Financial Accounting and Reporting

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of financial accounting and reporting, including the importance of financial statements in business decision-making. It discusses the preparation of balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and cash flow statements, as well as the role of internal and external stakeholders in analyzing these reports. The assignment references various books and journals, online resources, and academic papers to support its discussion.

Financial Accounting
Principles

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Business Report...............................................................................................................................1
1. Financial accounting and its purposes.....................................................................................1
2. Regulation related with the financial accounting....................................................................3
3. Accounting principles and rules..............................................................................................4
4. Accounting conventions related to concepts of consistency and Material disclosure.............6
CLIENT 1........................................................................................................................................7
Journal entries of David Study’s..................................................................................................7
CLIENT 2......................................................................................................................................14
Profit and Loss statement for Peter DOO..................................................................................14
b) Statement of financial position for Peter Doo as at 31st July 2018........................................15
CLIENT 3......................................................................................................................................16
a) Profit and loss statement of Bowling Ltd..............................................................................16
(b) Statement of financial statement of Bowling ltd..................................................................17
C. Accounting concepts.............................................................................................................19
CLIENT 4......................................................................................................................................20
Client 5...........................................................................................................................................24
Client 6...........................................................................................................................................25
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................26
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................28

INTRODUCTION
Financial accounting is part of accounting as it keeps track of financial transaction of
business. With the help of pre set guideline, it records, summarized and presented in a financial
report. These transaction are summarized in the preparation of financial statements which
includes the balance sheet, cash flow and income statement. This is helpful in measuring
company's overall financial performance. These financial statement are helpful in decision
making of organisation. As these are prepared for the external and internal stakeholder in order
to provide actual financial position. To better understand this concept the company Airdri is
being selected. The main objective of this report is to get information of use of financial
accounting principles while making financial statements. The double entry book keeping
system , use of trial balance, preparation of final accounts of various client is being prepared and
discussed in this report. Apart from this profit and loss account, balance sheet, creation of bank
reconciliation statements is also being prepared in this present report.
Business Report
1. Financial accounting and its purposes
Financial Accounting:
The financial accounting is a process of recording, evaluating, monitor and controlling of
different transaction of business. There are various financial statements which are prepared, these
statements are trading and profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow statement. These
financial statements are given to internal and external stakeholders of business in order to make
them aware about actual financial position of business (Tsalavoutas, André and Evans, 2012)
. These reports are very helpful as Airdri can get loan from bank on the basis of these reports, the
credit score of company is being determines on the basis of these reports and Airdri can attract
new investors in order to get investment. The main aim of financial accounting is give
information to external stakeholders and parties outside the organisation. The different purpose
of financial accounting is discussed below:
 To record business transactions in books of prime entry.
 Posting into respective ledger accounts.
 Preparing of profit and loss statement and balance sheet.
Income Statement:
1

This is one of crucial financial statement which is prepared to determine income and
expenses for a specific given time period. This is helpful for company to know the performance
of business within a given period of time. As main focus of income statement is on revenues,
expenses, gains and Losses of Company. Revenues include operating and non operating revenue
for business. The companies are obliged to keep record of its revenues in order to pay off their
expenses (Peytcheva, Wright and Majoor, 2014).
Purpose of Income Statement:
 The main aim of this income statement is find out the profit and loss of company for a
particular period.
 This provides actual and realistic information of financial earning for particular financial
year.
Balance Sheet:
Balance sheet is a crucial financial statement which is prepared by the companies at the
end of an accounting year. This is also known as financial position which displays the detail
information of assets, liabilities and owner's equity. The balance sheet gives actual financial
position of every business to its external and internal stakeholders of business (Oulasvirta, 2014).
Purpose of Balance Sheet:
 The main purpose of preparing balance sheet is to get actual financial position of
company. To know detail of current, non current liabilities and assets of business.
Cash Flow statement:
Cash flow is a statement which is keep records of all transaction which is related with
cash. As company record their cash related transaction which is done by the company is financial
year. This displays the changes of cash and cash equivalent which are influenced by fluctuation
in balance sheet. The chartered accountant or an accountant of company is obliged to make
record of all transaction which are related with cash and its equivalent.
Purpose of cash flow statement:
 To give detail information of cash receipts and cash payments
 This also provide the net changes in cash which is resulted from operating, investing and
financing activities.
2

2. Regulation related with the financial accounting
There are various rules, regulation and policies which are formulated by the financial
bodies, these rules needs to be followed by the business. The regulation assist business to
maintain their financial accounts in effective manner. As it is very important to follow all rules
and regulations in effective way so they can perform their work smoothly. As Airdri is following
all the rules and regulations which is formulated by various bodies. There are some regulations
which are discussed below:
IASB:
This stands for International Accounting Standard Board. This is an independent private
sector body which develops and approve the international financial reporting standards for the
various companies which can direct them at the time of recording transaction in the financial
statements. The IFRS was introduced by IASB to give proper direction to companies while they
are preparing their financial statements.
IFRS:
The IFRS is International Financial Reporting Standards which was set up for betterment
of accountants and managers in order to expand their business at global level. As this set a
worldwide language for various companies. As it has replaced different accounting standards
which was previously set up. The various IFRS standards are there, some of these is being
explained below:
IFRS 9:
International financial reporting standard 9 talks about recording and accounting of
financial instruments in different statements. This gives direction to company to manner in which
all financial assets and liabilities are determined and measured.
IFRS 10:
This is related with the presentation and preparation of consolidated financial statements
when an entity controls one or more other entities. As this standard defines the principle of
Control and set control as basis for the consolidation. The standard defined an investment entity
and sets out the exception of consolidating particular subsidiaries of an investment entity.
As these kinds of standards are formulated in order to prevent the frauds in financial
statement of business organisation. These standards needs to be followed by the organisation
while preparing financial statement of organisations.
3

3. Accounting principles and rules
There is general rules, principles and concepts which govern the field of accounting. As
these rules are referred as principles and guidelines which forms the groundwork on which more
detailed, complicated and legalistic accounting rules are based. These principles define the
criteria of accounting in order to maintain all the relevant transaction in their books of accounts.
The basic accounting principles are:
Business Entity Concept:
The business entity concept is based on that, according to this concept business and its
owner is separate from each other. As transaction which are related with business should be
recorded separately from its owners. This is a very important concept as if business transactions
are mixed up with the owner personal transaction than it would not produce authentic financial
statements.
Money measurement concept:
This is the concepts which assumes that all business transaction should be in terms of
money. As this concept focus on the quantitative information instead of qualitative information.
The accounting records only those transaction which are related with real value and which have
some monetary amount.
Dual Aspect Concept:
As this concept or principle defines that business should record their transaction as
double entry system. As single entry system is not reliable and relevant for businesses. The dual
aspect concept says that debit and credit should be equal (Peytcheva, Wright and Majoor, 2014).
Going concern concept:
The going concern concept refers that a business is expected to run for longer period of
time. This is also known as continuing concern concept.
Cost Principle:
The principal of cost is defines that assets and investment should be recorded as original
acquisition cost. The cost includes the purchasing cost of assets and its installation cost at the
time of its purchase or acquisition in a financial period. As from next financial year the assets
will be recorded after subtracting depreciation from it.
Accounting year principle:
4

The accounting year principle talks about the recording of accounting transaction in same
year from which they are related. As an accounting transaction should be recorded in the same
year in which they occur. For example : The operating expenses for the year 2018 would be
recorded in the financial statement of 2018 only.
Matching Principle:
The matching principle refers that expenses are recorded in the accounting year should
match to the revenues of that particular year. As this principle enables that expenses and
revenues should be match to same accounting year (Oulasvirta, 2014).
Realisation Principles-
This concept is related with the revenue recognition. As it avoids the overstatement of
profit which means the revenues will be recorded only when its earned. It is an exception to
accrual concept. The advance payment is not being considered as profit and it will not be
recorded in the books of accounts until it earned.
Accounting Rule:
There are some accounting rule which is used for recording the transaction of accounts.
As these rules enables an accountant to record transaction according to rules described. There are
three rules for accounting which are classified in three accounts (Donelson, McInnis and
Mergenthaler, 2012). These are Personal account, real account and nominal account. The rules
for these accounts are described below:
Debit the receiver and credit the giver:
This is the first rule of accounting which is applied on personal account. As according to
this rule receiver should be debited and giver should be credited. The personal accounts are
related with individual, firm and companies. As an example it includes debtors, creditors, banks,
outstanding or prepaid expenses, drawing etc. For example Paid Real pvt ltd 24000 by check so
it will be recorded as
Real pvt ltd. A/c Dr. 24000
to Bank a/c 24000
The receiver is an artificial person so it has been debited according to rule and paid
through check so bank has been credited.
Debit what comes in and credit what goes out:
5

This is second rule and it is used for real accounts. This rule includes transaction related
with purchase of assets and raw material etc. Tangible and intangible comes under this category.
Tangible assets are those which can be touched or feel physically. Some example of this
is building, machinery, stocks etc.
Intangible assets are those which cannot be touched and felt physically like goodwill,
patents and trademark etc.
For example:
Purchased furniture for 10000 in cash
Furniture A/C Dr. 10000
To cash a/c 10000
As furniture has been purchased so it has been debited according to rule and cash has
been paid so it has been credited.
Debit all expenses and credit all incomes:
This rule is applicable on nominal account. The nominal account is related with recording
of expenses and expense. The income related to this rule is being credited and expenses would be
debited. Like for example operating expenses of business these would be debited and cash or
bank would be credited.
4. Accounting conventions related to concepts of consistency and Material disclosure
Consistency convention:
The convention of accounting refers to the rules, practice and policies needs to be
followed by organisation in order to prepare and maintain books of accounts so that it can be
maintain consistently and same financial periods. As if changes made in any accounting policies
than it will affect the accounting result (Chiang, Nouri and Samanta, 2014). Thus, this concept
make ensure that methods of preparing of financial statement should consistent every year so that
comparison can be made easily. The companies like Airdri required to analyse the financial
statements and information in order to make financial and investment related decisions. The
consistency helps the auditors also to make comparison and analysis of financial statement of
companies. As an example, a sole trader is recording it’s all transaction in single entry system
but previous year sole traded recorded its transaction in double entry system, so it will change
the result for that particular year in which company used single entry system instead of double
entry system.
6

Material disclosure convention:
The principle of material disclosure talks about that all material and necessary
information and fact should be disclosed in financial reports of company. The company can not
hide any information related to material. As all financial information should be fully disclosed to
all the business users whether it’s internal or external (Caria and Rodrigues, 2014). The internal
users are like board of directors, managers, shareholders and other members of management etc.
On the other hand external users are suppliers, government, tax department and other financial
institution which provides loans to business. The disclosure enable auditor to make correct
assessment about profitability and financial performance of business. With help of proper
disclosure one can make better decision for its business.
CLIENT 1
Journal entry refers to the recording of transaction in accounting journal items.
The journal entry record several accounting transaction and these transaction could be
debit or credit. As the debit and credit total of journal entry must be equal otherwise it will
be called as unbalance.
Journal entries of David Study’s
Date Particulars Dr. Cr.
01-
01-
18
Storage Expenses
A/c Dr. 800
To Bank A/c 800
(Being Storage expenses paid by cheque)
02-
01-
18 Purchase A/c Dr. 7680
To S. Hamid A/c 2450
To D Main A/c 2560
To W Tag A/c 1060
To R Foot A/c 1610
(Being Goods Bought on credit)
03- J Wilson A/c Dr. 2020
7

07-
18
T Cole A/c Dr. 1840
F Seema A/c Dr. 2380
J Allen A/c Dr. 990
P White A/c Dr. 2820
F Lane A/c Dr. 1170
To Sales A/c 11220
(Being Goods sold on credit)
04-
07-
18 Motor expenses A/c Dr. 670
To Cash A/c 670
(Being motor expenses paid)
07-
07-
18 Drawings A/c Dr. 2000
To Cash A/c 2000
(Being cash withdrawn by owner for personal
use)
09-
07-
18 T Cole A/c Dr. 1280
J Fox A/c Dr. 2310
To Sales A/c 3590
(Being Goods sold on credit)
11-
07-
18 Sales Return A/c Dr. 680
To J Wikson A/c 370
To F. seema A/c 310
(Being Goods returned by Customers)
16-
07-
18 Bank A/c Dr. 7150
To Discount A/c 80+160+44+73.5 357.5
To P. Mole A/c 1520
8

To F. Lane A/c 3040
To J. Wilson A/c 836
To F. Seema A/c 1396.5
(Being cheque received from P Games and
discount of 5% given)
19-
07-
18 R. Foot A/c Dr. 110
To Purchase Return
A/c 110
(Being Goods returned to R. Foot)
20-
07-
18 Purchase A/c Dr. 3140
To L Mole A/c 1330
To W Wright A/c 1810
(Being Goods Bought on credit)
24-
07-
18 S Hamid A/c Dr. 2340
J. Brown A/c 2970
R. Foot A/c 1440
To Bank A/c 6000
To Discount
Received A/c 750
(Being cheque issued to S. Hamid, J. Brown and
R. Foot and 10 % discount received)
27-
07-
18 Salary A/c Dr. 14500
To Bank A/c 14500
(Being cheque issued towards salaries)
30-
07-
18 Business Rates A/c Dr. 2220
To Bank A/c 2220
(Being cheque issued towards business rates)
9

Total 60510.00 60510.00
Ledgers
Bank Account
Dr. Cr.
Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount
01-
07-18
01-
07-18 By Storage A/c 800
To Debtors
24-
07-18 By Creditors
P. Mole
A/c 1520
S Hamid
A/c 2340
F. Lane
A/c 3040
J. Brown
A/c 2970
J. Wilson
A/c 836
R. Foot
A/c 1440
F.
Seema
A/c 1396.5
27-
07-18 By Salary A/c 14500
30-
07-18
By Business
Rates 2220
31-
07-18
To balance C/d 17477.5
31-
07-18
Total 24270 Total 24270
CASH ACCOUNT
Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount
01/07/18 To balance c/d 2670
31-07-
2018
By motor exp 670
By drawing 2000
10

Total 2670 Total 2670
Date
Particular Amt Date Particular Amt
01-07-
18
03/7/18
L mole
a/c
1330 01-07-
18
16-07-
18
By sales
return a/cW wright
a/c
1810
J Wikson A/c 370To sales a/c
F. seema
A/c
310J Wilson
a/c
2020
By bank
a/c
To cole
a/c 1840
F Seema
A/c
2380 P. Mole A/c
1520
J Allen
A/c
990 F. Lane A/c 3040
P White
A/c 2820
J. Wilson A/c 836F Lane
A/c
1170
F. Seema A/c 1396.5
09-07-18 To sales a/c 31-07-18 By discount a/c
T.cole 1280 P. mole a/c 80
11

31-07-18
J. fox 2310 f. lane a/c 160
j. Wilson a/c
F.seema a/c
By balance c/d
44
73.5
7810
Total 15640 Total 15640
Salaries A/c
Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount
27-7-18` To bank a/c 14500 31-07-18 By balance c/d 14500
14500 14500
Motor Exp a/c
Date Particular Amount Date Particular amount
04/07/1
8
To cash a/c 110 31/07/18 By balance c/d 110
110 110
Business rates a/c
Date Particular Amount Date Particular amount
30/07/1
8
To bank a/c 2220 31/07/18 By balance c/d 2220
12

2220 2220
Drawings a/c
Date Particular Amount Date Particular amount
07/07/1
8
To cash a/c 2000 30/07/18 By balance c/d 2000
2000 2000
Trial Balance:
General Ledger
Account Balance
Particulars Debit Credit
Cash in hand 10600
Cash in Bank 42400
Trade receivable 15640
Trade Payable A/c 20240
Inventory 40900
Motor Van 42920
Premises 440000
Fixtures 10100
Owner's equity 593540
Owner's drawing account 2000
Sales 14130
Sales returns 680
Purchases 11050
Purchase returns 3140
Salaries 14500
Business Rates 1320
Discount Given 357.5
Discount Received 750
Motor Expense 110
Storage Cost 800
Total 622777.5 631800
Suspense a/c 9022.5
13

CLIENT 2
Profit and Loss statement for Peter DOO
14

b) Statement of financial position for Peter Doo as at 31st July 2018
Capital
6,44,590
Add :- Profit
2,18,590
Less :- drawings (35,000) 183590
Total equities and liabilities 8,91,510
15

CLIENT 3
a) Profit and loss statement of Bowling Ltd
16

(b) Statement of financial statement of Bowling ltd.
17

Opening Journals as at 1st January 2018
Debits Credits
£ £
Assets
Dr. each
assets a/s in
real ledger Premises 340000
Van 51250
Fixtures 8100
Dr. each a/c
in either
nominal or
sales ledger Inventory 63900
Receivables:
P Mullan 1400
F Lane 3100
Dr. Cash
book Cash at bank 62400
Cash in hand 5600
Liabilities
Cr. Each
individual
a/c in
purchase
ledger Payables:
S Hood 2150
18

J Brown 4600
Cr. Capital
a/c in
nominal
ledger Opening capital @ 1st Jan 2018 529000
535750 535750
C. Accounting concepts Consistency:
The principle of consistency refers to the company should continuously use same accounting
principles that company is using for last previous years so that comparison can be made easily.
As auditor also suggest that companies should follow the same concept for preparing their
financial statement in order to make effective comparison and decisions (Hopwood, Bodnar and
Botzem, 2012).
 Prudence:
Prudence refers to that, an accountant never overvalues their incomes and revenues
and never undervalue their amount of expenses. As companies should be conservative in
recording their transaction. The concepts refer that company should record its expenses first
rather than income.
Purpose of Depreciation
The depreciation refers to the decrease in value of fixed assets due to regular utilization
of assets. This is used for allocating the cost of fixed assets over time frame in which assets is
going to be used. The land is kind of fixed assets which cannot be depreciated as because it does
not devalue from time to time. The value of land gets increases over a time period. As main
purpose of depreciation is to know the actual present value of fixed asset. There two methods for
depreciation which are as follows:
Straight line Method:
Under straight line methods the amount of depreciation is stay unchanged for complete
life of assets (Baber, Liang and Zhu, 2012). As under this method cost of fixed assets will never
be zero. The main advantage of this method is that uniformity in amount of depreciation. This is
easy to understand and can be calculated easily.
19

Written down value method:
This method is also known as reducing balance or diminishing balance method. The
calculation of depreciation under this method is at a certain fixed percentage is charged on
decreased book value of assets. It can also be written as Book value less depreciation. The main
benefit of this method is that it identified risk of obsolescence by charging higer depreciation in
initial years.
CLIENT 4
a) BRS (Bank reconciliation statement): This is a statement that is prepared to
recognize the variation between bank pass book and cash book for a specific period of time. This
is a summarised form of various banking transactions which are done by a business in a
particular financial year (Arnold, 2012). The main objective of preparing bank reconciliation
statement is to verify the bank related transactions are properly recorded in cash book or not. It is
very crucial for the businesses to prepare BRS, as it can direct the observer or accountant while
finding the cause of mismanagement in cash book and passbook.
b) Various transactions which cause the record all variation from the bank
passbook: There are various reasons or transaction when balance of cash book and bank
passbook does not match, some of them are as follows:
 Wrong posting of any transaction in the books.
 Cheques issued but it has not presented for payment.
 Bank charges different fees like service, interest and other, all of them are recorded by
the bank in passbook but sometime it is not recorded in cash book.
 Dishonour of bills discounted by the bank
 Cheque deposited but not collected by the bank.
BRS of Duralle Ltd
20

Cash Book for Duralle Ltd.
Cash Book
Date Receipts
Discou
nt
allowed
Cas
h Bank Date Payments
Discou
nt
receive
d
Cas
h Bank
21

2018 2018
01/01/1
8 Balance B/d 5600
6240
0
01/01/
18 Storage costs 400
16/01/1
8 P. Mullen 70 1330
04/01/
18 Motor Expenses 470
F. Lane 155 2945
07/01/
18 Drawings
150
0
J. Wilson 43 807
24/01/
18 S Hood 360 3240
F. Syme 84 1586 J Brown 460 4140
R Foot 140 1260
27/01/
18 Salaries 4800
30/01/
18 Business rates 1320
31/01/
18 Abel Motors Ltd
2050
0
31/01/
18 Balance C/f
363
0
3340
8
351 5600
6906
8 960
560
0
6906
8
01/02/1
8 Balance B/d 3630
3340
8
Sales Day Book
Date Particular Amount
03-01-18 J. Wilson 1120
22

T. cole 1640
F. Syme 2080
J. Allen 910
P. white 2420
F. lane 770
09-01-18 T. cole 680
J. fox 1310
10930
Purchase Book
Date Particular Amount
2018
02/01/18 S. Hood 1450
W. Tone 960
R. Foot 1610
22/01/18 Z. Mole 1830
W. Wright 1910
7760
Sales return book
Purchase return book
23
Date Particular Amount
2018
11/01/18 J. Wilson 270
F. Syme 410
680

Date Particular Amount
2018
19/01/18 R. Foot 50
50
Clearing account
Date Particular Amount
2018
04/01/18
Abel Motors
Ltd. 28500
28500
Client 5
Sales ledger control:
The transactions which are related to receivables and debtors of business is recorded in
this account. This gives detail and accurate detail of business debtors.
Sales ledger control account and purchase ledger control account
(Sales) Receivables Ledger Control Accounts
date Details £ date Details £
Balance B/d 12600 Sales returns (SRDB) 7320
Credit Sales (SDB) 152350 Receipts from customers (CB) 141610
Irrecoverable debts (bad
debts) 120
Discounts allowed 380
Contra entry 330
Balance C/f 15190
164950 164950
24

Balance B/d 15190
Purchase Ledger Control
(Purchases) Payables Ledger Control Accounts
date Details £ date Details £
Payments made to suppliers (CB) 101010 Balance B/d 9160
Purchases returns (PRDB) 1110 Credit purchases (PDB) 116500
Discount received 290 Refunds of debit balances
(CB) 400
Contra entry 330
balance C/f 23320
126060 126060
Balance B/d 23320
Control Account:
This account record both transactions related with receivables and payables.
Control Account
Client 6
A) Suspense Account:
Suspense account is an account which is mainly open in situation when there is difference
between trial balance amounts. So the difference amount is transferred to trial balance.
25

Trial Balance
Trail balance
Particular Debit Credit
Purchase 700
Sales 1100
Rent paid 250
Cash at bank 840
Travel expenses 160
Bills receivable 320
Bills payables 350
Opening inventory 220
Capital 710
Suspense 370
Total 2860 2160
Suspense account:
Particular Debit Credit
Simon account A/c……………………………………. Dr
To Smith account A/c…………………………………. Cr
(An error of commission which now corrected)
220
220
Jones account A/c……………Dr
Suspense account A/c………………… Cr
(An error of single entry, now corrected)
720
720
Suspense Account A/c…………………………Dr
White’s Account A/c…………………………. Cr.
(An error of single entry, now corrected)
350
350
Corrected trail balance
Trail balance
Particular Debit Credit
Purchase 700
Sales 1100
Rent paid 250
Cash at bank 840
26

Travel expenses 160
Bills receivable 820
Bills payables 700
Opening inventory 220
Capital 710
Total 2510 2510
Details Amount Details Amount
Balance B/d
Whites Account
370
350
Jones Account 720
720 720
B) Comparison
Suspense account Clearing Account
 As under this account the difference of
trial balance is recorded.
 In this transaction is recorded for
temporary as later it transferred to
respective account.
CONCLUSION
In the conclusion it can be said that there are various accounting principles, rules, concepts
and standards which are regulated by various accounting related bodies of different countries.
These should be followed by companies while preparing their financial statements. This helps
internal and external stakeholders to analyse and determine financial position of company. The
financial statement includes Balance sheet, profit and loss and cash flow statements etc. As
different type of ledger like purchase ledger, sales ledgers are prepared in order to keep record of
business receivables and payables.
27