Financial Analysis and Management in Hospitality Industry

The given assignment requires students to analyze financial management in the hospitality industry. It involves identifying key concepts related to financial management, understanding different types of costs (variable, fixed, and mixed), and recognizing the importance of financial analysis in the hospitality industry. The assignment also references various books and journals that provide insights into sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and hotel innovation.

Finance in Hospitality

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1Sources of funding to new and existing business...................................................................1
1.2 Contribution of different methods for the purpose of generating income............................3
M1: Effective approaches to determine sources of finance........................................................3
D1: Range of various methods of generating income.................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Cost.......................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Methods of controlling stock and cash..................................................................................5
M2: Relevant theories and techniques of setting prices..............................................................5
D2: Critical evaluation to have planned, manage and organise a number of activities..............5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Source and Structure of Trial Balance..................................................................................6
3.2: Evaluation of budget account ..............................................................................................6
3.3 Process and Purpose of Budgetary Control...........................................................................8
3.4: Evaluating budget variances................................................................................................9
M3: Structure and approaches to assess the trail balance.........................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1: Calculation of different ratios of Belgravia Hotels............................................................11
4.2: Recommendation about future management strategies.....................................................12
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................12
5.1: Classification of various types of costs..............................................................................12
5.2: Contribution per unit..........................................................................................................13
5.3: Justification of short term management decision...............................................................13
D3: Determining issues associated with performance by BEP analysis...................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Every business requires proper maintenance of accounts as well finance of the company
there are various methods that are being used by the company for the purpose of managing
finance. Hospitality sector is one of the fastest growing sectors and the need of managing finance
in this sector is growing quite rapidly (Jones, Hillier and Comfort, 2016). Some of the methods
of managing finances would include budgetary control, cash control, etc. Proper maintenance of
books of accounts is also important for making sure that business is managed efficiently.
Belgravia Hotels is well known company in the in Hospitality industry and is growing rapidly
due to demand from tourists and customers in this regard. It is necessary for the company to
manage its books of accounts efficiently so that business can be taken ahead to reach to its full
potential.
TASK 1
1.1Sources of funding to new and existing business
There are large numbers of sources through which a firm can raise funds for the purpose
of raising its business, these are described as follows:
New business
Personal investment: it is basically investment, which are being made by the owner himself in
the company the risk involved in this kind of capital is very low.
Advantages
 It is a good sign if owner puts his own capital in the business, it gives a good message to
bankers and venture capital list that the owner himself are ready to put his money at risk
and believe in his idea.
The owner will put his best possible efforts for growing it’s business as his own capital is at risk
(Martínez, Pérez and Rodríguez del Bosque, 2013).
Disadvantages One of the disadvantage can be that there might be a lack of professional advice for
investment.
Venture Capital: It is the kind of private which is provided to small businessIn order to earn
huge profit but at the same time involves a lot of risk. Usually a venture capital list would invest
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in small and medium business and will hold necessary percentage of share in the firm but the
ultimate owner remains the entrepreneur (McManus, 2013).
Advantages
 Guess the entrepreneur and initially start to take his business forward and build it in a
strong manner. Necessary resources can be arranged with the capital which is infused by
the venture capital list. It comes with no cost of capital as there is no interest that has to be paid on this capital
Disadvantage.
The control over company is lost by the entrepreneur as most of the stake would belong to
Venture capitalist (Campo, Díaz and Yagüe, 2014).
Already Established Business
Bank Loan: It is one of the most important and easy way of raising funds for small and
medium size business. They just have to apply to any commercial bank for raising funds in the
bank will give loans on the basis of eligibility of the consent business.
Advantages
 It is an easy way of raising funds and there is minimum paperwork involved. The company do not have to share profits with those for provided funds and just have to
pay a fixed amount of interest.
Disadvantages
 The business might have to pay interest which will be a liability for the company and
will reduce profits.
Debenture: It is issued by the company to general public to raise funds. It is the liability of the
company and the company will have to pay a particular date of interest to the debenture holders,
irrespective of the fact whether company is generating profits or not (Singh., 2016 ).
Advantages
 The company will not have to share profits with dementia holders. Will give necessary
funds for expansion of Management. Control is not delegate to people for giving funds.
Retained Earnings: It is basically accumulated profits that are earned by company over
period of time. It does not involve any cost and it is your profits that earned by company through
its operations.
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Advantages It can help in providing stability to business.
Disadvantages
 One of the biggest disadvantage is that it may lead to improper utilisation of funds.
1.2 Contribution of different methods for the purpose of generating income
There are radius methods which could help a business to earn profits and generating
income from its operations in an affective way, some of these methods are discussed
below:
Sales Promotion: under this, the company try to promote its products through various
measures of sales like door-to-door selling, television and newspaper advertising etc.
Sub Letting: it is yet another method of generating income, under this the company will
give its property or assets to another user for the purpose of using it and in return the company
would be getting a rent. This can complement the income sources of company and may help it in
generating more profits.
Sponsorship: Under this, company or a business will provide support to any activity that
would be taking place within the area or in the city and by doing this it will be able to market the
name of company or its products. The support can be monetary or non-monetary.
M1: Effective approaches to determine sources of finance
From all the above mentioned various sources of finance available to hospitality sectors
are discussed. Out of which there are some of them are more effective or beneficial for them in
near future. Retain earning can assist them to make expansion for increasing size of the business.
Loan is another great option of raising funds and can available to business in much easily. They
are beneficial for them to plan their operations in effective manner.
D1: Range of various methods of generating income
It has been seen that there are wide range of modes from which income can be generated
for conducting an effective business plan for an organisation. Commission is said to be crucial
aspects which would be retain from outside parties or suppliers to manage and operate internal
and external department of an organisation. With the help of government grant company can
easily be able to manage and regulate their operations in more effective ways in near future time.
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TASK 2
2.1 Cost
(a)Elements of Cost
Cost: It is an amount which is spent by the company in the process of producing goods and
services. This can take form of raw material, labour, overheads etc.
Some of the main elements of cost discussed as follows:
Material: it refers to the material, which are being used for the purpose of producing goods. It
can be of two types direct material and indirect material. Direct material are those which can be
ascertained by looking at the product itself and indirect material are those which are ancillary in
production of a product cannot be ascertained by looking at product (Ndoda, 2013). Labour: these are the manpower of the company it involves employees.workers,
management etc. they are the one who are responsible for taking the Company forward.
The amount paid to labours by the company are recorded as wages in the books.
 Overhead: it refers to any extra expenditure that might have acquired by the company on
production of a product or service except raw material and labour cost. It can be further
sub-classified into various cost like:
-Production Expenses
-Selling and overheads expenses
-Administrative Expenses
-Distribution Expenses
(b) Gross profit percentage as well as selling Price
Gross Profit percentages: It is the ratio which describes the relationship of a company’s
gross profit as percentage of sales. A gross profit tells about company’s profit from operations. It
helps company in making comparison of profits of two organisations (Guerrier, 2013).
Gross Profit Percentage = Gross Profit/ Total sales*100
Selling price+COGS+MARKUP
In order to arrive at net profit which are being earned by the company, it will have to deduct all
its operational expenses from gross profit. The net profit is the ultimate profit that goes to the
reserve of company.
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2.2 Methods of controlling stock and cash
Cash Control Method Implementation of efficient cash handling strategies: Under this, a organisation would
frame necessary policies and strategies which would help in maintenance of adequate
cash level within the organisation. Accountability Form: It means preparation of cash accounting forms which will further
improves companies profits and will enable it to overcome from looses. Setting up of Cash Flow Target: It involves forecasting the various requirements of cash
in an organisation for effective control in future. Strategies are framed keeping in mind
the cash requirement of the company.
Stock Controlling Methods Just in Time: It is a method to manage inventory, under this the order for replenishment
of stock is made just before its use and hence it results in saving of various costs to
company. Inventory Budget: It basically means preparation of budget in advance about various
elements of cost like materials, operational costs, other expenses, logistics etc.
 Perpetual Inventory System: It assist company in keeping an eye on quantity as well as
value of Stock.
M2: Relevant theories and techniques of setting prices
A business can uses a wide range of methods of pricing whcih are used by an
organisation during selling of products and services. It is done to maximise profitability of each
transactions done by an organisation. Conventinal pricing techniques that emphasised that setting
separate equal contribution margines to various earning segments serve by hotel industries.
D2: Critical evaluation to have planned, manage and organise a number of activities
As per the mentioned various activities that are related with stock controlling is consider
as primary mode of reliable functioning of daily transactions and working capital management in
an organisation. It is done to avoid unnecessary inventory purchases that are done by “Belgravia
Hotels”.
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TASK 3
3.1 Source and Structure of Trial Balance
Trial Balance: It can be regarded as a document which provides various information
about the income as well as expenses which has been incurred by an organisation during a
particular period of time. The balances are reflected in terms of debit column and credit columns.
Most of the information in trial balance is taken from ledger accounts (Schneider and dos Santos,
2013).
Particulars Debit Credit
Cash 50,000
Bank 20,000
Land and Building 15,000
Machinery 10,000
Bank Loan 50,000
Debenture Holders 30,000
Bank Overdraft 15,000
TOTAL 95,000 95,000
3.2: Evaluation of budget account
In case of any financial institution, trail balance is an essential object which is being
prepared by an accountant from there financial transactions that are done during an accounting
period of time. This can reduce lot of impacts in recording transaction for the formulation of
final statements, positing them into their respective areas in order to get more reliable results in
coming time.
Adjustment associated with cost of machinery:
Machinery account DR............
To Ramsay machine tools Account CR.........
Adjustment detail:
 In case of machine buy on credit from concern parties.
 It will be included in balance sheet and deducted from machine tools.
Machinery A/c
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Particular Amount DR Particular Amount Cr
To Balance B/d 58000 By Balance C/d 78000
To XYZ machine tool 20000
78000 78000
XYZ machine tool A/c
Particular Amount Particular Amount
To Balance C/d 20000 By Machinery C/d 20000
20000 20000
In case of wage account:
The amount must be recorded on teh debit balance. Because of this, there total value goes
on increasing (Altinay, Paraskevas and Jang, 2015). There effects are seen over some
transactions. Such as:
 Negative balance from salary accounting is being indicating on debt side of profit and
loss statements.
 Positive value related to wages is being indicating on debit side of trading accounting.
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Posting into journals
Salary A/c
Particular Amount Particular Amount
To Balance D/d 15300 By wages 43000
By Balance c/d 11000
Total 15300 Total 15300
Wages A/c
Particular Amount Particular Amount
To Balance B/d 18000 By Balance C/d 51000
To salary a/c 33000
Total 51000 Total 51000
Salary account: It has been obsered that debit account balance which has be credited
with total amount of 33000. Its toal balance should be reduce to 33000. The entries will be
posted in profit and loss account in appropriate manner. Thus, total balance of salary is being
used to record in incomes statements of the company.
3.3 Process and Purpose of Budgetary Control
A control method whereby genuine outcomes are contrasted and spending plans. Any
distinctions (changes) are made the obligation of key people who can either practice control
activity or modify the first spending plans. Budgetary control and duty focuses; these empower
directors to screen hierarchical capacities. A good budgetary control would help in preparing
efficient budget as well maintain higher level of profits through achieving good productivity. It
can help in various department of the company like purchase, sales, marketing, administration
etc.
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Figure 1Process of Budgetary Control
3.4: Evaluating budget variances
In every business organisation, it has been found that the primary objective which is
being helpful for the purpose of formulating final statements of Belgravia Hotels. It is necessary
for the company to make analysis of all material and labour variances that are present in an
organization (Hoque, 2013). The budget cost use to allows managers to set prices and total
estimation of profits. In accordance to wide reason, cost and total income that can be categories
in higher or medium-sized at the time of calculation. Budget is an estimation of future costs and
expenses a company is going to invest. This can assist an organization to make control of their
resources in effective manner. Variance analysis is an essential part for the company to make
comparison of outcomes collected from past and present time results. The data would be taken
into consider for increase overall aims and objectives for the company. This will be taken as to
analyse adverse and favourable result collated from total cost of production.
Budget variance
Particular Standards Actual Variances
Unit sold 50000 20000 30000
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Material 17,000 20500 -3500
Direct labour 21500 22375 -875
Particular Material(£) Labour (£)
Price / Variance Efficiency -5500 3750
Variance -3000 -5425
Total Variance 2500 -1675
From the above inforamtion which is made on assumption basis. The collected data is
being analyse on the basis of total 50000 standard units. The total variance is being determine by
using direct material and labour variances that are being dicussed in the above table. The resulst
are showing adverse impacts on the material and labour costs. There are various types of
adjustment entries that are needed to be taken into account in accordance with the preparation of
trail balance.
M3: Structure and approaches to assess the trail balance
Sources of preparation trail balances is related with major three categories such as
general ledger, sales and purchase ledger book. Structure of trail balances is concern with all
specific categories that are consists of current assets and contra assets and current liability as
well as long term liability. Such as:
Trail balance as on 31st April, 2018
Particular Debit Credit
Cash at bank 60150
Account receivable 2500
Building 199400
Office supplies 450
Common stock 250000
Rent expenses 12500
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Total 262500 262500
TASK 4
4.1: Calculation of different ratios of Belgravia Hotels
In respect to analyse total growth and performance of any hospital industry, it is
necessary to calculate some specific ratios that can assist in evaluating current position of the
company. The most effective tools that are being use by account managers are the ratios analysis.
It can guide manager to make reliable and accurate decision in coming times. There are various
financial ratios that are being chosen required to be use to determine total performance of an
organisation. Some of them are mentioned underneath:
Particulars Formulas Amount (£)
Profitability Ratio
Gross profit margin Gross profit/Sales 39.86
Net profit margin Net Profit / Net sales*100 15.55
CURRENT RATIO Current assets/current liabilities 3.51
Current assets 25550.06
Current liabilities 5770
Current ratios 4.4280869665
Stock Turnover Net sales – Gross / stock 39.38
DEBTORS
COLLECTION
PERIOD Debtor/sales*365 27.45
debtors 11820
Credit Collection period Creditors/sales*365 12.18
After Balance sheet
Credit Collection period 13.4
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Acid Test Ratio 3.09
stock 2400
Liquid assets Current assets- inventory 17474
From the above computed ratios, it has been determine that all data would be taken on an
assumption basis (Xiao, O'Neill, and Mattila, 2012). The profitability aspects of the hotel
company is showing more valuable net profit margin with total of 15%. While in case of
liquidity ratios, Belgravia Hotels is in effective position of meet out their short-term obligation
that are making impacts on the liquidity aspects of the company. The hospitality business is
increase at faster rate and in respect to this current and present trends are needed to be analyse in
more effective manner in order to get more reliable outcomes in near future times. The overall
results are in the favor of the company to make future plan for increase their business in various
nations. The services are more reliable and effective that is being deliver to the guest those are
visiting to that particular hotel.
4.2: Recommendation about future management strategies
From the above financial ratios, it has been calculated that an organisation can make use
of various financial data about the company in accordance with analysing current year position.
This particular plan is more useful in evaluating overall stability and position that can assist
investors to make their valuable decisions regarding increase of overall profitability during the
period of time. In accordance with hospitality company that can gain competitive advantages
through implementing effective resources in more accurately and reliable manner. The liquidity
position of the company can be determined by using valuable results through computing current
ratios and liquid ratios. This particular ratio is more dependable for the company in respect to
analyse short term liquidity position of the company to meet debt obligation during the period of
time. The debtor collection period is also in favourable ways for the Belgravia Hotels. The
suggestion is to make use of capital in order to increase goodwill and expansion of business in
various parts of the nations (Sahida, and et. al., 2011). It has been seen that the growth rate of
Belgravia Hotels over the past few years is being more satisfactory. They are able to sale grew
up with 24% in the 2015. They need to make use of capital for the purpose of increasing overall
performance of the hotel.
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TASK 5
5.1: Classification of various types of costs
Cost is an essential aspect for an organisation, whether related with retail of hospitality
sector. These are said to be value of amount that is given by the company in order to attain
specific aims and objectives in future time. It is associated with production process both directly
or indirectly. It is utmost important part for an organisation in that can make huge impacts on
productivity or profitability position of the company. There are various types of cost that would
be classified into various segments. Some of them are discuss underneath:
Fixed cost: It is related with all necessary costs which remain unchanged at the time of
production of products and services or not operation business during an accounting period. These
are expenditure that has to be make payment by a company, independent in case of any business
activity. Some examples are rent, insurance and so on.
Variable cost: It refers as those costs which can be changed with the production of one
additional products and services during the time. This seems to be corporate expenses that alter
in proportion with manufacturing of goods. It is mostly depend on total volume of the company.
Some of them are: Fright out, production supplies and commissions.
Semi- Overhead: It is known as combination of both fixed and variable costs are taken
into consideration under this cost. These are applicable in hotel industries in accordance with
provide accommodation facilities to the company. It is the rate at which guest can be charged.
5.2: Contribution per unit
Total number of masses: 100
Normal charges= £25
Sales: 100*25=2500
Variable cost= 100*£15.50= 1550
Total contribution: Sales – Variable cost
: 2500-1550=950
Margin of safety = 950-380/2500*100
= 22.8%
In case of increase in 110 people with increasing charges of ticket prices.
Sales= 110*22= 2420
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Variable cost: 1550
Total contribution: Sales- Variable cost
: 2420-1550=870
Margin of safety: 870-380/2420=12.27%
: 20.24%
5.3: Justification of short term management decision
It has been analyse that company is in the break even point which is having amount of
sales or earning that it needs to incur maximum return in respect to equal profit and loss. In
respect to determine company overall ability to generate total profit they need to make proper
analysis of break even point (Bar-Tal, 2012). It used to provide common powerful quantitative
techniques for managers. It is one of the simplest forms, BEV evaluation guide insight about
hospitality sector, whether or not earning from a products or services has the capability to cover
the relevant cost of manufacturing products. Generally, the case study is being formulate and
presented in linear ways so that mangers can be easily be able to analyse current aspects
regarding the company. All kind of risks that are exist in an organisation in accordance with total
earning and sales can be determine in more effective manner.
D3: Determining issues associated with performance by BEP analysis
Break even analysis is essential process which is done to determine total number of sale
and revenue a company is earning in an accounting period. It is widely used to analyse the
number of units a business required to sell order to deal with unnecessary issues. It is done to
analyse total selling prices, variable and fixed costs incurred during an organisation.
BEP (in Units): Fixed costs / Contribution per units
Fixed costs= 550
= 550/(25-15.5) = 57.89 units.
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it has been concluded that finance is an essential life of any
business enterprises. Without having appropriate sources of capital they are not being able to
plan their business resources in effective manner. There are various sources of finance available
to an organisation in order to regulate their operations in more effective manner. For this
purpose, managers’ uses to implement new and innovative tools and techniques those are helpful
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in attain future aims and objectives. Apart from this, wide number of advantages is collected by
the organisation from sales, revenues and total earnings during the time. Financial analysis is
also necessary to determine in respect to attain more valuable information about the company.
By this future growth and financial stability can be attain in more quick time.
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