Financial Accounting and Management Analysis

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of financial accounting and management analysis, covering topics such as hospitality finance research, management accounting for hotels and restaurants, business angel investment activity, and the impact of participant-based accounting cycle courses on student performance. It also includes studies on inventory control systems, fundraising management, and evolution of EU public sector financial accounting standardization.

FINANCE IN
HOSPITALITY

INTRODUCTION
Finance is the life blood in any organization and hence, is required in order to have
growth and to attain organisational objectives. The present report talks about finance in
hospitality. Hospitality industries are generally service providing industries. Restaurant business,
hotel business, travel and tourism and hospital are few of the example of hospitality industry. In
the present research report various sources available to raise funds for service industries has been
provided along with various techniques that can be used by restaurant business in order to
generate their income. Further, in this report, budgetary control along with its process has been
explained and the same has been enclosed in PPT along with analysing variance between actual
and budgeted results for Cyprian. Financial statements are also prepared for R Rigs after
considering two unrecorded entries along with their analysis using ratio analysis tool. At last
various proposals have been analysed for getting desired profits for R Rigs.
TASK 1
1.1 Available sources of funds in business and service industries
A business cannot grow unless there are sufficient cash reserves that are required to
invest for growth. Growth of a business ultimately increases sales and profit of the firm (Axsäter,
2015). However, for increasing sales business had to increase its current assets and fixed assets
such as inventory, plant and equipment, land and building, etc. Funds in a business are required
in order to carry out business operations, expansion of business, purchasing of fixed assets or for
making investments. There are many different ways from where a small business can raise funds.
Therefore, from following sources a sole a trader can raise funds in context with buying a new
building worth £450,000.
Various Sources of raising funds:
Personal sources:
It is easy for small business traders to finance their business through their personal cash.
This source of fund is most beneficial for small owners along with various other benefits like, a
banker is always keen to know before providing any loan amount that how much own capital is
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invested in the business by owner. Personal sources could be like their personal savings, home
equity loan secured by own residential house, cash value life insurance etc.
Finance through Friends and Family:
Another popular source for the growth of small business includes finance through friends
and family (Shenoy and Rosas, 2018). Benefit of friends and family finance is that there is no
need of any guarantor because they already know you along with flexible repayable terms and
lower or no interest rate. However, a written contract presenting the debt amount and liability
may be created between the borrower and lender.
Internally generated funds:
It is the most advantageous source of fund. Under this, finance is raised through retained
earnings of the business. By using retained earnings business only loses the opportunity cost of
interest if it had kept in bank. In order to have growth, ploughing retained earnings back in the
business could be a smart move.
Bank Loans:
Bank loans are easily available to small business trader for investment in property as
papers of that property can be kept as the purpose of security. There is also an option of taking
finance lease from bank (DRURY, 2013). Under this option, asset is purchased by bank and then
owner takes that asset from bank by paying either rent or lease amount. Loan consists of
excessive documentation requirement, as borrower needs to present their financial statement to
inform lenders about their capability of loan repayment. Moreover, debt covenant is designed
that are necessary to be complied and as per this, timely instalments and interest required to be
paid by the firm.
Trade Credit:
Another essential financing tool for small traders is trade credit. Under this credit period
is extended by the suppliers. Credit amount which is to be payable to suppliers is then invested in
business.
Increasing internal cash flow:
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Need of purchasing a building is often forecasted earlier. Hence, by then, increasing cash
flow within business in the way of increasing profit margin on products and services, cutting cost
of services, managing working capital, selling off old assets or by recovering debts earlier,
business can generate more cash (Sources of funds, 2017).
Issuing share capital:
Issue of share capital, is generally the least favourable sources of finance for small
business traders because brand image of the business is yet in process and thus less public rely
on them. However, there is an option to owner if he wants to raise finance through issuing share
capital.
The best way for raising finance in order to purchase new building for small trader is
using personal source or through bank loan (Jang and Park, 2011). Because using personal
sources will increase capital in the business that will create a good image of the firm and
therefore, bank loan can be easily available.
Government programs:
With the help of government and grants for the financial institutions which in turn helps
in facilitating the adequate funds for the business operations. The most important benefit
associated with the grant is that it does not need any repayment if it is utilized in the mentioned
timeframe and for the purpose for which it is given. Thus, the same is its limitation also as grant
is available for specified time or given objective only. Hence, it cannot be used for any other
purpose.
1.2 Methods for generating income in restaurant business
In the competitive world, making restaurant profitable is a difficult task. In order to
survive in a restaurant industry, making high revenue is a key factor, however, in order to
increase revenue, business cannot use wrong practices like charging high from customers,
reducing average volume, etc. Using such practices can push the customers away from the
restaurant. Below are some tactics that can be used by restaurant business to increase their
revenue and make their restaurant profitable:
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Good Ambiance:
It is said that 1st impression is the last impression. The first thing that a customer notices
is the front look of restaurant and its ambiance (Walker, 2016). Having a good look will
definitely attract more customers which in turn will increase volume of sales and good image in
the market. However, along with the ambiance, comfortable sitting area must also be considered.
Knowing target customers:
Before a restaurant starts marketing about your business, it is necessary to identify your
target customers. For example, if the restaurant is in the middle of southern BBQ country, selling
small amount of dish with less variety will not work. Hence, must be created keeping in view the
customers around the restaurant.
Update menu regularly:
Consumers always want something different to try in a restaurant. If there would be same
menu year by year, customer will get bored out of it and will get pushed away from the
restaurant. Therefore, it is necessary to provide different new choices to the customers to make
them retain in your place.
Be known for a signature dish:
Consumer often get attracted to a restaurant if it is popular for a signature dish. Signature
dish in the menu aids to the business value (Park and Jang, 2014). It is something that shapes
how a customer looks at the restaurant.
Good marketing strategy:
Advertising your business is necessary in order to create recognition in the market. Great
marketing plan can be executed such as offering welcome drink and welcome snacks to
customers, opting for social media marketing, TV and radio, etc. However, the best marketing is
the mouth advertising which is done by the customers, so first priority of a restaurant must be
customer satisfaction.
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Commission based business: In despite of the above, restaurant can offer different
services and earn commission based revenues to maximize their income level. Running
commission based activities such as taking franchise will enable restaurant chain to get success
in the local as well as international market place.
Sale of unused assets: Assets which are not available for use and categorized as assets
for disposal can be disposed off in the open market to generate income from the same.
Letting/subletting: It is also an opportunity for the restaurant, under which, it can
organize various events like on birthday parties, anniversaries and other occasions and maximize
their sales revenue and net return.
TASK 2
2.1 Discussing various elements of cost, gross profit and sales price
Enclosed in PPT.
2.2 Evaluating different methods of controlling inventory and cash
Enclosed in PPT.
TASK 3
3.3 Purpose of Budgetary control along with its process
Enclosed in PPT.
3.4 Analysing variance between actual and budgeted figures with suggestions
Enclosed in PPT.
TASK 4
3.1 Assessing several variables of Trial Balance with structure of Trial Balance
Trial balance is a financial statement that is a summary of all debit and credit balances.
Debit side may include balances of either assets or expenses and credit side may include
balances of either income or liability (Arif, Noor-E-Jannat and Anwar, 2016). It is based on
double entry book system. It includes all the closing balances of ledger accounts of a company
which are then considered for the preparation of Income Statement and Statement of Financial
Position. One of the principle of trial balance is that its credit and debit side always match with
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each other. If there is any variance among the figures of debit and credit side, this reflects error
in either journal entry or ledger posting. Hence, the main sources of trial balance are Journal
entries and Ledger accounts.
Trial balance is prepared in the structure, presented below:
Figure 1 Structure of trial balance
Journal Entries: It is the entry to the journal book of the organisation. The first step of
recording business transactions is recording of journal entries. These are recorded in
chronological order on the basis of date of transaction. These entries are then posted to the
specific ledger accounts.
Ledger accounts: It is a record of all the journal entries which is used to store and sort income
statement and balance sheet transaction (Sargeant and Jay, 2014). Some examples of ledger
account are cash A/C, sales A/C, accounts receivables, investment, inventories, interest received,
accounts payable, etc. losing balances of these accounts are then transferred to Trial Balance,
which is the summary of ledger account.
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As per the given scenario, R Rigs have not recorded two transactions in its records. The
same are been recorded below:
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Interpretation: On the basis of above calculations for the journal entries the business
will be able to make the adequate efforts in the operational activities of the business. Furniture is
being purchased for the amount of 525 will be debited, bank account will be debited for the
interest received amounted to 500. Further, there has been various adjusted entries for the trail
balance such as cash at bank, interest furniture and creditors which together brings the total
balance for 1025.
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3.2 Evaluating financial accounts of business
Preparation of Profit and Loss Account
Profit or loss accounts or income statement is prepared to determine net profit or net loss
of a business in a financial year. It presents two type of information, Gross profit/loss or net
profit/loss (Mason and Harrison, 2015). Former tells capacity of business to ear profit after
deducting those cost that are directly associated with main products and services of the business,
while the later tells capacity of an organisation to earn net profit that can be distributed among
owner or can be restated in the business. Main source of income statement are journal entries,
ledger accounts and trial balance.
Interpretation: After making adjustments of unrecorded entries, it has been observed that
profit of R Rigs is increased by £500. Gross profit margin of the business is £62645 and net
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profit margin of the business is £24437. This means profit earning capacity of business is good
enough but due to its high indirect expenses its net profit comes down to 2/5th level of gross
profit. Therefore, R Rigs is required to control its indirect expenses, specially wages and salary
that are costing to £31740.
Preparation of Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet of statement of financial position helps in determining the financial
strength of an organisation (Kotas, 2014). It summarises all the assets and liabilities of the
company. It provides investors and other users of financial statements of the company, an idea
about what and how much the company own and owe along with the total amount of investments
done by shareholders.
Statement of financial position for R Rigs as at 31st December 2017
PARTICULARS AMOUNT (£)
Current Assets
Stock 2400
Debtors 12316
Less: Provision for doubtful debts -496
Prepaid expenses 230
Cash at Bank and Hand 5924
Total Current Assets (A) 20374
Fixed Assets
Furniture 525
Office Furniture and Van 6650
Less: Depreciation -1630
Total fixed assets (B) 5545
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Total Assets (A+B) 25919
Current Liabilities
Creditors 5770
Accruals 412
Total Current Liabilities (C) 6182
Equity capital
Capital 12400
Add: Net Profit 24437
Less: Drawings -17100
Total Equity (D) 19737
Total Liabilities and Capital (C+D) 25919
4.1 Analysis of financial performance by calculation of ratio
Ratio analysis: It is a management accounting tool that helps in analysing and
interpreting financial statements of the business (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2015). It
provides quick indication regarding the financial performance of the organisation in different
areas such as how much fixed assets does business own along with their book value, amount of
accounts payable of the company and whether the company has enough liquid funds to pay off
its short term liabilities or not. It is a management tool that provides relevant information to
internal as well as external users which enables them in taking future economic decisions.
Profitability ratio
It shows an organisation's ability to earn profit in a financial year from different
operations. This shows company's efficiency to attain profits (Favilukis and et.al., 2017). These
ratios are then used by creditors and investors in order to judge the company's return on
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investment based on its assets and resources. Evaluating profitability of the business is also
essential to the concepts of going concern and solvency of business. Different profitability ratios
are gross margin ratio, net margin ration, return on asset, return in capital employed and return
on equity, However, gross margin and net margin ratios has been calculated for R Rigs.
Interpretation: The above calculated ratios shows good profit earning capacity of R Rigs.
Liquidity ratio
It shows an organisation's ability to pay off its short term liabilities as well as long term
liabilities as they become current (Mullinova, 2016). This shows the ability of firm to covert its
assets in cash along with its cash level in order to pay its current obligations. It is the measure of
cash level of a business along with the ability of business to convert its assets like accounts
receivables, inventories, trade securities, etc. into cash. Main liquidity ratios are quick ratio,
current ratio and working capital ratio. However, quick ratio that is also known as acid test ratio
and current ratio has been calculated for R Rigs.
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Interpretation: From the above calculated ratios it can be said that business is efficient enough in
proper utilisation of its assets. However, both the ratio are exceeding the ideal ratio, this means R
Rigs have scope to invest its current assets.
Efficiency Ratio
It analysis efficiency of an organisation regarding the use of its assets and liabilities
internally. In order to generate income how well a firm uses its assets. These ratios look at the
time that company takes to convert its assets into cash or recover cash from its debtors. Better the
efficiency ratios more will be the profitability of the company (NAGARIA, 2016). Because with
the efficient use of resources company will become more profitable.
Ratios Formula Calculation
Accounts Payable turnover
Ratio
Accounts payable/ (Annual credit
purchase / 365)
5770 / (94520 * 365) = 20.28
Days
Accounts receivable
turnover Ratio
Accounts receivable/ (Annual
credit sales / 365)
12316 / (157165 * 365) =
28.60 days
Interpretation: From the above calculation it can be said that R Rigs can convert its accounts
receivable into 28 days i.e. on an average it provides 28 days of credit period to its customers.
And it pays off its accounts payables in 20 days.
4.2 Recommending management strategies for future
 Following are the recommendation for R Rigs so that it can make more profitable
business:
 R Rigs need to reduce its indirect expenses or increase its indirect incomes. This can be
done by investing more assets which will create flow of interest to the business or
reduction in cost of salary and wages by employing low wage rate labours.
 Better allocation of its current assets is required (Nigrini, 2016). This will increase its
working capital.
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 R Rigs need to control over its credit providing policy. By restricting its credit policy it
can generate more cash within the business.
TASK 5
5.1 Categorising cost
Cost can be categorised into the following:
Illustration 1: Categories of cost
(Siagian and Khan, 2016)
Fixed Cost:
These are those costs of the business that remains fixed in nature and have no relation
with the change in activity of firm. These have a unique property i.e. these remains fixed in total
but varies ion per unit basis. For example: if TFC is 20000 and total units sold are 10000 then FC
each unit will be £2 and if total sales volume came down to 8000 units, then unit FC will be £2.5.
This shows that proportion of fixed cost increases if there is decrease in units sold. This arises
the situation of diseconomies of scale. And proportion of fixed cost decreases with the increase
in units sold, this arises situation of economies of scale which is favourable for business
(Variable, fixed and mixed (semi-variable) costs, 2012).
Variable Cost:
Those costs that are directly attributable to raw material in order to convert them in
finished goods are variable cost. Most common example of variable cost id direct material.
Property of variable cost is opposite to the property of fixed cost i.e. variable cost changes with
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the change in the level of activity but remains fixed on per unit basis. For example Direct
material per unit is £2, if the quantities produced is 1000 units then total variable cost will be
£2000 and if quantity produced is 1500 units then total variable cost will £3000. COGS is a type
of variable cost includes material, labor and other direct overheads.
Semi-Variable Cost:
These costs are the mixture of fixed as well as variable cost i.e. part of these cost do not
changes and part of these cost fluctuates with the change in the level of activity. These are also
called as mixed costs (Oulasvirta and Bailey, 2016). For example: cost of maintenance of van
include £200 per month along with £5 for each km. In this £200 is the part of fixed cost and £5
is the part of variable cost. For R Rigs, semi-variable cost is running cost of van.
5.2 Explaining cost volume profit relationship along with calculating contribution per unit
Particulars Details Figures
Total sales £100,000.00
Units of sales 10000 units
Desired profit £30,000.00
Marginal (Variable) Cost £70,000.00
Total Fixed cost £20,000.00
Variable cost per unit TVC / number of units 70000/10000 = £7 Per Unit
Selling price per unit Total sales/ number of units 100000/10000 = £10 per unit
BEP (units) Total fixed cost/ [selling price
per unit – variable cost per
unit]
20000/[10-7] = 6667 units
BEP (amount) Break-even unit*selling price
per unit
6667*10 = 66670
Units required to earn desired (TFC + Desired profit) / (20000+30000) / 3 = 16667
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profit (selling price per unit –
variable cost per unit)
units
Evaluating Proposals for earning desired profits:
Proposal I : Reducing selling price by 10%
Particulars Per Unit Amount
Sales 9 90000
Less: marginal cost 7 -70000
Contribution (sales - MC) 2 20000
Less: fixed cost -20000
Profit / (loss) 0 0
Break even units 20000/(9-7) = 10000 units
Break-even amount 10000*9 = 90000
Required units to be sold to earn
desired profit
(20000+30000)/ 2 = 25000 units
Proposal II: Increasing selling price per unit by 10%
Particulars Per Unit Amount
Sales 11 110000
Less: marginal cost 7 -70000
Contribution (sales - MC) 4 40000
Less: fixed cost -20000
Profit / (loss) 2 20000
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Break even units 20000/(11-7) = 5000 units
Break-even amount 5000*11 = 55000
Required units to be sold to earn
desired profit
(20000+30000)/ 4 = 12500 units
5.3 Justification of short term management decisions
It is known that production of 30000 units is the capacity of business. After the
evaluation of all the three proposals following conclusions are made:
 If the selling price is reduced by 10%, then company is in the situation of no profit and no
loss at current production level and in order to earn desired profit company had to sell
atleast 25000 units which is in the capacity of business.
 In the second proposal if selling price is increased by 10%, then business receives £2 per
unit profit at the current level of production. However, for desired profit earning, it has to
sell atleast 5000 units. This is the 1/6th part of the capacity of firm. In third proposal, in order to increase quality if variable cost is increased by £1.5 per unit,
then firm has to suffer a loss of £0.5 per unit. However, for earning desired profit, it has
to sell atleast 33333 units which is exceeding the production capacity of the business.
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Recommendations:
 Accepting third proposal will not be fruitful for business because for it has to make more
investments in order to increase its capacity. However, if the business accepts this
proposal the quality of product will be improved.
 If the business accepts second proposal, by increasing its selling price by 10%, then only
5000 units are required to be sold in order to earn desired profit. The cost that would be
saved can be reinvested business. Therefore, for expansion purpose this proposal will be
favourable. However, increase in selling prices may push the customers away from the
business.
 In first proposal where selling price is reduced by 10%, business is currently at break
even situation where there is no profit and no loss. However, desired units is within the
capacity of the business (Axsäter, 2015). If this proposal is accepted, then customers will
get less price and hence more customers will be attracted which will ultimately increase
the sales volume and the cost that will be saved can be re-invested in business. If price is
declined to GBP9 each unit then BEP will go up from 6667 to 10,000. It means that more
number of units would be required to sale to achieve break-even point, and company will
generate profit above that point which may take more time.
Therefore, the best suggested proposal for R Rigs is I proposal where price is reduced by
10%.
CONCLUSION
From the discussion made in the research it becomes clear that, financial management is
equally important for all the entities. There are various ways to raise funds in order to purchase
new building for a small trader and the best source of fund suggested is personal savings and
bank loan. Financial statements for Rigs have been prepared above that includes trial balance,
profit and loss account and balance sheet after making adjustments for unrecorded entries.
Further, analysis of financial statements shows strong financial position of company. And I
proposal has been suggested to R Rigs for getting their desired profits.
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