BTEC HND: Accounting Principles, Standards, and Financial Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of accounting principles, standards, and financial ratio analysis within the context of a UK-based Small and Medium Enterprise (SME). Part 1 delves into the objectives and scope of accountancy in challenging operational contexts, examining its role in decision-making, assessment, controlling, and prediction. It also explores the various branches of accountancy, including cost, management, and fiscal accounting, highlighting the essential skills required for accountants. The integration of technology in modern accounting systems, along with conformity, regulatory, and ethical considerations like GAAP and IFRS, are discussed. Budgeting's importance, drawbacks, and budgetary control methods are assessed in a memo format. Part 2 focuses on the creation of fiscal reports in accordance with accepted accounting practices and conducts a financial ratio analysis, providing comments and recommendations based on the findings. The report concludes with a summary of key insights and actionable recommendations.

Accounts

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
PART 1............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
Accountancy's objectives and purview in challenging operational contexts...............................1
Analyzing the accountancy role in the corporate context............................................................2
Primary accountancy branches, as well as essential work abilities.............................................3
The use of technologies in accountancy and accountancy systems.............................................4
Accountancy's conformity, regulatory, and ethical issues...........................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
PART 2............................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................8
The creation of fiscal reports in accordance with accepted accountancy practises.....................8
Financial ratios...........................................................................................................................11
Comments on financial ratio......................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

PART 1
INTRODUCTION
For extended period that is somewhat uncertain and unstable, makes it crucial to plan ahead
effectively in addition to add value to the company in the years to come, making financial
strategies one of the most important factors as one of a number of factors (Ahadiat, 2013). The
segment which follows provides examples of various aspects of the company, including finance
data, ethical guidelines, cash ratio, and advantages and related tasks of the company which
furthermore works on a large scale in the economy and thus has accounted for a larger share of
the segment. In the setting of a United Kingdom Small and Medium Enterprises with a revenue
around £0.5 million and £15 million, the research concentrates on the core goal and range of
accountancy in a complex corporate setting.
MAIN BODY
Accountancy's objectives and purview in challenging operational contexts
Accountancy is the process used in commercial organisations to gather, compile, evaluate,
and present monetary facts and statistics on a regular basis. Accountancy is the fiscal
terminology used by all businesses, including tiny ones, to describe their fiscal standing in the
contemporary marketplace environment.
The objective of accountancy-
 Accountancy creates clear communication in the company environment regarding the
corporate happenings.
 Accountancy categorises and systematically documents the monetary activities to give a
clear view of the industry.
 Accountancy works to provide solutions for the ongoing operating and fiscal problems.
The company should make a reasonable fiscal representation for this by making reference
to previous monetary activities.
Accountancy's scope-
 Accountancy is a discipline, but putting it into practise is an artwork in order to get the
best possible commercial results for the corporation.
 The firm could calculate the expenses of several divisions via accountancy to determine
how effectively they operate over a certain budgets.

 Accountancy enables the analysis of historical finance information to identify company
trends and develop remedial plans in the event of productivity gaps.
 The norms and rules of accountancy benchmarks assist in successfully achieving
company goals (Alleyne and Weekes-Marshall, 2011).
Analyzing the accountancy role in the corporate context
Accountancy gathers monetary facts and makes it available to the many readers of the fiscal
reports. It allows individuals to think through wise management choices that will benefit the
company. As a result, accountancy results in the accompanying activities:
 Decision making: Accountancy works to ensure that company choices are made in a
correct and prompt manner using the data given by the accountancy records and the
income reports.
 Assessment: Accountancy makes it easier to assess the company's fiscal success and
determine its monetary statistics.
 Controlling: To assure that effective supervision is enabled for a stronger company
result, the accountancy professionals take into consideration various financial
approaches, tests, and balancing.
 Measuring system: The accountancy statistics use the company's holdings, obligations,
earnings, and expenditures to estimate its fiscal results.
 Prediction: In order to expand the organization, the company considers predicting
depending on historical fiscal information.
Accountancy for social demands and shareholder aspirations-
 Providers: The vendors turn to the accountancy records to see if the company could
make their payments on time.
 Clients: The clients would like to assure the business's longevity so they can establish a
long-term relationship with it.
 Governmental organisations: To define its taxes strategies and incorporate the overall
Economy and earnings, the state is concerned in the accountancy data of the firm.
 Rivals: The opponents review the accountancy data to evaluate their strengths and
distinctiveness in comparison to certain other marketplace participants and establish the
sector standard (Amir and Chaudhry, 2019).

 Shareholders: Accountancy aids shareholders in the purchase, sale, and holding of
company interests. In order to do so, experts evaluate its fiscal health and make
predictions about the industry and company future.
 Executives: The accountancy data aims to help you think through wise commercial
choices so you can assess your company's success and also get greater yields.
 Workers: Personnel of the company can likewise profit from accountancy data by better
understanding company patterns that are directly related to their compensation and types
of perks.
 Creditors: The creditors turn to accountancy statistics and facts to determine if the
company will be able to pay back their debts and charges on time.
Primary accountancy branches, as well as essential work abilities
Accountancy is used everywhere to document occurrences and activities properly so that
strategic company choices can be thought through. However, when a firm expands, it seeks to
specialise, and accountancy is no different. As a result, accountancy may be divided into
different sectors, including:
 Cost accountancy: It is the aspect of accountancy that deals with charges. Determining
the expenses of the production in respect of the goods and commodities is done in a
systematic manner. The primary goal of cost accounting is to identify the price of a
commodity or good and control various expenses so that a company may operate
profitably.
 Accountancy for administration: It makes use of the kinds of data needed to think
through wise company choices. It is a way to increase corporate productivity and
optimize revenues, which improves administration and controls corporate operations.
 Fiscal accountancy: It establishes the term's monetary results and the condition of the
company's operations on the last day of the bookkeeping cycle. In addition to creating
several fiscal reports including the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow
statement, finance accountancy is largely involved with maintaining records.
The following are necessary abilities for a competent accountant: To successfully carry
out his duties as an accountants, the holder must possess specific types of abilities (Aouni,
McGillis and Abdulkarim, 2017). Consequently, the essential abilities are necessary:
 Ability to think critically

 Technical expertise
 Corporate wise
 Researching abilities
 Monetary disclosure
 Excellent writing and vocal communication abilities
 Organizing and having an acute sense of precision
 Intellectual and problem-solving capabilities
 Managing of timing
 logic and mathematics abilities
 Abilities for proactive education
The use of technologies in accountancy and accountancy systems
A company can properly manage its fiscal activities by using an accountancy systems to
document its acquisitions, revenues, investments, and debts. It is helpful for producing studies
and thinking through important commercial choices. Employing the essential techniques, the
accountancy system ensures correct data collection and storage:
 Accountancy for specific industries: The accounting system additionally satisfies
specific accountancy needs, such as resolving the disparities between commercial and
statutory accountancy for diverse sectors.
 Accountancy for non-profits: It is a special kind of accountancy to make sure that the
organization's funds are directed toward the correct way instead of earning money. The
system has the ability to provide recurring expenditure statements that illustrate how
expenses are paid under the present conditions.
 Management accountancy: It offers details on strategy and management of activities,
including costing system and lean accountancy. The goal of costing system is to
comprehend the expenses a corporation must pay to operate profitably. Lean accountancy
looks at ways to save various expenses, get rid of wasteful spending, and increase the
worth of the company.
 Stock management: Among other associated operations, it organizes and monitors
stock quantities. Radio frequency identification tagging and barcodes monitoring are
features of stock management (Bondar, Iershova and Chaika, 2019).

Technology's place in contemporary accountancy: Technology has greatly benefitted the
accountancy field in recent years. Because there is specific technology for the function,
accountants are not required to calculate financial statement, which has lessened their workload.
In a related manner, technical solutions such as Fresh books and Paperless accountancy allow
users to run various quantitative analyses in order to determine the direction of a company's
growth. When creating fiscal statements and submitting them to the Directors, the phenomena is
very significant.
Accountancy's conformity, regulatory, and ethical issues
For accountancy to consider a successful company conclusion, there are a number of laws
and standards that must be followed. Global norms such as the Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles were created as a result (GAAP). It establishes guidelines for gathering and
assembling the various accounting in the fiscal reports for presentation to shareholders. For
example, a company functioning in the United Kingdom should follow Great Britain's GAAP.
Additionally, there are the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which serve as
the guidelines for enhanced accountability for both domestic and foreign companies.
Accountancy ethics: Because accounting professionals encounter moral conundrums whilst
carrying out their duties, organisations must adhere to certain standards of action, including:
 Social objectives as the accounting professionals every move would be in the best values
of the shareholders and community in general.
 The accounting professionals would exercise their ethical and expert discretion in
carrying out their duties.
Memorandum
To: Account Manager
From: The Intern
Date: 09.08.22
Subject: Assessment of budgeting in company strategy and supervision
Budgeting is a financial activity used to predict a company's earnings and expenditures for a
specific time frame. It is ready to determine if the company could run its activities substantially
for an extended length of time.
Importance-

 Budgeting is a good way to improve company performance since it takes into account
both predicted earnings and the costs associated with achieving those revenue. The
finance manager may attempt to find an appropriate remedy if the expenditure exceeds
the earnings by regulating the expense equipment.
 Budgeting enables a company to manage various expenses and support corporate
expansion. Additionally, it brings in money for the proprietors. This is due to the fact that
a company may continue to incur more expenses sans a proper plan, which could harm its
prospects in the marketplace.
Drawbacks-
 There are situations in which the budgeting is very restrictive, rarely allowing for any
room for change.
 Budgeting could aim to manipulate employees and cause unneeded strife at workplace.
 The budgeting is not precise because it is built on presumptions which might be incorrect
in the actual situation.
 Budgeting is a time-consuming and expensive process that interferes with the ongoing
operations. A larger company with numerous divisions might well be penalised, even if a
smaller company might not find it problematic (Brusca, Labrador and Condor, 2019).
Budgetary control for the company: The corporation seeks to monitor the budgets in the
best interests of the company. The deviations in the budgets are taken into account when
applying controlling mechanisms or when revising the projected budgeting to find a workable
alternative. The accountability areas could be used to think about the budgetary control method.
 Gain areas: A profitability center's effectiveness is measured by the differential among
income (outputs) and expenditures (inputs) or transferring costs.
 Investing areas: When producing products using Return on investment, administrative
assets are contrasted to them.
 Earnings sources: The outcomes are monetary calculated but not immediately combined
with the inputs expenses.
 Centers for expenditures: The sources are monetary defined, but the results are not.
The organisation would review the expenditure area in this situation since real expenditures
trump budgeted expenditures. The company planned its expenses while taking administrative
demands into account, but because the costs are typically greater, an appropriate introspective is

required. For example, compared to the preliminary planned amounts, the advertising costs were
extremely higher. The true difficulty in budgeting management is attaining the objective, like
higher selling, with the available expenditures. It was a sensible administrative choice to
gradually boost the funding. It ought to be continued in the foreseeable term too though. The
company must also make sure that operational efficiency is not impeded.
Cash budget: A cash spending plan is created in the company's advantage for the whole
year while taking into account the elements of its income and expenditures. When creating the
budgeting, some presumptions are made, such as the expectation that selling will grow by 30%
per month. This is due to a 20 percent pricing reduction on the properties as well as a 10 percent
rise in its advertising costs. The vendors gave the company a month's worth of borrowing, and
the company was enabled to regularly cut its properties expenses by 15%.
Particulars January February March April May June July August
Receipts
Opening Balance 8000 10400 -39600 -79900 -134400 -167400 -161000 -208400
Sales 60000 40000 45000 40000 50000 60000 40000 45000
Issue of Shares 2000 2000
Issue of Debentures
Total (A) 68000 50400 7400 -39900 -84400 -105400 -121000 -163400
Less: Payments
Purchases 48000 80000 81000 90000 75000 48000 80000 81000
Selling & Administration Expenses 2800 3400 1800 1000 2000 2400 2500 2400
Marketing Expenses 5000 4200 3000 2500 4000 2800 2400 4200
Property / Rental Expenses 1800 2400 1500 1000 2000 2400 2500 2400
Total (B) 57600 90000 87300 94500 83000 55600 87400 90000
Closing Cash 10400 -39600 -79900 -134400 -167400 -161000 -208400 -253400
CONCLUSION
To cut costs and achieve corporate success, the company must be creative and imaginative. The
costs are required to maintain the company operating and go forward with the pursuit of success.

Furthermore, in order to create a proper and trustworthy image of the marketplace condition
while preparing the budgets for the following year, hyperinflation effects must be taken into
account. The financial management must next take into account the amount which could closely
approximate the anticipated amount. Cost estimates are based on expectations once more, and
there is a potential that the true situation could alter significantly, as was the case throughout the
epidemic.
PART 2
INTRODUCTION
A study is produced in letter format to demonstrate the significance of various accounting
records while doing an extensive fiscal assessment of the situation (Caglio and Ditillo, 2012).
This section would cover the types of fiscal reports which different corporate organisations
employ as well as the value of fiscal statistics when thinking about making wise corporate
choices. The accountancy norms, rules, and concepts must be given proper respect in this
situation. This section would additionally attempt to examine how accountancy equipment is
used to manage financial and bookkeeping tasks.
MAIN BODY
The creation of fiscal reports in accordance with accepted accountancy practises
Global accountancy authorities including IFRS and United Kingdom GAAP specify a
specific methodology for the creation of fiscal reports. To have everything appear attractive and
create logical sense to the intended group, the monetary statement facts and statistics must be
analysed and represented correctly (Chibili, 2019).
The fiscal report pertains to a modest company which has only been operating for a short
period of time, let's say three years. The trial balance finishing on the similar period is used to
gather data for the profit and loss account. The cumulative profit of the company would be
determined using the selling amount, according to accountancy norms. As a result, the gross
income is calculated by taking the net selling and subtracting the acquisitions or cost of goods
sold.
Gross margin is a crucial factor since it demonstrates how much more the company could
keep after paying for the company's immediate expenses (Chiwamit, Modell and Yang, 2014).
The accountancy practises attempt to address the costs required to operate the firm despite

obtaining the gross margin. As a result, the overall expenditures spent are calculated by adding
altogether the company's numerous set and fluctuating expenditures, such as rental, salary, and
electricity. The net income is then calculated by subtracting the costs from the gross margin. A
net deficit would result for the company if expenditures exceed gross margin, and conversely.
Instead of creating the numbers to gain popularity with the company, the accountants in this
situation must adhere to the IFRS and United Kingdom GAAP rules in order to display the exact
documentation.
The foregoing income statement is appropriate for a sole proprietorship or other smaller
company, but as the company structure evolves, so does its profit and loss account (Diab, 2019).
A partnership company's profit and loss statement would resemble this:
The income statement for a partnership company lists the distributing profits to A, B, and
C, the three stakeholders. In the fiscal report of partnership companies, the interests of the
various members must be shown. The reason for this is that according to accountancy norms,
determining how much each person contributed in terms of investment is essential to
determining how the earnings should be allocated (Diebold and Rudebusch, 2021). Once more,
there is no necessity for these kind of allocation in the case of a sole proprietor.

The non-profit company whose profit and loss report is seen ahead. Due to the fact that
certain businesses do not have a problem with viability, it is also called as the income and
expenditures report. Accordingly, the accountancy standard aims to portray the fiscal data in a
unique way to render them more comprehensible and set them apart from other types of
businesses competing in the marketplace (Esmaeili and Golpayegani, 2021).
Accountancy professional ethics: It refers to an accountant's ethical behaviour. The
preparation of the company's fiscal reports is a requirement. As a result, a company's accountant
should adhere to the underlying moral principles:
 Maintaining the company's secrecy: It requires the accountant to keep the fiscal
information private by not sharing it with any outside entities. Until there is a mandate
from the law, he won't do anything.
 Expert attitude: In order to carry out commercial activities successfully and prevent
behaviours which could undermine the career, an accountant is obliged to adhere to the
pertinent laws and guidelines (Fleischman, Johnson and Walker, 2017).
 Authenticity: To properly carry out their tasks and obligations, accountants need to be
people of great credibility.

 Autonomy: In order to carry out their duties effectively, accountants must be free from
outside pressure. They must work hard to accomplish certain corporate goals.
 Reliability: An accountant must be a person of character who always acts honestly when
conducting commerce and performing official duties.
 Unbiased: A competent accountant must be free of all prejudice, competing objectives,
and improper ownership control (Fowler, Gajewska-De Mattos and Chapman, 2018).
 Technical experience: To stay current with the shifting company realities, an accountant
needs update his technical knowledge. He is in charge of preparing the fiscal reports and
presenting these to the shareholders using the most recent accountancy rules and
practises.
Financial ratios
Depending on the prepared fiscal reports, including the balance sheet and the profit and
loss account, this part would undertake a thorough fiscal review of the company. Numerous
factors, including productivity, solvency, resource utilization, and capital employed, would be
the emphasis of the fiscal study.
Income Statement
Particulars Amount
Sales 400000
Less: Opening Inventory 32000
Less: Purchases 158000
Add: Closing Inventory 28000
Gross Profit 238000
Rent & Rates 10000
Energy 6000
Wages & Salaries 34000
Bad debt 8000
Provision for doubtful debts 5000
Net Profit 175000
Balance Sheet

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Capital 180000 Premises 160000
Less: Drawings -12000 Equipment 150000
Shareholder's Capital 168000 Trade Receivables 45000
Net Profit 183000 Inventory 28000
Trade Payables 46000 Cash at Bank 14000
397000 397000
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
= 350000 / 150000 = 2.33:1
Analysis: The current ratio could be used to evaluate the company's liquidity functioning.
The ideal current ratio for any business is 2:1, meaning that current assets must be twice as large
as current liabilities. According to the ratio computed previously, it could be estimated that
current assets are worth £ 350 000 and current liabilities are worth £ 1500 000. Additionally, the
ratio of 2.33:1 is beneficial for the company and indicates that the company's liquidity
functioning is optimal and maintainable for the long term (Hemmer and Labro, 2017).
Quick ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities
= (350000 – 200000) / 150000 = 1: 1
Findings: Understanding the concept of quick ratio In creating the business obligations,
the fundamentally quick ratio enables it to match its most liquid assets with its short-term
commitment. In essence, the quick ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current
liabilities, then subtracting current assets from current liabilities to get the quick ratio. In this, the
cost of new assets, stocks, and new obligations is disclosed inside the company's balance sheet.
Inventory to Working Capital = Inventory / Working Capital
= (200000 / 200000) = 1: 1
Analysis: This component inventory is a component of the working capital for a
business. Stock of the business is typically known to as the cutting-edge property since it is
consumed annually and also participates in the production process. Furthermore, stock
experienced storage costs and may also be classified as a potential cost. Essentially, the working
capital is used to separate the shares as part of the calculation process.
Debt to Equity Ratio = Debt / Equity
= 420000 / 200000 = 2.1: 1

Interpretation: The influence which the organisation is carrying with it is defined by the
ratio which was calculated previously. The degree of quantification indicates how much of the
outstanding debt the company is retaining when the valuation of its stock changes. The ideal debt
to equity ratio is 1.5 to 1. But in this case, the company retains 2.1: 1, which indicates that it is
maintaining a significant position in the industry and is not obligated to make larger debt
payments. This would improve the operation of the business organization, which in turn helps
the company maintain its financial responsibility (Holotiuk and Beimborn, 2017).
Comments on financial ratio
The financial ratios are a useful tool for determining a company's standing in the
marketplace. However, some factors require to be taken into account in this respect, including:
 Marketing variables: The financial ratios hardly ever take into account marketing
variables, which have a significant impact on the company environment and its outcomes.
As an illustration, the epidemic wrecked mayhem in the sector, yet the financial ratios say
nothing about it.
 Accountancy method: In a new nation, the company can investigate a distant
accountancy method. Therefore, evaluating the businesses involved in various situations
is pointless.
 Historical benefit: To comprehend the pattern in the present situation and provide a
general concept, the finance assessment is done employing prior monetary data (Lahti,
Wincent and Parida, 2018).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The letter aims to demonstrate the many types of accountancy standards and rules which are used
to create various types of fiscal reports. As necessary modifications to the corporate structure
take place, the fiscal statement's structure also modifications. Once more, the accountant is
crucial to maintaining the moral standards for carrying out accountancy duties correctly and
accurately portraying the company's fiscal situation.
The company's fiscal statistics provide enough information about how it operates. For example,
the efficiency statistics demonstrate that the company could achieve and maintain a suitable level
of income during the specified time. Although its liquidity policy has to be examined, it is an
impressive performance. The resource utilisation proposal is well managed, and the investment

ratios support appropriate investing prospective to achieve enough marketplace viability. As a
result, the following suggestions are made for an improved company consequences:
 As acquiring borrowed money is more affordable and simple, the company may turn to
taking on additional borrowing in an effort to expand.
 Instead of sitting on its holdings, the company could use them to gain more revenue from
the industry.
 The company could provide promotions and incentives to speed up selling, which would
significantly cut down on the number of days that merchandise is on hand.

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