Financial Decision Making: Importance of Accounting and Finance Functions, Financing for Expansion, Ratio Analysis

This article discusses the importance of accounting and finance functions in a company, ways to finance company for expansion and growth, and ratio analysis. It also explains the observed changes in financial ratios calculated for two years. The subject is Financial Decision Making and the course code is not mentioned. The article is relevant for students studying finance and accounting in any college or university.

FINANCIAL
DECISION MAKING

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Examine the importance of Accounting and Finance related functions, duties and roles within
a company....................................................................................................................................1
Describe various ways which would help to finance company for expansion and growth
purposes.......................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
Calculation of ratios.....................................................................................................................4
Explain possible reasons for observed changes in financial ratios calculated for two years.......5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The study that follows provides an overview of how financial and accountancy function in a
business (Ahmed, Manwani and Ahmed, 2018). It aids in determining what are the most
significant activities, positions, and responsibilities in a company. The study then goes on to
cover Panini ltd, a medium-sized firm that specialises in producing breads for retailers in the
United Kingdom. It intends to increase its activities and activities in the upcoming months as a
result of its current accomplishment record. It also aids in comprehending the importance of the
proportions produced beneath, which offer a broader and more effective image of the firm
through time. It also aids in the discovery of different sources of finances that can be used for
prospective development and success.
TASK 1
Examine the importance of Accounting and Finance related functions, duties and roles within a
company
Accountancy could be defined as the gathering, organizing, and compilation of information
in one location, as well as the documentation of relevant financial activities. Accounting
information, documents, and analyses assist businesses in giving appropriate advice for the
administration of assets and limited assets. It could also be defined as a method that maintains
accurate accounting records and organises relevant finance related sectors. Accountancy's
primary goal is to evaluate both worker and corporate productivity. As a result, it aids in
determining the success of the company in the market, and also money infusion and circulation
throughout firm's operating cycle. It is used by traders to determine whether or not it is profitable
to contribute funds (Altan and Karasu, 2019). There are numerous aspects of accounting that are
beneficial to Panini ltd. The following are a few examples:
 Analyze the results: Accountancy aids in the appropriate evaluation of the Panini ltd.
corporation, which is essential in ensuring a lengthy corporate life span in a dynamic
global setting.
 Document relevant activities: It is critical for Panini ltd to keep track of dealings in order
to present an open and unambiguous image of how the firm is operating in the market.
Accountancy plays a variety of roles that aid in the economical and successful running of a
firm. Here are a few examples:

 Keeping control of revenues and expenses: Accountancy aids Panini ltd in tracking
earnings and expenses earned over the course of operation. It also uncovers the
underlying sources, origins, and difficulties behind unwelcome fees and expenses.
 Accountancy aids with selecting of appropriate aspect by allowing Panini ltd to choose
the safest solution from a variety of options. It assists in determining the finest alternative
between those available to businesses in order to determine that will appear to be most
lucrative than alternatives (Gerrans and Heaney, 2019).
Accountancy obligations include:
 Particularly opposed to accountancy, financing is a larger notion that encompasses
actions like liabilities, loans, investing, and financial exchanges. Financial refers to the
administration of cash and finances created that will be required in the near to conduct
the necessary activities for a company's survival and expansion.
 Identifying Hazards and Finance Projections: In a Panini ltd company, there seem to be a
variety of tasks that need be completed, and accountancy is the finest way to accomplish
these tasks. It aids in determining the level of volatility that exists in the company and
how finances may be raised for the company's future success and development.
 Expenditures must be monitored: Expenditures are critical to the success of any business.
Accountancy aids in budgetary training and scheduling. It also assists in implementing
the greatest viable replacement for Panini ltd and monitoring it on a regular schedule
(Ghesquiere, McAfee and Burnett, 2019).
Key roles are mentioned below to assist everyone realise how crucial finances is in every
corporation:
 Managing the exterior corporate ecosystem as several elements influence any firm,
certain of them are unavoidable in essence, like exterior variables that could only be
handled and not regulated. In the instance of Panini ltd, it is necessary to pay specific
attention to any factors that may act as a hindrance to the institution's proper operation.
 Selection execution as it is critical for every firm to execute its choices at the appropriate
moment. It so illustrates the Panini ltd firm's method for implementing choices to the
necessary regions and monitoring these on a constant schedule. The outcomes noticed
throughout an organisational progress are due to judgement call.

Financial responsibilities as for the interest of the firm, responsibilities are given to each
department. The following are among the responsibilities attributed to the financial industry:
 Offer detailed directions as financial aspect is the foundation for developing plans,
regulations, and activities that will aid in company development and progress. Panini ltd
also demands well-thought-out methods to improve its growing phase and extend its
activities into previously untouched territories.
 Taxation planning as taxes and charges are not repaid or handled on schedule, they have
an impact on the firm's growth and strategy. These characteristics are also significant in
the Panini ltd firm, as they assist shareholders and owners evaluate stability and the firm's
success in the industry (Höchtl, Parycek and Schöllhammer, 2016).
Financial Activities: Several functions of finances, including financial components, are
detailed beneath-
 Monetary strategy could be described as the preparation of resources that have been
accumulated. It explains how Panini ltd will engage its cash in the correct places and in
the appropriate amounts to achieve the intended outcomes over time.
 Generate finances as all firms, either little or large, requires the creation of vital finances
and earnings. It could be seen that Panini ltd is seeking to develop its trade and activities,
which might necessitate sufficient finances for formulation and management.
Describe various ways which would help to finance company for expansion and growth purposes
There seem to be numerous methods available to assist businesses in raising funding for
development and economic increase operations. The goal of Panini ltd is to extend its
marketplace on a greater level, hence it needs solutions to support with that (Khemakhem and
Boujelbene, 2018). The following are a few ways that can be used as an instrument:
 Share capital approach for determining the profitability of a firm in the market, as well as
a mechanism for enabling future development and progress. Panini limited corporation
can therefore employ this strategy to raise capital sans extending the weight of obligation
and debts. Capital permits companies to earn revenue that may be utilized to create more
cash and put them to the highest suitable advantage. Businesses are not burdened as it
might be if they acquired capital from the industry or from financial institutions. It also
aids in increasing consumer and worker involvement in the company to ensure the
company's long-term viability.

 Profits that might be utilized to provide payouts to investors at a later period are referred
to as preserved profits. It could also be defined as revenue preserved by a company
during a period of tenure. This could assist Panini ltd. in supplying cash for study and
innovation, maintaining financial sustainability, and increasing share price in the
industry. As a result, it denotes the total quantity of stock owned by the company. This
will be extra beneficial because the firm will not have to look for solutions that will
create money and add any undesirable expenditures in the middle of its growth period. It
is regarded as among the most effective ways to provide financial assistance to an
institution.
 Liabilities as they are lower-cost form of funding that allows stock owners to get a larger
yield on their investment. If the borrowing chosen by Panini ltd serves to improve the
corporation's combined wealth, this could be considered beneficial, as it will assist to
create additional money and earnings that could be used to advance the growth of the
sector (Nurcholisah, 2016).
TASK 2
Calculation of ratios
Gross profit margin: Gross profit/ Net sales * 100
2018 : 3500/ 10000 * 100 = 35%
2019 : 3265/ 11500 * 100 = 28.39%
Operating profit margin: Operating profit/ Net sales * 100
2018 : 2765/ 10000* 100 = 27.65%
2019 : 2305/ 11500* 100 = 20.04%
Return on capital employed: Earnings before interest and tax/ Share equity + Long term
liabilities * 100
2018: 2765/ 6755 * 100 = 40.93%
2019: 2305/ 8111* 100 = 28.41%
Current Ratio: Current assets/ Current liabilities
2018: 1175/ 970 = 1.211 : 1
2019: 2110/ 512 = 4.12 : 1
Quick Ratio: Current assets – Inventory / Current liabilities

2018: 1175 – 350/ 970 = 0.85 : 1
2019:2110 – 675/ 512 = 2.80 : 1
Inventory turnover days: Inventory / Cost of goods sold * 365
2018: 350 / 6500 * 365 = 19.65 days
2019: 674 / 8235 * 365 = 29.87 days
Receivable collection period: Average account receivables / Net credit sales * 365 days
2018: 760 / 10000* 365 = 27.74 Days
2019: 1340 / 11500* 365 = 42.53 Days
Payable payment period: Average account payable/ Cost of goods sold * 365 days
2018:920 / 6500 * 365 = 51.661 Days
2019:495 / 8235 * 365 = 6.010 Days
Explain possible reasons for observed changes in financial ratios calculated for two years
Causes for a decrease in gross profit percentage include:
 Increasing expenses associated with Panini ltd's items may be a factor in the firm's
declining gross profit percentage.
 A decrease in the sales prices of products sans a corresponding decrease in the costs of
products supplied by the firm could be a contributing factor to Panini ltd's lower gross
margin.
 Additional factor that may have an impact on gross profit percentage is Panini ltd's
pricing practises (Paluri and Mehra, 2016).
The following are some of the reasons for a reduction in operational income percentage:
 Increased operational expenditures as if the charges and expenditure associated with
Panini ltd business increases, operational income will deteriorate in evident manner. It is
critical for businesses to grow profits while lowering expenses, resulting in a higher
aggregate income.
 Decline in a firm's revenues over time as there seem to be a variety of factors that can
contribute to a scenario where the operational profitability is dropping. It's possible that
Panini ltd may earn fewer earnings following season.
The following are some of the causes for the falling ROCE:
 Growing obligations as a firm's obligations and creditors grow; it may create an issue for
Panini ltd, as it will have a negative impact on its ROCE.

 Using financial assets inefficiently could be some of the factors contributing to Panini
ltd's declining ROCE. This could be enhanced, and funds could be directed to the most
efficient and efficient applications in order to increase performance and efficacy.
Reasons of the rising current ratio as noticed during the last two years:
 Handling of debtors and creditors as Panini ltd is anticipated to handle its debtors and
payments in a timely manner that is assisting it in increasing the ratio determined over the
past two years.
 Obligations reimbursed as it is likely that Panini is repaying its obligations and paid off
its commitments faster than last year, which could explain why the ratio is expected to
rise following year (Tumataroa and O'Hare, 2019).
Rise in quick ratio in the company for the following causes:
 Controlling Stock Turnovers could be one of the reasons given in the instance of Panini
ltd, and it could also be the cause for a rise in quick ratios.
 Increasing selling as there are circumstances that could contribute to a rise in a company's
selling margins through duration, and this could be the scenario with Panini ltd too.
Increased selling will have an impact on the quick ratio in the coming year.
Increased stock turnover days are due to the following factors:
 Reducing prices as there were occasions whenever the firm's expenditures and prices
were decreased that has had an impact on Panini ltd's stock position. As a result, it might
be considered responsible for increasing stock turnover.
 Replacing outdated stock levels as Panini ltd substitute’s ineffective and outdated
equipment with fresh stuff, stock turnover days could be raised.
 Controlling output levels as it is critical for Panini ltd to control its manufacturing levels
in the industry since it will have an impact on the corporation's development and
operation in the industry. As a result, it could be one of the reasons for the current
increase in stock turnover days computation.
The following are the causes for the increased receivables collecting time frame:
 Bad administration of payment terms as it is critical for any business to effectively handle
its payment terms that will contribute to improving the collecting duration of money from
the marketplace, allowing Panini ltd to thrive and expand in the sector.

 Reduced attempts to receive funds as Panini group's attempts to recover funds have
decreased, resulting in a longer receivables recovery duration. As a result, circumstances
like increasing the scope of receivables collecting period have emerged (Wong, Holmes
and Schaper, 2018).
The following are some of the reasons why a company's payable payments time is reducing:
 Poor loan regulations and market situation is another cause for the impact of decreasing
payment periods is the worsening of lending laws and commercial circumstances. In the
instance of Panini ltd that is more concentrated on success and development in the
generations ahead, it is critical for the business to enhance their financial circumstances
and environmental concerns.
 Reimbursement to the contractor takes a long time as there are a variety of factors that
contribute to Panini ltd's deteriorating payables payments duration, one of which is late
payments to inventory and equipment contractors and providers.
CONCLUSION
From the above-mentioned data, this could be inferred that financial and accountancy serve a
critical part in an organization's growth. Numerous activities, tasks, and responsibilities have
been allocated to it in order to improve corporate efficiency over time. It also aids in the
evaluation of current operations and the prediction of prospective dangers. Several of the
statistics established previously serve as a foundation for evaluating current company outcomes
to those of past years. It also serves as a reference for shareholders and companies to see if the
business is meeting their goals and, if not, what aspects need to be modified for greater
performance. It also aids in determining the firm's development and success. It is a process that
aids in the discovery of new methods to earn and acquire revenue.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Ahmed, F., Manwani, A. and Ahmed, S., 2018. Merger & acquisition strategy for growth,
improved performance and survival in the financial sector. Jurnal Perspektif
Pembiayaan Dan Pembangunan Daerah, 5(4), pp.196-214.
Altan, A. and Karasu, S., 2019. The effect of kernel values in support vector machine to
forecasting performance of financial time series. The Journal of Cognitive Systems,
4(1), pp.17-21.
Gerrans, P. and Heaney, R., 2019. The impact of undergraduate personal finance education on
individual financial literacy, attitudes and intentions. Accounting & Finance, 59(1),
pp.177-217.
Ghesquiere, A.R., McAfee, C. and Burnett, J., 2019. Measures of financial capacity: A review.
The Gerontologist, 59(2), pp.e109-e129.
Höchtl, J., Parycek, P. and Schöllhammer, R., 2016. Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision
making in the digital era. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic
Commerce, 26(1-2), pp.147-169.
Khemakhem, S. and Boujelbene, Y., 2018. Predicting credit risk on the basis of financial and
non-financial variables and data mining. Review of Accounting and Finance.
Nurcholisah, K., 2016. The effects of financial reporting quality on information asymmetry and
its impacts on investment efficiency.
Paluri, R.A. and Mehra, S., 2016. Financial attitude based segmentation of women in India: an
exploratory study. International Journal of Bank Marketing.
Tumataroa, S. and O'Hare, D., 2019. Improving self-control through financial counseling: A
randomized controlled trial. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 30(2),
pp.304-312.
Wong, A., Holmes, S. and Schaper, M.T., 2018. How do small business owners actually make
their financial decisions? Understanding SME financial behaviour using a case-based
approach. Small Enterprise Research, 25(1), pp.36-51.