case of an adversary assault. What set Tomoe apart

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from her kindred warrior ladies was that she was sent in all-out attack mode, as opposed to the
guarded. Strikingly, Tomoe is just mentioned in an epic record of the late 12th century Genpei
War known as The Tale of the Heike . Aside from this scholarly work, there are no other
composed records of Tomoe's life is known, persuading that the courageous woman is only an
anecdotal character made by the creator of the epic. It is far-fetched that anybody today can be
sure about Tomoe's introduction to the world and early life. In her appearance in The Tale of
Heike , Tomoe is depicted as serving the samurai Minamoto Yoshinaka (Brown 1998). A few,
notwithstanding, have guessed this was in excess of an ace hireling relationship, and that Tomoe
was either Yoshinaka's better half or one of his special ladies. As recorded in The Tale of the
Heike, Tomoe was at that point an enormously warrior before the Battle of Awazu, which set
Yoshinaka against one of his cousins, Minamoto Yoshitsune. The fight went seriously for
Yoshinaka, as he was vigorously dwarfed by his foe. Yoshinaka's armed force of 300 in number
was decreased by Yoshitsune (who had a multitude of 6000), to only five warriors, Tomoe
included. Now, Yoshinaka orders Tomoe to leave the front line, as he asserted that it would be
disgraceful for him to pass on with a lady, an update that it was as yet a man's reality out there
(Deal 2005). Reluctantly, Tomoe complies with Yoshinaka's summon, not before decapitating
one more of the foe's warriors. After this, Tomoe vanishes from history, and her destiny has been
hypothesized by different individuals. The accounts show how despite the difficulties they faced
the women warriors of Japan were brave and ferocious and most importantly earned their own
respect in a male dominated patriarchal society.
Lozen was a female warrior of the Chiricahua Apaches (referred to likewise as the
Members or Warm Springs Apache) who lived amid the nineteenth century. Aside from her
ability as a warrior, Lozen is presumed to have been a gifted military strategist, and in addition

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being very capable when it came to restorative issues. Also, Lozen was her kin's otherworldly
pioneer, and, as indicated by legend, had profound capacities that empowered her to identify the
development of her foes, along these lines helping her to design her systems. Some have named
Lozen as the 'Apache Joan of Arc'.The name 'Lozen' is an Apache war title, given to one who has
stolen steeds in an attack (Stockel 1993). It has been said that amid Lozen's chance, numerous
Apaches utilized titles or monikers in broad daylight, and from time to time utilized their original
names. This was because of the conviction that thusly, he/she was saving his/her otherworldly
power. Lozen's own name is by all accounts never again known today, not by the overall
population in any event.
Lozen was conceived amid the 1840s, maybe around the center or towards the finish of
that decade. Lozen's birth place is considered to be located some place in the territory of New
Mexico/Arizona/Northern Mexico, known as Apacheria back then (Robinson 2003). Her sibling
was the celebrated Apache war boss Victorio. By 20, Lozen was evidently a specialist at stealing
horses, which likely records for the title she utilized in the social interactions. Moreover, Lozen
was capable at riding, shooting, and arranging systems. She battled close by her sibling, and
frequently sat adjacent to him at chamber services, and in addition partaking in warrior functions.
Lozen and her kin were at the San Carlos Reservation, where in 1877 they chose to escape from
the unforgiving conditions. They figured out how to make it back onto their own particular
terrains yet needed to battle to protect their flexibility. After two years, they were sent onto
another reservation. Victorio, Lozen and Apache warriors proceeded with their battle against the
colonizers (Dunn 2016).

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Female Pirates
It is difficult to isolate the legend from the realities of Anne Bonny. The main thing we
can make sure of is that Anne Bonny was a solid, free lady, who was comparatively radical in
her ways. The eighteenth century was as yet a period when man settled on immeasurably critical
choices, a period when ladies did not have numerous rights. In this current men's reality, it was
hard for Anne Bonny to end up an equivalent crewmember and a regarded privateer. The correct
date of Anne's introduction to the world isn't known, however most students of history feel that
she was conceived in Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland in 1697. She was the ill-conceived little girl
of legal counselor William Cormac and his hireling lady, Marry Brennan. William's significant
other made his infidelity open, so in the wake of losing his notoriety, William with his new
spouse and infant kid chose to leave Ireland and begin again in the New World (Canfield 2001).
They settled in Charleston, South Carolina where William started his legitimate vocation once
more. They purchased a ranch after that.
There are a considerable measure of stories about Anny Bonny’s high schooler years; some of
them even claim that she killed a worker young lady with a blade, and there is one about a young
fellow that she put in the healing center for a little while, after his fizzled endeavor to sexually
attack her. When she was sixteen years of age, she began to look all starry eyed at a little time
privateer, James Bonny, who simply needed her bequest. Her dad was against their relationship,
yet she was headstrong and hitched him. William was exceptionally disillusioned, in light of the
fact that he needed to make a conscious woman of Anne, so he turned her out of his home. James
took his significant other to the New Providence, privateer's alcove. He experienced serious
difficulties supporting her, and at last, he turned into a privateer source for the representative,
Woodes Rogers. Anne was disillusioned on the grounds that she had made numerous privateer

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companions. With the assistance of her great companion, Pierre, a praised gay who ran a
celebrated women foundation, Anne left her significant other. She fled with Calico Jack Rackam,
sentimental Pirate Captain, who even offered to get her from Anne's better half. Calico Jack
Rackam was a run of the mill little time privateer who more often than not assaulted waterfront
shipping (Cromwell 1999). He was not extremely effective as a privateer, but rather he knew
how to go through cash with style. The adoration connection amongst Anne and Calico was not
open, but rather on the ship, everyone realized that Anne was "the commander's lady."
At the point when Rackam discovered that she was pregnant, he cleared out her in Cuba
to convey the child. There are a few hypotheses about the end result for Anne's first kid. A few
people imagine that she simply relinquished her, some trust that Calico had a companion with a
family in Cuba who consented to bring up their tyke. Some even trust that her kid kicked the
bucket during childbirth. Following couple of months, she came back to Rackam's ship, however
now scandalous Mary Read was likewise on board. It didn't take ache for the two young ladies to
end up great companions. As per a few mariners, Ana and Marry were even in a sentimental
relationship. In October 1720, Captain Barnet, ex-privateer, now authority of British Navy
assaulted Rackam's tied down ship "Reprisal". Nearly the whole Rackam's team was tanked.
They were commending throughout the night since they figured out how to catch a Spanish
business dispatch. The battle was short in light of the fact that exclusive Merry and Anne stood
up to. Be that as it may, at last, they were additionally overwhelmed. The team of "Vengeance"
was taken to Port Royal to stand trial. The trial was a major sensation on the grounds that the
foundation of the female detainees was criticized (Sharp 2002). Anne and Mary were ladies who
got away from customary limitations and in their route, battled for equity amongst men and
ladies.

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Following the annihilation of Carthage in the First Punic War in 241 BC, the Roman
Republic turned into an overwhelming maritime power in the Mediterranean. By and by, Rome's
control of the oceans was not outright. Toward the east of Italy, another power was on the ascent.
This was the Ardiaean kingdom, administered by an Illyrian clan that started to debilitate Rome's
exchange courses that kept running over the Adriatic Sea. In charge of this kingdom was the
skilled Queen Teuta. Teuta was the spouse of Agron, a ruler of the Ardiaean kingdom. It was
under Agron's authority that the Ardiaei turned into a power among its peers (Derow 2003). As
indicated by the Roman essayist, Appian of Alexandria, Agron had extended his kingdom by
catching a piece of Epirus, and also Corcyra, Epidamnus and Pharus. What's more, Agron's
armada was abundantly dreaded in the Adriatic Sea. In 231 BC, Agron all of a sudden kicked the
bucket, in the wake of getting a triumph over the Aetolians. As indicated by the Greek history
specialist, Polybius, "Lord Agron, when the flotilla returned and his officers gave him a record of
the fight, was so excited at the prospect of having beaten the Aetolians, at that point the proudest
of people groups, that he took to flings and other jovial abundances, from which he fell into a
pleurisy that finished lethally in a couple of days." As Agron's beneficiary, Pinnes, was a simple
newborn child when the ruler passed on, the Ardiaean kingdom wound up ruled by Teuta, who
went about as ruler official. In spite of the fact that Teuta proceeded with her late spouse's
expansionist arrangement, her activities have been depicted in a negative light by Polybius.
Despite the fact that this may well have been a one-sided see in light of his attention on Roman
history (Brown 2003).
As per Polybius, Teuta had a "lady's normal shortness of view", and that she "could see
only the current achievement and had no eyes of what was happening somewhere else". Polybius
likewise specifies that Teuta bolstered the Illyrian routine with regards to theft, and ravaged her

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neighbors unpredictably, as her leaders were requested to regard all as adversaries. It was these
piratical strikes that would in the long run lead the Romans to take up arms against Teuta. The
Roman Senate had at first overlooked the objections made against the Illyrians by vendors
cruising the Adraitic Sea. However, as the quantity of grievances expanded, the Senate was
compelled to meddle. The Romans initially utilized strategy and sent agents to Teuta's court. The
old sources record that Teuta was not in any way satisfied with the Roman emissaries and was
not sensible in her dealings with them. To top it all off, the political resistance of these agents
was ruptured. Polybius records that one of the emissaries was killed while planning to leave for
Rome, while Cassius Dio notices that some agents were detained while others slaughtered. At the
point when news of this came back to Rome, the Romans were offended, and announced war
against Teuta. An armada of 200 boats was set up for the intrusion, alongside a land armed force.
The principal focus of the Roman armada was the island of Corcyra, held by Demetrius, who
was likewise the legislative leader of Pharus.
In the two records of Appian and Polybius, Demetrius is said to have sold out the
Illyirians by surrendering Corcyra and Pharus to the Romans. As indicated by Cassius Dio, in
any case, it was Teuta herself who sent Demetrius to hand over Corcyra to the Romans in return
for a détente. Not long after the ceasefire, in any case, Teuta assaulted Epidamnus and
Apollonnia, making the Romans meddle once more. Demetrius would later exchange his loyalty
to the Romans, because of the ruler's whim. Understanding that she was no match for the
Romans, Teuta surrendered in 227 B.C (Eckstein 1994). As indicated by Polybius, Teuta "agreed
to pay any tribute they forced, to give up all Illyria aside from a couple of spots and what for the
most part concerned the Greeks, embraced not to cruise past Lissus with in excess of two
unarmed vessels." Additionally, Appian notices that Corcyra, Pharus, Issa, Epidamnus and the

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Illyrian Atintani ended up Roman subjects. The rest of Agron's kingdom was in the hands of
Pinnes, whose new watchman was Demetrius. In spite of the fact that Teuta lived for an
additional couple of decades, there is an intriguing story expressing that Teuta had bounced off a
precipice as opposed to surrendering to Rome at Risan, on the Bay of Kotor, show day
Montenegro. As Risan is the main town on the narrows without a marine convention, it is said
this was because of the revile caused by the Illyrian ruler on the city before she submitted
suicide.
Modern Female Revolutionaries
Cory Aquino did not seek to be a government official. In 1955, in the wake of moving on
from Mount St. Vincent College in New York City, she wedded Benigno , a youthful
government official. She upheld her significant other's vocation as he was chosen
congressperson, bringing up 5 youngsters at home. Ninoy Aquino turned into a well known,
blunt adversary of Ferdinand Marcos, the reigning despot who had the stronghold in
administration from 1965 (Ileto 1993). In the year 1972, Ninoy was detained for eight years, and
afterward ousted to the USA. Ninoy was at long last permitted to come back to his country in
1983, just to be killed the minute he arrived. Ninoy's detainment, outcast, and death offended the
general population and prodded Ferdinand's resistance. The monetary issues of the nation
crumbled considerably further, and the legislature strayed advance into the red. After her better
half's death, Cory took over as the head of the restriction. In 1985, Ferdinand suddenly reported
about a competition of legitimizing his hang on the nation. Cory hesitated in keep running at in
the first place, however altered her opinion subsequent to being helped by a considerable
support, encouraging her to be in contest of becoming the president. During this period,

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Ferdinand Marcos ridiculed her with sexist proclamations, saying she was "only a lady" whose
righteous place was in the house.
After the elections were contested in 1986, Marcos won the rule. There were various
reports of decision misrepresentation, and the result was censured by Catholic Bishops'
Conference of the Philippines and the American President Ronald Reagan called the
misrepresentation reports "aggravating" in an official justification provided. Cory promptly
called for quiet common defiance challenges and tried to sort out strikes and mass blacklists of
the media and organizations claimed by Marcos. Filipinos were happy to help her in this cause.
These famous, nonviolent revolts gradually got the name of the People Power Revolution. In
spite Marcos’ request of troops against a huge number of dissidents, no shots were fired and the
troops pulled back and numerous surrendered. Before February ended, Ferdinand Marcos gave
up his control over the approach, escaping to Hawaii, and Cory Aquino turned into the President
of the Philippines (Udani and Lorenzo-Molo 2013.). Cory's climb to the workplace of president
flagged another time for Filipinos. Amid the initial couple of periods of her administration, the
Philippines experienced a number of extreme changes in the operations of the country. Cory
instantly made a Constitutional Commission responsible for drafting another constitution. She
even made the Presidential Commission on Good Government which pursued Marcos' evil
gotten riches. The new Corazon Aquino Administration gave solid accentuation and worry for
common freedoms and human rights, and peace chats with Muslim secessionists and comrade
agitators. Cory additionally centered around bringing back financial wellbeing and certainty. The
Aquino organization prevailing with regards to paying off $4 billion of the nation's extraordinary
obligations. Cory was likewise a long lasting individual from the Council of Women World
Leaders, a universal association of previous and current female heads of state and government

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR18
that prepares ladies world pioneers to make a move on issues basic to the administration,
strengthening and advancement of ladies. In 1992, President Aquino emphatically declined the
solicitations for her to look for reelection. She needed to set a case to the two residents and
government officials, as opposed to Ferdinand Marcos, that the administration isn't a lifetime
position. Despite everything she stayed dynamic in general society eye, be that as it may,
regularly voicing her perspectives and sentiments on the squeezing political issues.
A large number of the pioneers of the Cuban upset were among the exceptionally Latin
elites whose matchless quality over the majority they set out to topple—i.e., they were male and
from the expert class. Fidel Castro was prepared as a legal advisor, while Ernesto "Che" Guevara
considered solution. However, the soul of the resistance was most distinctively typified by the
"Primary Lady" of Cuba's socialist transformation, Vilma Lucila Espín. Her dad was a legal
counselor for the rum organization Bacardi, whose business misuses in Cuba were seen by
Castro's July 26 Movement as treating the island country like a Yankee play area. In the wake of
preparing as a synthetic designer, including a time of concentrate at MIT, Espín waged war
against the Batista autocracy in the 1950s and exposed the idea of the submissive Caribbean lady
with her open appearances in full armed force fatigues. In 1954, at age 24, Vilma Lucila Espín
Guillois was one of the primary Cuban ladies to graduate in synthetic designing and went to MIT
in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for additionally examine (Fenton 2013). Then she had met and
turned out to be nearly connected with Frank País, pioneer of the urban underground in Havana
of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) which was devoted to the topple of the Fulgencio Batista
autocracy. Vilma waged war and was a piece of the uprising at Santiago de Cuba on November
30, 1956, in help of the Castros and 81 different progressives including Che Guevara (who

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR19
cruised to Cuba on a ship called Granma). While in the radical armed force she met Raúl Castro
whom she wedded on January 26, 1959. They went ahead to have four kids.
Jiang Qing, the pioneer of The Gang of Four, was conceived in Tsucheng (Zuzheng) in
Shantung (Shandong) region, China, in March of 1914. At the season of her introduction to the
world, her dad Li Te-wen was 60 years of age. A poor man who oftentimes drank, he beat Jiang's
mom, a courtesan who was very nearly 30 years more youthful and left her family when Jiang
was of six years; her mom could have been constrained into prostitution due to destitution amid
Jiang’s childhood. The trouble of her initial years showed Jiang to detest the customary Chinese
society where men used total control over their spouses and families (Esherick, Pickowicz and
Walder 2006).
The Chinese society in which Jiang Qing was born was in a constant state of chaos. The
Manchu-Qing dynasty fell in 1912. The sovereign ruler was quickly supplanted by a Republican
type of government under Sun Yat-sen, at that point warmongers gained a lot of power and
China fell into a state of turmoil due to Warlord years. During Jiang's childhood, ladies were
taboo to participate out in the open life. The couple of ladies in the history of China who had
genuine political power, for example, Empress Lu, spouse of the Han sovereign Liu Bang (r.
220-195 b.c.), Empress Wu of the colossal Tang time (a.d. 618-907), and the extremely popular
Empress Dowager Cixi — were denounced as eager for power entrepreneurs. In spite of the fact
that not at first inspired by governmental issues, Jiang Qing in due time concentrated the
vocations of these ladies, empowering a reexamination of their importance in the history of
China. Numerous Chinese trusted that their custom had neglected to keep pace with current
history in light of the fact that the way of life itself was not sufficient. Chinese of the mid
twentieth century estimated their nation against the Western forces, and against modernization of

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR20
Japan, where they saw progresses in current industry, science, and instruction. As it may be seen,
China was then close to a precious thing to be battled about, as Western and Japanese
expansionism tore at the nation's vital positions (Harding 2010). Parts of Shantung territory,
Jiang’s birth place, for instance, had been a pilgrim holding under Germany, at that point—
following the German annihilation during the great wars—of Japan. Prior to the Bolshevik
Revolution Russia had held parts of north China, Yangtze valley was held by England, and
France had control over parts of south China. Awesome urban areas like Shanghai and
Guangzhou (Canton) were straightforwardly controlled by nonnatives.
As a young lady, Jiang Qing was weak. In spite of the fact that she experienced various
genuine illnesses, she generally had an abnormal state of anxious vitality. She entered school
quickly in the place where she grew up, just to be looked downward on for her destitution and
family foundation. She battled with different understudies, opposed her instructors, and was soon
ousted. At the age of ten, she came with her mother to her maternal grandparents' home, where
Jiang Qing by and by started her academic life which was fruitful, dodging the impulse to lash
out. During 1926 or 1927, she took after her mom to the expansive port city of Tientsin (Tianjin).
Her mom turned out to be less imperative to her, and she was soon living alone in this new and
interesting city. When she exited Tang Na, he openly debilitated to submit suicide. For
individual and political reasons, she left Shanghai and went to the Communist base at Yenan
(Yan'an). The battle with Japan for the control over China turned into a gory war, uniting two
different Chinese political gatherings— the Nationalist party and the Communist part. Mao's
examination of this situation was complimented by Jiang Qing's enthusiasm for Chinese culture.
She rebuked customary culture of Revisionism, emphasizing that since individuals still took after

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR21
social models in musical show, theater, music, and film, the conventional Chinese esteems were
reasserting themselves.
Jiang Qing knew Zhang Chunqiao before the radical universe of the 1930s. He had turned
into the leader of the Communist party in Shanghai, and like Mao, was extremely intrigued by
such hypothetical issues related to Revisionism. Yao, a critical essayist, was the child of a
conspicuous business family. Jiang drew them into her club. Mao was eliminated from the
political and scholarly existence of Peking, and swung to the Party and social device in Shanghai
to get his viewpoint heard. This made Jiang Qing the center of the political attention. In 1966,
Mao and Jiang propelled their assault on Chinese culture, upon the political foes of Mao, and,
numerous stated, upon Jiang Qing's own adversaries. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
ended up vicious, and a number of brutalities were forced as a number of noted political and
social figures were a for a number of asserted bad behaviors. Jiang utilized her new political
energy to vindicate herself upon numerous who had insulted her previously, backpedaling to the
contentions of her energetic vocation as an on-screen character in Shanghai. Some of her
casualties passed on in jail. At long last, the savagery turned out to be divisive to the point that
even Mao understood that it must be halted. By 1967, the fanatic stage was finished. A
subsidiary to the Cultural Revolution was sustained by across the board mindfulness that Mao
became old and was in bad health. It was evident that he would soon bite the dust, and that some
person would be his successor. Jiang felt that she, who had been an adversary of Mao for time,
was his legitimate beneficiary. The moderate gathering which had restricted the Great Proletarian
Revolution's overabundances was ledt by Deng Xiaoping who progressed toward becoming
Jiang’s central enemy. Working along with her partners, Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, in
Shanghai, Jiang included Wang Hongwen, a youthful revolutioary who had separated himself

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR22
from the Cultural Revolution. Stressed over the battle of succession, Mao at one point cautioned
Jiang Qing, "Don't turn into a Gang of Four," an alert against turning into a disengaged bunch
inside the legislature. The gathering utilized their control over social and promulgation channels
to assault their foes in an undeniably furious manner, as it ended up obvious that Mao was
passing on, abandoning them brief period to build up Jiang as successor (Wilson 2002).
In 1976, when Mao kicked the bucket, Jiang Qing along her partners endeavored to lead
troops into active position and made a narrative record that showed Mao's desire for Jiang Qing
succeeding him. Be that as it may, she had rankled excessively numerous individuals, and the
traditions against ladies in control were excessively solid. Deng Xiaoping and his inner circle
met up behind a kindhearted, brief successor of Mao, Hua Guofeng, and Jiang Qing was
captured. By 1980, Deng had made his own political stronghold, and she along with her
adversaries awaited trials about violations conferred amid the Cultural Revolution. Since Deng
and his supporters were not violent about Mao straightforwardly, they faulted the Cultural
Revolution for people like the "Group of Four." Like every intense lady in Chinese society, Jiang
Qing's life difficult to remove from the entangled strings which make up the society itself. Ladies
never had a real political part, and the ways in which they could accomplish control was by
implies characterized as ill-conceived: by going beyond the practical approach. Jiang Qing, a
yearning, skilled, and ingenious lady who grabbed each chance to rise. In doing as such, she was
the cause of a lot of misery, however her role in the life was to crush "with a major sledge" at the
culture which inhibited her growth.

FEMINIST THEORY ON WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION ON WAR23
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