Financial Decision Making

This document provides an overview of financial decision-making process and the role of accounting and finance in it. It discusses the management accounting techniques used for effective decision-making. It also covers the analysis of financial ratios for evaluating company performance. The document focuses on the subject of financial decision-making and is relevant for students studying finance and accounting courses.

Financial
Decision Making

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Financial decision-taking includes the systematic and structured process of choosing the most
suitable and successful option among the multiple alternative course of action relevant to fiscal
operations (Ball, 2013). The main aim or the motto of the project is to include and select new or
creative measures in order to accomplish the company objective, vision and task. Report offers
details on different elements such as terms, report form and use of the management accounting
technologies in the Camden limited. It is the largest retailer and manufacturer of UPVC doors
and windows in the United Kingdom.
TASK 1
Evaluation of the role of accounting and finance:
Overview of company:
In UK, Camden Limited is most prominent manufacturer and distributor of u PVC door,
entrance and windows. Company provides customised layout of windows and door according to
customer’s preference. Company is headquartered in Antrim, Northern Ireland and operates
throughout the United Kingdom. Company's layout and variety of screens, openings are known
for their awkward appearance. Because of its 36 years of experience and unique product
consistency in manufacturing, it has achieved the position. It manufactures and sells long-term
goods that follow safety standards. Recently company made investment in recycling of u PVC
items and give recycling of its old products. Business with its unique ideas and creativity
offering tuff rivalry in u PVC sector (Camden Group. 2019). It has a commodity range that
replaces the changing environment and nature with standard challenging goods. It sells domestic
and industrial goods to the United Kingdom.
Structure of and terms used within the financial statements:
Financial statements include primarily profit or profits or loss accounts, balance sheets or
financial situation analysis and capital adjustment or investment fund adjustment, cash flow
document, etc. The balance sheet arrangement involves equities, investments and other
properties of the proprietor. Accounts reflected in the accounts shall be calculated at a defined
date for both liabilities and properties which includes debt, capital assets, and current year

profits. The shareholder's fund or shares. Liabilities are classified into current liabilities and non-
current liabilities. Assets are also classified as non-current assets, i.e. real securities, fictional
assets, etc. and current assets, like inventory, currency, etc. The sales framework covers total
production, goods sold, gross income, direct and indirect costs, and net income. Revenue figures
mix the income & loss record with trading accounts. Gross profit estimate is shown in the trading
account section. Gross profit is determined by calculating store opening and closing and direct
expenses from the total sales value (Bryer, 2013). Whereas all indirect expenditures and sales are
shown, as in the net profit section. The net profit is determined by all indirect costs excluded
from indirect sales. Indirect costs and profits are benefits and losses that do not directly relate to
core business operations.
Role of management accounting techniques:
The Management Account provides the most important activities that allow
administrators to help employees / officials in the decision-making process by taking knowledge
or aggregations. The whole of system and interested activities of management accounting
concentrates toward more use of particular relevant methods and techniques that to take
smoothness in method of regulating, judgment-making and planning. The main purpose of big
business officials is here to make a significant difference in the key business processes and
effectiveness. For large companies such as Camden LTD accountants or executives use different
methods to achieve the desired processes and work efficiencies of the business. It also helps to
increase and increasing transparency through the organized collection and distribution of money
and tax capital. Companies follow approaches that lay down rules and strategies to enforce
business and management activities. The most widely accepted management accounting methods
include financial planning, cash flow analyses, financial statement reviews, fund performance
accounts, etc. There are multipurpose strategies required to fully establish internal and external
procedures and provide them with output. The following is a summary of various management
techniques:
 Financial Planning- This basically means that companies have certain roles and duties to
project results and to quantify the money and to assess the need for resources by keeping
strategic factors into consideration. It helps to create financial policies and guidance on
the acquisition and control of funds collected from various sources within a business.

Camden limited management is also designing systems that advise of the amount and
adequacy of resources or assets in the short and long term and enable fast investment
decisions by financial planning (Chiang, Nouri and Samanta, 2014). It provides ease of
preparation and creation of a guided platform for the management of finance and
financial activities. As per the current results and financial framework of the
organization, managers assess and predict the needs of funds. It assesses the effect of
funding streams and assures near-term utilization of funds over the long term.
 Analysis of financial statements- It is a core method of measuring results and success
over a given span using financial records and similar documents for almost all business
organizations. General annual statements include the balance sheet, revenue tax,
adjustments to the shareholder's fund account, etc. These also represent a broad variety of
facets of the organization. For illustration, the balance sheet shows the financial value of
the company's properties and its responsibilities as of the date of end of the year. A
thorough review can allow managers to prepare and determine, because the annual
statements show actual outcomes. The annual reporting and review for Camden LTD
users and management is used for decision-making. These analyzes are carried out in
order to evaluate growth prospects, sources of financing, variables impacting market
success and to recognize possible or contingent responsibilities. The annual statement
allows it possible to measure statistics and assets over a span of one year and recognize
the company's vulnerability.
 Historical Cost Accounting- Managers and accountants use this method of tracking
various properties of the business at historical cost. Historical cost is referred to as the
original base price charged when the properties were purchased (Hope, Thomas and
Vyas, 2013). This methodology undergirds a hypothesis that properties that are inherently
measurable capital properties are expected to be viewed at cost rates charged for
transactions and other costs that are appropriate for the usage of assets rather than market
value. All the investments are not reported, however, at historic values such as
marketable securities. It is more comprehensive, since interest can easily be checked by
supporting records. The effective usage of resource may be managed in the
organizational context. Administration can also determine and create strategies for
purchase and sale of properties.

 Budgetary Control- Almost all businesses forecast spending and profits and plan
multiple expenditures according to their specific targets. The key goal of framing is to
establish systems and to manage all the enterprise's budgetary operations, thereby
strongly connecting expenditure and budgetary controls (Lawrence, 2013). Budget
management involves modelling procedures as well as tracking the usage and fluctuation
of funds. Camden LTD provides budgetary control to the management of funds plans the
usage of funds and makes budgetary decisions. This also offers a comprehensive
comparative review of numerous financial factors to promote quick and reliable decision-
making. This adds to the concept of planning as budgets focused on efficient preparation.
It controls prices and minimizes prices by removing unnecessary duplication in industry,
contributing to optimum profits overall.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above project report this can be concluded that financial accounts and
management accounts are too crucial for business entities. As by help of these companies
can manage their overall expenses and income in an effective manner. It becomes possible
because under the management accounting vital range of techniques are included that leads
to better financial management.

INTRODUCTION
TASK 2
This is essential for business entities to make proper analysis of financial performance and
for this purpose there is vital range of techniques. Ratio analysis is one of the effective methods
to make proper evaluation of financial performance of companies’ performance (Lisowsky and
Minnis, 2018). The report covers detailed information related to different types of ratios which
are used for analysing financial performance of Alpha limited.
Calculation of the ratios to analyse company performance:
Ratios 2018 2017
ROCE or Return On Capital
Employed :
= (Operating Profit /Capital
Employed) *100
here, Capital Employed = Total
Assets – External liabilities.
= 412 / 2925 * 100
= 14.10%
= 375 / 1912.50 *100
= 19.60%
Net Profit Margin:
= Net Profit / Sale * 100
= 262.50 / 3000 * 100
= 8.75 %
= 300/ 2400 * 100
= 12.5 %
Current Ratio:
= Current Assets / Current
Liability
= 1035 / 1110
= 0.93
= 757.50 / 322.50
= 2.34
Debtor Collection Period:
= Receivable / Sales *365
= 600 / 3000 * 365
= 73 Days
= 450 / 2400 * 365
= 68.43
= 68 Days
Creditor Collection Period:
= Payable / Purchase * 365
= 1050 / 2400 * 365
= 159.68
= 160 Days
= 285 / 1350 * 365
= 77.05
= 77 Days
Interpretation and analysis of financial ratios:

Financial factors are essential for the evaluation and measurement of the trade entity's
fiscal and financial results. It helps to define risk and effects, to measure productivity, to
use output and the role of solvency. It helps to analyze patterns established over more than
one year across these ratios. Ratio analysis offers comprehensiveness in all facets of the
evaluation of financial statements. When evaluating different financial factors, the
consequences of current situations can accurately be calculated when company entities and
uncertain challenges may be established. This also enables them to be addressed early in
order to produce lasting outcomes and development. The analysis of financial ratios for
quick financial decisions by creditors and involved parties is important. The following
explains the results of ALPHA LTD dependent on financial ratio analysis:
1. Return on Capital Employed:
It is a sort of financial ratio that helps to determine the effective usage of resources and
productivity for firms to make income from employed capital. This is a benefit measure utilized
by creditors on the most successful project at the point of the screening (Mio, 2016). To measure
the ratio of EBIT and net capital employed, two main things are needed. EBIT here applies to
earnings received before tax and interest rates are excluded. It is also regarded as company
income. The capital employed is determined by extracting from the valuation of the current
assets the balance of all existing liabilities.
 Return on capital employed = EBIT or Operating Profit / Capital Employed
The operating profit of ALPHA LTD in 2017 is of £412000 and £375000 in 2018
respectively, which is calculated only from gross profit when deducting operating
expenditures. The total value of capital employed in 2018 was of 2925000 and 1912500
in 2017 which is calculated as gross assets minus all current liabilities. Therefore, the
business returned on working investments in 2018 and 2017 respectively at 14.10% and
19.60%. A fall in this ratio that suggests a drop in the return on investment. By growing
its corporate income, managing its operational costs and rising the resources employees,
the corporation will increase this ratio. Investor-specific factors are particularly important
when evaluating this formula while investing.
2. Net profit margin:
It is the profit remaining when all capital expenses, debt, royalties and preferred share
distributions have been excluded. In order to measure net profit margin, all such items are

deleted from company total sales. It is a net profit-to-income ratio for a business. The profit
margin is in percentage form but can also be shown in decimal form for ease. It indicates how
much a corporation generates with one pound with sales through income. It is one of the main
variables of financial performance for businesses (Omar, Johari and Smith, 2017). Through
maintaining track of its net profit margin increase and decline, an organization may determine
whether its existing plans are successful or whether performance-based performance can be
expected. Investors can help to assess the status of a business if it is capable of raising profits
from revenue and whether the operating expenses and overhead costs are verified. The specific
industries, company growth ambitions, sustainability and scale are some significant
considerations deciding what a decent net profit margin in Alpha Ltd. The overall income margin
in 2017 was 12.5 percent, while the profit margin for 2018 was 8.75 percent, indicating that the
ratio dropped in 2018 compared with 2017, which is a negative indication to the business of
Alpha Ltd. The net income margin can be improved by decreased extra spending not part of core
operations, decreased goods and services that are not doing well, by raising clients and facilities
and at times, by increasing costs that are hard to determine, but essential for company
sustainability.
3. Current ratio:
The liquidity ratio measures an enterprise's capacity to fulfill its current assets' short-term
liabilities. This calculation is critical because it assess the liabilities of the company over the next
year. This warns the organization that its short-sighted liabilities must be fulfilled. The new
estimate for the ratio involves capital assets including currency, cash reserves and marketable
securities as they can be turned into cash in short time (Zeff, Van der Wel and Camfferman,
2016). Enterprises with a broad base of current assets can effectively repay existing liabilities as
they come due without the need to sell substantial long-term investments. The ratio of net assets
to current liabilities is clear. The optimal current ratio for a company is 2:1 for every sector. The
further value the present ratio will favour the company. This assumes the new 4:1 ratio implies
the net assets are 4 times liquid in contrast to total liabilities of Alpha limited. Had a current ratio
of 2.34 in 2017 and 0.93 in 2018, indicating that in 2017 it had more liquidity and that in 2018 it
was very illiquid. Alpha Ltd. Alpha Ltd. Can increase its current ratio by the implementation of
rapid conversion steps for debtors or debt accounts, through the settlement of existing liabilities,

the reduction of unproductive properties, a increasing of shareholders resources to satisfy their
funding needs, and finally by sweeping bank accounts.
4. Debtor Collection Period:
It is the ratio which requires the debtor to pay the business by the time or days. This ratio
can effectively ensure suitability of cash to satisfy liabilities. This helps to understand the debtors
may be insolvent in the immediate term (Tang, Chen and Lin, 2016). The business can track the
quantity of bed loans and suspicious conditions by catching possible insolvent debtors early.
Managers can easily devise credit practices inside a corporate enterprise utilizing this measure.
In order for the business to function regularly, this ratio must be determined. The total amount to
be earned from industrial receivables or debtors' balance from the selling of credit is determined
from dividing it. The amount collected could be determined by the number of days to reach the
target. Alpha Ltd has accounts receivable in 2017 for trade of 450,000 and in 2018 of 600,000.
Company revenues in the year 2017 were 2400000 and 3000000 in 2018. Credit sales are
expected to be measured in the estimation of the overall percentage. The total 2018 collection
duration of the Company is 73 days and in 2017 it was 68 days. The estimated period for
collection is declined to suggest that the capacity of Alpha Ltd to recover debtors has dropped
and that it is possible that surplus capital would be inadequate to perform its operations in the
immediate future. By the lending revenue and maximizing the repayment cycle for its debtors,
the organization will increase this percentage.
5. Creditors Collection Period
It's a kind of financial ratio that indicates average days that the business pays its
borrowers and accounts payable. That involves investors, main lenders and other short-term
lending firms. The percentage is measured annually or monthly, so that indicates how much
longer time it takes the company's revenue outflows to cover the different debts. The greater
creditor collection duration (Williams and Dobelman, 2017). This is the company's liquidity
efficiency. This states the productivity declines and that the investors are reluctant to
compensate. This ratio often influences the credits word issued by the creditors. In the years
2017 and 2018 respectively, Alpha Ltd reported trade payable quantities of 285000 and 1050000.
For the years 2018 and 2017, business sales are 2400000 and 1350000. In this situation all retail
is considered to be on loan. The total length of payment for the organization in 2018 is 160 days,

it was 77 days. There has been an rise in the total repayment time that suggests that the company
has decreased its capacity to fund the numerous payment expenses.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above task of project report this can be concluded that financial performance
of Alpha limited is in average condition. This is so because most of the ratios are showing
average result for year 2017 and 2018. In order to support, evaluation of financial
performance of above company different types of ratios are measured such as current ratio,
debtors’ collection period and many more.

REFERENCES
Books and journal:
Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two
questionable beliefs. Accounting Horizons. 27(4). pp.847-853.
Bryer, R., 2013. Americanism and financial accounting theory–Part 2: The ‘modern business
enterprise’, America's transition to capitalism, and the genesis of management
accounting. Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 24(4-5). pp.273-318.
Chiang, B., Nouri, H. and Samanta, S., 2014. The effects of different teaching approaches in
introductory financial accounting. Accounting Education. 23(1). pp.42-53.
Hope, O. K., Thomas, W. B. and Vyas, D., 2013. Financial reporting quality of US private and
public firms. The Accounting Review. 88(5). pp.1715-1742.
Lawrence, A., 2013. Individual investors and financial disclosure. Journal of Accounting and
Economics. 56(1). pp.130-147.
Lisowsky, P. and Minnis, M., 2018. The Silent majority: Private US firms and financial reporting
choices. Chicago Booth Research Paper, (14-01).
Mio, C. ed., 2016. Integrated reporting: A new accounting disclosure. Springer.
Omar, N., Johari, Z. A. and Smith, M., 2017. Predicting fraudulent financial reporting using
artificial neural network. Journal of Financial Crime. 24(2). pp.362-387.
Tang, Q., Chen, H. and Lin, Z., 2016. How to measure country-level financial reporting quality?.
Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. 14(2). pp.230-265.
Williams, E. E. and Dobelman, J. A., 2017. Financial statement analysis. World Scientific Book
Chapters, pp.109-169.
Zeff, S. A., Van der Wel, F. and Camfferman, C., 2016. Company financial reporting: A
historical and comparative study of the Dutch regulatory process. Routledge.
Online
Camden Group. 2019 [Online] Available Through. <https://www.camdengroup.co.uk/about>