Financial Accounting Concepts & Applications

This assignment delves into the fundamental concepts and applications of financial accounting. Students are tasked with analyzing various aspects of financial reporting, drawing upon case studies such as the 2017 income statement of Hilton Hotels. The analysis requires a deep understanding of key financial statements, including the income statement, and their interpretation within a business context.

Finance in Hospitality

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Assessment Tasks............................................................................................................................4
LO1..................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Sources of funding to raise capital.........................................................................................4
1.2 Methods through which income generates within business...................................................5
LO2..................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Components of cost, gross profit and selling price of goods and services............................5
2.2 Evaluating ways for managing stock and cash in firm..........................................................6
LO3..................................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Source as well as format of trial balance...............................................................................6
3.2 Evaluating business accounts, adjustments as well as notes.................................................7
3.3 Procedures and objectives of budgetary control....................................................................8
3.4 Variance analysis and suggestion for further management action........................................8
LO4..................................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Computing as well as analysing financial ratios to assess business performance.................9
4.2 Recommendations for improving business performance.....................................................11
LO5................................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Classified costs associated with the firm.............................................................................11
5.2 Computing contribution per customer and defining CVP relationship...............................12
5.3 Justification of management decisions for short-term.........................................................12
PART 2..........................................................................................................................................12
1. Calculating the recipe cost ....................................................................................................13
2. Calculating the cost per portion ............................................................................................13
3. Calculating the quantity required to produce 70 portions .....................................................14

4. Claculating selling price to earn 85% margin .......................................................................14
Section B....................................................................................................................................15
1. Assessing the total cost for package deal ..............................................................................15
2. identifying the cost per person on the basis of selling all the seats ......................................16
3. Calculating selling price when mark up is 35%....................................................................16
4. Assessing fixed expenses and cost per unit when BEP is 36 seats .......................................16
5. Assessment of profit when break-even point is 36 seats ......................................................17
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
In the hospitality sector, effective management of funds is highly required to attain the
goals and objectives. Moreover, without making optimum use of finance firm would not become
able to place emphasis on innovative business practices. Thus, by employing the financial tools
and techniques companies which are operated in the hospitality and travel & tourism sector
would become able to take suitable decisions that aid in the growth and success of firm. In this,
report will provide deeper insight about the concept of unit cost, gross margin and selling price.
Besides this, report will also develop understanding about the aspects of BEP which in turn aids
in the managerial decision making.
Assessment Tasks
LO1
1.1 Sources of funding to raise capital
In order to enhance fund in the business for expansion or any other objective various
sources are used which are stated below:
Internal sources of finance:
When the company raise capital from the internal environment rather than considering
market then that sources are known as internal. Cost of finance with this kind of sources is not
there. Moreover, sources include sale of assets, retained earnings, personal savings etc.
External financing sources:
At the time of raising fund when entity considers market and external environment then
used sources called as external (Mullinova, 2016). Each and every external source impose high
cost of finance and create cost burden on the Hilton hotel. Such sources are like bank loan,
equity, debentures, crowdfunding, hire purchase, venture capital, leasing etc.

1.2 Methods through which income generates within business
In order to earn income and profit within hospitality businesses or any other wide range
of sources available. Moreover, those methods by which the company generate revenue within
working environment are stated below:
 From selling goods and services the firm easily generate income from the customers.
 By providing differentiate hospitality services and products it can attract more customers
and boost up total income.
 Apart from this, after giving some outside part of the plant or property Hilton Hotel can
earn income which known as sub letting (Chan and et.al. 2016).
 Further, return on investment generation is also a proportion of gain income.
LO2
2.1 Components of cost, gross profit and selling price of goods and services
Cost: There are several kinds of expenditures included within working environment of
hospitality business. Further, elements of the costs are such as follows:
 Direct expenses
 Indirect costs
 Fixed costs
 Variable expenditure
 Semi-variable expenses
 Production
 Selling and expenditure expenses
Gross Profit: Level of yield in which only cost of product sold are deducted from the value of
sales earned by the firm is known as gross profit within Hilton hotel (Nigrini, 2016). Further,
elements taken into consideration in GP are stated below:
 Cost of goods sold within an accounting period
 Sales and revenue generated from selling products and services
 Management of the whole hospitality firm

Selling price: The value on which hospitality services of the Hilton Hotel are offered in the
market is known as selling price. Moreover, components involved in this aspect are such as
follows:
 Demand and supply condition in market
 Total cost of the production
 Price level of competitors like Marriott etc.
 Quality of the services
 Brand image of the firm
2.2 Evaluating ways for managing stock and cash in firm
In order to manage as well as reduce level of total inventory within Hilton hotel some
methods are stated below:
 Just-in-time
 Fixed re-order stock
 Fixed re-order time-frame
 (EOQ) Economic Order Quantity
For control as well as boost up the level of cash within workplace some ways are
available which are listed below:
 Auditing of the financial statements (Oulasvirta and Bailey, 2016)
 Hire and recruit skilled and talented workforce
 Proper record of monetary transactions in books of final accounts
LO3
3.1 Source as well as format of trial balance
Within business of hospitality industry at the time of preparing income statement, trial
balance has the pivotal role. The reason is that, it is a base of preparing financial accounts of the
company. Moreover, sources through which trial balance is prepared are journal entries which
are shown below:
Journal Entries

Structure of Trial Balance
3.2 Evaluating business accounts, adjustments as well as notes
From the financial statements of the Hilton Hotel company it can be evaluated that, the
management not generates more amount of net profit in the FY 2016 as compared to 2015. On
the basis of this financial transactions in terms of incomes are lower than expenses (Siagian and
Khan, 2016). Apart from this, financial position of the Hilton Hotel company also declined in the
year 2016. It can be reviewed from such kinds of the value of financial notes that, it unable to

manage any kind of direct and indirect expenses. Along with this, not generated high level of the
sales and revenue in the financial year ending 2016.
3.3 Procedures and objectives of budgetary control
Purpose of Budgeting:- The purpose of budgeting includes the following three aspects discuss
below
 Forecasting of income and expenditure:- Budgeting is a given important role in the
business planning process. Organizations owners and managers requires to be capable to
predict whether a business will make a profit margin or not. The main aim of budgeting is
normally to provide a model of how the business might performance.
 Tools for decision making:- Budgeting helps in making decision in the business. The
purpose of budgeting is to provide a financial framework for the decision making
process. In managing a business responsibly, expenditure must be tight controlled
(Barron, Chung and Yong, 2016).
 Monitoring business performance:- Its helps in monitoring actual business
performance and find-out weak point of lower performance of the business.
Process of Budgeting:-
 Establishing standard and method for measuring for performance
 Measuring the performance
 Determining whether performance matches the standard
 Taking the action
3.4 Variance analysis and suggestion for further management action
The method under which actual and expected data compared for assessing business
performance is known as variance analysis.
Particulars Budgeted Actual Variance
Material costs 11460 12650 -1190 (Adverse)
Labor expenses 8600 7950 650 (Favorable)
Sales 20600 22800 2200 (Favorable)

Gross profit 15000 14580 -420 (Adverse)
From the above table it can be said that, Hilton hotel managed cost of labour but unable
to utilise materials expenses effectively. Apart from this, able to meet budgeted sales and
generate 2200 amounts more. However, it cannot generate gross profit in favourable condition
(Tong, Karim and Munir, 2016).
Suggestions:
The Hilton Hotel needs to provide training to the production workforce in order for
optimum utilisation of the raw materials to produce finished goods and services. Due to this
program, expenses of material purchasing will be managed and reduced from the workplace.
In addition to this, the Hilton hotel should reduce and manage cost of goods sold which
lead to improve total gross profit at the end of year.
LO4
4.1 Computing as well as analysing financial ratios to assess business performance
For measuring performance of the company various financial ratios are taken into
account which are with reference to Hilton Hotel stated below:
Profitability ratios Formula 2015 2016
Net sales 11272 11663
Gross profit 7207 7615
Net profit 1404 348
GP ratio Gross profit / net sales *100 63.94% 65.29%
NP ratio Net profit / net sales *100 12.46% 2.98%
Analysis:

It can be assessed that GP ratio increased whereas NP ratio of the Hilton hotel declined
from FY 2015 to 2016. NP at the end of 2015 was 12.46% which reduced up to the higher level
and reached at 2.98% which reflects that profitability position of the firm is poor in hospitality
industry (Income statement of Hilton Hotel, 2017).
Liquidity ratios Formula 2015 2016
Current assets 2585 3557
Current liabilities 2467 2684
Closing stock 442 541
Prepaid expenses 147 137
Current ratio Current assets / current liabilities 1.05:1 1.33:1
Quick ratio
Current assets – (closing stock +
prepaid expenses) / current liabilities 0.81:1 1.07:1
Analysis:
The above table shows ability of the Hilton hotel in order to meet short-term obligations
and debt at the end of year. Current and quick ratio of the firm in year ending 2015 was 1.05:1
and 0.81:1 respectively which improved up to 1.33:1 and 1.07:1 respectively. On the basis of
this, performance of the Hilton Hotel is better and of the increasing trend.
Efficiency ratios Formula 2015 2016
Cost of goods sold 4065 4048
Average stock 423 491.5
Net sales 11272 11663
Average total assets 25920.5 25963.5
Stock turnover ratio COGS / average stock 9.61 times 8.24 times
Total assets turnover ratio Net sales / average total assets 0.43 times 0.45 times
Analysis:

It can be ascertained from the above table that stock turnover ratio was 9.61 times which
declined up to 8.24 times in the FY 2016. On the other hand side, Hilton hotel capable to utilise
current and non-current assets within firm for generating net sales (Favilukis and et.al., 2017).
Due to this particular situation, total assets turnover ratio enhanced from 0.43 times to 0.45 times
in 2016 year ending.
Moreover, overall performance of Hilton Hotel in 2016 is at the moderate level where it
needs to work upon it.
4.2 Recommendations for improving business performance
 It can be advised to the Hilton Hotel that it should manage total indirect expenses at the
end of year because it will be supportive for increasing net profit ratio. As total amount of
indirect costs will decline in then able to enhance net yield and business performance
both at the end of upcoming accounting year.
 Apart from this, should consider highly effectual kind of marketing strategies which
helps to increase net revenue. Therefore, net income will also affect in positive direction.
 In addition to this, it must give training to the employees for utilising total assets in
optimum way. The reason is that, it will help to enhance efficiency of the Hilton Hotel to
generate more sales with the help of available assets.
LO5
5.1 Classified costs associated with the firm
In the selected hotel of hospitality industry various number of the costs included which
are segregated in proper manner (Singleton, 2016). Further, fixed, semi-variable and non-fixed
expenses associated with the Hilton hotel are stated below:
Fixed expenses:
 Selling and distribution costs
 Rent of property
 Premium of insurance
 Interest charges on debt
 Depreciation of equipments of fixed assets
 Administration expenses etc.

Variable costs:
 Fuel costs
 Wages to labours
 Consumable store expenses
 Purchase of raw materials etc.
Semi-variable expenditures:
 Maintenance costs on equipments (NAGARIA, 2016)
 Utility charges
 Power expenses etc.
5.2 Computing contribution per customer and defining CVP relationship
Calculation in case of 48 seats:
Particulars Figures
Cost per person in accordance with the selling of 48 seats 11944 / 48 = £248.83
Selling price per person @ 35% mark-up
248.33 + (248.33 * 35%) =
£335.93
Contribution = sales – variable cost 335.93 – 248.33 = £87.09
Calculation in case of 36 seats:
Particulars Figures
Cost per person in accordance with the selling of 36
seats 11944 / 36 = £331.78
Selling price per person @ 35% mark-up 331.78 + (331.78 * 35%) = £447.90
Contribution = sales – variable cost 447.90 – 331.78 = £116.12
5.3 Justification of management decisions for short-term
From the above calculation of contribution per customer and CVP analysis it can be said
that when company generates 36 seats then will be able to generate higher profit. The reason is

that in case of 48 seats contribution is worth of £87.09 only whereas at the 36 seats total
contribution amount is worth of £116.12. Henceforth, it can be said that the company should
produce 36 seats as compared to the 48 seats.
PART 2
In order to determine the price for the products or services offered business entity is
required to follow the concept of unit cost and mark up pricing. Cost is one of the major
elements which in turn help in setting the suitable prices for the products or services offered.
Moreover, cost is the sum up of all the expenses which business entity has incurred to produce
the goods or services. Hence, by dividing the total cost from the number of units one can
determine unit cost in an effectual manner. Besides this, by adding margin or mark up business
entity can determine the selling price (Blocher, Chen and Lin, 2008). Gross margin implies for
the percentage which entrepreneur wants to earn by selling per portion of flambeed chicken with
asparagus. Hence, by setting suitable selling price business unit can get the desired level of profit
margin.
1. Calculating the recipe cost
Quantity Item Cost Cost of each
item in per
gram or ml
Cost of each
unit
4 Chicken
breasts
£1.50 each 1.50
6
15g Plain flour £0.66 per kg 0.001 0.01
30ml Olive oil £3.78 per litre 0.003 0.11
100g Shallots £3.49 per kg 0.003 0.35
60ml Brandy £13.07 per
litre
0.013
0.78
300ml Chicken stock £1.67 per litre 0.002 0.5
600g Asparagus
spears
£ 5.83 per kg 0.01
6
50ml Crème fraiche £3.60 per litre 0.004 0.18
Cost per
portion
13.94 / 4 =
3.48
Recipe cost
for four
portion of the
chicken
3.48 * 4 =
13.94
Recipe cost 3.48 * 70 =

for 70
portions of
the chicken £243.6
The above depicted table shows that recipe cost for the four and 70 portions of chicken
imply for £13.94 & £243.6 respectively. Hence, it shows that cost of flambéed chicken is highly
affected from the quantity produced.
2. Calculating the cost per portion
Quantity Item Cost Cost of each
item in per
gram or ml
Cost of each
unit
4 Chicken
breasts
£1.50 each 1.50
6
15g Plain flour £0.66 per kg 0.001 0.01
30ml Olive oil £3.78 per litre 0.003 0.11
100g Shallots £3.49 per kg 0.003 0.35
60ml Brandy £13.07 per
litre
0.013
0.78
300ml Chicken stock £1.67 per litre 0.002 0.5
600g Asparagus
spears
£ 5.83 per kg 0.01
6
50ml Crème fraiche £3.60 per litre 0.004 0.18
Cost per
portion
13.94 / 4 =
3.48
By doing assessment, it has been found that cost of each portion is £3.48 respectively.
Hence, by dividing the cost of four flambéed chicken portion from 4 cost of each portion has
been identified by the business unit.
3. Calculating the quantity required to produce 70 portions
Quantity Item Quantities required for 70 portion
4 Chicken breasts 280
15g Plain flour 262.5 gram
30ml Olive oil 525 ml
100g Shallots 1750 gram
60ml Brandy 1050 ml
300ml Chicken stock 5250 ml
600g Asparagus spears 10500 gram
50ml Crème fraiche 875 ml

4. Claculating selling price to earn 85% margin
Quantity Item Cost Cost of each
item in per
gram or ml
Cost of each
unit
4 Chicken
breasts
£1.50 each 1.50
6
15g Plain flour £0.66 per kg 0.001 0.01
30ml Olive oil £3.78 per litre 0.003 0.11
100g Shallots £3.49 per kg 0.003 0.35
60ml Brandy £13.07 per
litre
0.013
0.78
300ml Chicken stock £1.67 per litre 0.002 0.5
600g Asparagus
spears
£ 5.83 per kg 0.01
6
50ml Crème fraiche £3.60 per litre 0.004 0.18
Cost per
portion
13.94 / 4 =
3.48
Selling price
per portion
3.48 + (3.48 *
85%) = £6.44
The above mentioned analysis shows that selling price of each portion is £6.44
respectively. Hence, by making assessment it can be stated that to earn margin of £2.96 from per
portion of flambéed chicken firm is required to charge £6.44 for each unit. Hence, by charging
such price business organization would become able to get the desired level of profit margin.
Section B
Break-even point helps in identifying the level at which business entity will get the
situation of no profit no loss. Hence, by making assessment of such point firm can assess the
number of customers which they need to serve for recovering the cost level (Brealey, 2012).
Along with this, by doing CVP analysis firm can identify the customer’s level and price needs to
be charged for getting desired profit. In this way, CVP analysis helps in making business as well
as sales planning in the best possible way. By dividing the fixed cost from contribution
individual entity can identify the break-even point (DRURY, 2013). Besides this, by multiplying
BEP units from selling price value in monetary terms can be determined.
1. Assessing the total cost for package deal
Particulars Price Figure (in £)
Costing for 48 return airline seats to Venice, Italy (48 7120 7120

seats)
Cost of airport taxes and other charges
35 per
person
35 * 48 = 1680
Price for twin room in Canal Hotel in Venice 115
115 * 24 =
2760
Cost of a coach 8 per person 8 * 48 = 384
Total cost for package deal 11944
The above mentioned table presents that total cost for package deal is £11944 in relation
to the 48 people.
2. identifying the cost per person on the basis of selling all the seats
Particulars Figures
Total cost for package deal £11944
Total number of seats 48
Cost per person in accordance with the selling of
seats 11944 / 48 = 248.83
Tabular presentation shows that cost per person for an inclusive ten night package
holiday to Venice, Italy accounts for £248.83 respectively. Hence, by dividing the summation of
all costs from total number of person served unit cost is determined.
3. Calculating selling price when mark up is 35%
Selling price
Particulars Figures

Total cost for package deal £11944
Total number of seats 48
Cost per person in accordance with the selling of
seats 11944 / 48 = £248.83
Selling price @ 35% mark-up 248.33 + (248.33 * 35%) = £335.93
By making assessment, it has been found that selling price which holiday planner needs
to charge £335.93 from each person. Hence, by charging such price from each individual
business entity can get 35% margin.
4. Assessing fixed expenses and cost per unit when BEP is 36 seats
Calculation of fixed cost
Particulars Figures
Cost per person in accordance with the selling of seats 11944 / 48 = £248.83
Selling price per person @ 35% mark-up 248.33 + (248.33 * 35%) = £335.93
Contribution = sales – variable cost 335.93 – 248.33 = 87.09
Fixed cost 3135.5
Break-even point = Fixed cost / selling price per person – variable cost per person
36 = FC / (335.93 – 248.83)
36 = FC / 87.09
Fixed cost = 87.09 * 36
FC = 3135.3

Total cost = Fixed cost + variable cost
= £3135.3 + £11944
= £15079.3
Cots per person in the case of 48 person = £15079.3 / 48
= £314.15
5. Assessment of profit when break-even point is 36 seats
Computation of profit margin
Particulars Figures
Cost per person according to BEP point at 36 seats £314.15
Profit 314.15 * 35% = 109.95
Selling price @ 35% mark-up 314.15 + (314.15 * 35%) = £424.11
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that concept of selling price is highly
significant which in turn enables firm to earn desired profit by recovering the expenses. Further,
it has been articulated that by employing the mark-up pricing method business entity can take
suitable decision regarding price level. It can be seen in the report that BEP concept is highly
effectual which in turn helps in taking suitable regarding offering, price and profit level. By
using such technique business entity can take suitable decision and thereby would become able
to achieve success.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Brealey, R. A., 2012. Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
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DRURY, C. M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
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Online
Income statement of Hilton Hotel, 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?
t=HLT&region=usa&culture=en-US> [Accessed on 8th September 2017].