Financial Decision-Making

This article discusses the importance of accounting and finance functions in financial decision-making. It also provides an analysis of Skanska PLC's financial performance through ratio computation. The article covers topics such as managing inventories, treasury management, bookkeeping processes, financial reporting analysis, and more.

Financial Decision-Making

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Financial decision-making relates to set of activities that allows a business's management
to take a variety of decisions quickly and appropriately. This enables them to assure that
organisations are prepared to learn how to interpret and view fiscal analytical estimates, and
information in order to make a variety of short, mid, and long-term decisions. When it comes to
the use of money, fiscal decision-making is practice of weighing the benefits and drawbacks
of decision. Efficient fiscal decision-making is requirement for financial wellbeing (Valaskova,
Bartosova and Kubala, 2019). This report focuses on the Skanska PLC, which is UK-based
Constructions and Engineering Organization situated in the Hertfordshire, UK. Over the next ten
years, the company intends to expand into European countries and grow its market position.
This research will go into great detail on determining the worth of accounting and finance
activities. A systematic analysis of the different ratios will also be undertaken out as part
of study.
TASK 1
Importance of Accounting and Finance functions, duties and roles:
The Finance department is trained team of employees who manage a company 's financial
functions. Not every representative of the team will be a professional accountant, they would all
be qualified in reporting processes and guidelines. A organization can help to guarantee full
accountability of its financial dealings by creating an accounting section, while also providing
advanced, streamlined aid to other divisions and executives. The accounting staff will contribute
to the company's long-term viability. A corporation 's accounting division provides financial and
monetary support to the organization. This division holds trading receivables and payable,
inventory, salaries, investment securities, and other monetary facets. Bookkeepers in this
department review each division's records to determine corporation's fiscal position and any
changes needed to properly administer the organization (Klačmer Čalopa, 2017).
Accounting is the foundation of the business's finance unit. This department is in control
of both reporting, accruals, and deferred revenue, and also balance sheet preparation, banking
details, cash-flow reports, and daily operations bookkeeping and oversight. External assessments
and protections, as well as taxes and transparency, are both regulated and supervised by this
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agency. It guarantees that the corporation is in good financial standing and conforms with all
relevant legislations (Alderman, Forsyth and Walton, 2017).
Both depts are important divisions in every company. As a consequence, it is required of
businesses to use it consistently and correctly to determine their financial situation. Skanska
management must analyse the different roles of both departments in attempt to make productive
decisions while the company expects to expand into European countries over coming 10 years.
The foregoing is an analysis of the significance, functions, and responsibilities of Accounting
and Finance-division in background of SKANSA Corporation:
Managing the Inventories: The accounting and finances department may in charge of keeping
track of and overseeing the corporation 's inventories and materials. Almost no division, apart
from the finance section, is well trained to work for stockholdings. A range of computational
formulas are used to log and control the inventories. Particularly unique approaches are
employed to monitor and maintain the inventory quantities that define the financing department's
comparative benefit. The accounting and financing division of the SKANSKA company must be
capable of adequately managing and monitoring inventory processes. Stock preparation will help
SKANSKA PLC determine if restocking is required or whether inventory levels are running low.
This will also assure that items have the right leading duration as they are required (Andjelic and
Vesic, 2017).
Treasury management tasks: Both employees who deal in money or money equivalents are
subjected to a treasury administration plan established by accounting and finance division.
Treasury preparation includes information on the amount of risk that the business will carry on
at specified period. The finance/accounting administrator oversees treasury operations, while
the chief financial officer oversees financial reporting.
Handling Bookkeeping Process: This is the most basic feature of the finances and accounting
unit. In a regular basis this includes the reporting, analysis, and interpretation of a business's
fiscal operations This will include tracking all expenditures (investment funds, purchases and so
forth) and also finalised product transactions. In a business, this job is usually held
by bookkeeper, however as the company grows and expands, it may be occupied by more
competent employees.
Managing business cash flows: The accounting and financial division is in charge of overseeing
all free cash flows in and out of firm, and also making sure that adequate funds are adequate to
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meet the company's day-to-day requires. This section also oversees the company's credits and
payments activities, which ensure that customers and vendors are billed on schedule and
correctly, and that organisation is compensated on schedule and appropriately.
Financial Reporting analysis: The purpose of financial monitoring and assessment is to
translate raw accounting inputs into appropriate, readable, and comparable financial reports. The
financing and accounting division drives organizational success by regularly reviewing and
reporting critical statistics critical to the organisation's results. This would almost definitely
provide a summary of all financing streams, investments, and funds put aside for future use
(excepting those set aside and intended for the present phase and also any non-financial details.
They are usually introduced to managers in a fair and intuitive way (Vitale and Cull, 2018).
Managing Company’s Investments: The accounting and finance section is usually in charge of
managing the firm's existing assets as well as updating and selecting new assets/investments.
Aside from fixed investments, the finance division should focus on liquid assets. Since it has a
greater impact on an organisation's liquidity than its financial assets, operating capital must be
managed adequately in addition to maximize profitability relative to the total amount of funds
bound up.
Help executives in major strategic decisions: The financing and accounts team delivers
information to organizational executives to assist them in making financial decisions such as
which sectors or projects to enter, repayment schedules for massive capital acquisitions,
determining how much of organisation's profits can be distributed as dividend payouts and how
percent would be recouped in the enterprise, and determining the best funding strategy that
would generate the firm's profitability.
Budgeting Processes: Budgeting act as crucial part of every company. This should be
accomplished efficiently because the organization 's long viability is largely contingent on how
adequately budgets are formulated. The finance accounting section is often in charge of
budgeting because they have access to the whole list of statistics in the business. Only the
accounting department is capable of reviewing figures in order to determine the entity's current
position Budgets allow customers to imagine the potential, so the department must be profitable
sufficiently to do so. Budgeting is relevant for all organizations, big and medium and SKANSKA
Limited, as a well-known large enterprise, needs a substantial degree of strategic preparation to
address the demands of the sector. In terms of current industry evaluations as well as the position
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of rival firms, SKANSKA Organization must determine what targets can be established. Without
appropriate budgeting plans, no accurate forecast can be made.
Advising and arrange sources of longer-term finance: Financing and accounts dept's job is to
guide enterprises about the best funding combination for all of them including to facilitate them
in securing longer-term capital at lowest possible cost in retaining an adequate liquidity base.
Handling Tax Issue: Taxation are indeed an inevitable part of running a company, and the
financing division has responsibility of coping with these. This includes developing good
business relationships with the authorities by disbursing PAYE to proper authority, as well as
ensuring that tax concerns are resolved in line with current regulations (Chhapra, Kashif, Rehan
and Bai 2018.).
Handling Business Risks: Risk control/management is also handled by the enterprise's finance
and accounting unit. They are accountable for defining assessing, setting priorities, and reducing
the threats that the organization faces. The finance unit predicts external changes for a particular
model that isn't doing well enough. They represent global events including the recession of the
economic system, currency fluctuations, and so forth. They use most of their powers and abilities
to minimize the consequences while keeping a close watch on the circumstance for potential
changes. Through anticipating and being knowledgeable of market trends and investment
opportunities, risks management further aids in the maximising of venture outcomes.
Capital Budgeting Processes: This is activity of studying and identifying programs and
opportunities in the economy which are worthwhile to participate in. Property, sales,
restructurings, and the purchase of fixed assets are all examples of its use. The whole definition
of market capital budgeting centers around the ultimate objective of increasing profitability.
They continue to boost profits in attempt to sustain the business's wealth growing.
The accounting and finance unit of SKANSKA business will have several benefits to the
corporation. The unit would be more likely to persuade investors if it presented the best portrait
of financial sustainability. Furthermore, the organization will be able to create a proper balance
between risks and benefit value creation. The fiscal management principle also assists the
organization in making systematic and well-organized choices. SKANSKA Group can also gain
a competitive advantage by being able to easily respond to any financial-related issues. Among
the most important factors for the unit's operational practices to run seamlessly is the influx of
funding to better cover the unit's expenditures (Kourtis, Kourtis and Curtis, 2019).
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TASK 2
Ratio computation and analysis:
The aim of ratio evaluation is to understand a company's financial situation. This is a
finance aspect that aids in determining company stability, profitability, and sustainability. In the
case of SKANSKA PLC, managers use ratio evaluation to evaluate business's performance.
Ratio Formula 2018 2019
Return on capital
employed
Operating profit/Total
assets-current*100
liabilities
750/3825*100=
19.60%
975/5850*100=
16.67%
Net profit margin Net profit/sales*100 600/4800*100= 12.5% 675/6000*100=
11.25%
Current ratio Current assets/current
liabilities
1515/645= 2.35 times 2070/2220= 0.93 times
Debtors collection
period
Receivables/sales*365 900/4800*365= 68
days
1200/6000*365= 73
days
Creditors payment
period
Payables/
purchase*365
570/2700*365= 77.05
times
2100/4800*365= 159
days
Interpretation of above computed ratios:
ROCE
The outcomes of the above calculation of company SKANSKA company's ROCE for years 2018
as well as 2019 indicate a downward trend, with the yield on capital reaching 19.60% in 2018
and 16.67% in 2019. When measuring performance using the ROCE ratio, best outcome for
investors is for outcomes to be better or more stable. One possible reason or cause for the
worsening trend of ROCE may be inadequate resource use in the field (Hatefi, 2019). The net
profitability of the company increased over the course of the period. Even after this, the amount
of capital employed has risen substantially, contributing in a drop in the overall ROCE of the
entity SKANSKA. The negative consequences of SKANSKA's declining ROCE production can
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be important. The downward pattern of ROCE proportion reduces consumer demand since it
produces a detrimental impression of inefficient resource utilization. A decline of equity
resources would also lead to a scarcity of capital sources, restricting the business's potential to
receive funding assistance.
Net-profit Margin:
According to the aforementioned percentage figures, the net profitability ratio in
timespan 2018 is 12.5 percent, whereas the percentage in 2019 is 11.25 percent. This indicates a
declining trend that is harmful to the company. The primary trigger of this downwards tendency
could be a lack of control over overhead costs. Regardless of fact that sales and net
profitability are still up significantly. Even so, the increase in running expenses exceeds the
increase in sales and gross margin. A large increase in sales is meaningless if the corporation
cannot manage its expenses. The declining net profit ratios would have an effect on the firm's
prosperity. Profit margins are transformed into retained earnings which increases the firm's net
equity. Even so, if earnings are affected, it would have a negative effect on cash, putting the
business's profit maximising objective in jeopardy even further. That wouldn't be possible to
achieve the goal of value maximization (Subalakshmi and Manikandan, 2018).
Current Ratio:
According to the findings of current ratio estimate, ratio were 2.35:1 in 2018 and 0.932:1
in 2019, reflecting a continuing declining trajectory in financial situation. Current assets keep
growing rapidly, but liabilities are rising much faster, adversely impacting the corporation's
overall results. Even though current assets being transformed to money the proceeds would not
be enough to offset the obligations. That as the amount owed rises, some changes in liquidity
ratio will cause the organization to experience liquidity problems. The company owes them
money yet it would be unable to repay them. The company owes them funds but this is incapable
to repay them. Meeting covenants will put the business's ability to continue as going concern in
risk.
Debtors collection period
Based on the aforementioned ratio matrices, it has been determined that the cumulative
receivables periods for the year 2018 are approximately 68 days, while the figure for the year
2019 is approximately 73 days. The rise in duration is negative since it means that the
corporation would have to wait longer to receive revenue from accounts receivables. The overall
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compilation period in 2018 is shorter, implying that total amount of collection being completed
in a shorter period of duration. As per 2019 data, the no. of days have increased, causing a delay
in payment collection. The principal consequence for this surge is that trade debtors are either
reluctant or unwilling to settle their debts. The impact of an increasing number of days is that the
risk of trade debtors default increases, causing an increase in bad-debts expense on income
statement. Since total efficiency will be harmed as a result of these consequences, overall
profitability would decline. If payment defaults increase, the likelihood of no repayment
increases, and those account receivables become more prone to defaults (Hilkevics and
Semakina, 2019).
Creditors collection period:
According to the calculations in the figure, the total payable span in 2018 was
approximately 77 days, and in 2019 it was approximately 159 days. Both figures indicate a large
disparity. The larger the damage, the longer the pay-out duration. The main reason for the
increase in payables days is that the company does not have adequate cash to repay its vendors.
This demonstrates that the company is having difficulty paying its vendors due to a lack of
revenue. The effect of the increase for multiple days would've been negative, since the
corporation will face increased cash flow issues as result of inadequate revenue, making it
difficult for the company to fulfil all of its commitments and investments at same period. A lack
of supplier reputation may also be a function of longer overall payment period A company's
value or credibility will be doubted in the eyes of suppliers. The vendors would be reluctant to
supply any additional goods in order to avoid losing their money. Suppliers are the backbone of
every enterprise, and breaching their terms would have a negative impact on the whole selling
string.
CONCLUSION
From the aforementioned report this has been articulated that Accounting and finance are
critical aspects of an entity's management. Businesses compete for profitability and funds at the
completion of each day, and when cash is mishandled, the organization as a result is
unsustainable. By efficiently handling the accounts and finances of the corporation's
expenditures and earnings, the flow of funds could be controlled and calculated, thereby steering
the corporation in the right direction. To develop a successful financial strategy that supports the
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company's priorities, finance managers or managers must take into account and grasp every
component of the organisation 's strategic goals.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Alderman, J., Forsyth, J. and Walton, R., 2017. How religious beliefs influence financial
decision-making. 2017 Volume 20 Issue 3, (3).
Andjelic, S. and Vesic, T., 2017. The importance of financial analysis for business decision
making. In Book of proceedings from Sixth International Scientific Conference
Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship (pp. 9-25).
Chhapra, I.U., Kashif, M., Rehan, R. and Bai, A., 2018. An empirical investigation of investors
behavioral biases on financial decision making. Asian Journal of Empirical
Research, 8(3), pp.99-109.
Hatefi, M.A., 2019. Indifference threshold-based attribute ratio analysis: A method for assigning
the weights to the attributes in multiple attribute decision making. Applied Soft
Computing, 74, pp.643-651.
Hilkevics, S. and Semakina, V., 2019. The classification and comparison of business ratios
analysis methods. Insights into Regional Development, 1(1), pp.47-56.
Klačmer Čalopa, M., 2017. Business owner and manager’s attitudes towards financial decision-
making and strategic planning: Evidence from Croatian SMEs. Management: journal of
contemporary management issues, 22(1), pp.103-116.
Kourtis, E., Kourtis, G. and Curtis, P., 2019. Αn Integrated Financial Ratio Analysis as a
Navigation Compass through the Fraudulent Reporting Conundrum: Α Case
Study. International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, 9(1-2), pp.3-
20.
Subalakshmi, S. and Manikandan, M., 2018. Financial Ratio Analysis of SBI [2009-
2016]. ICTACT Journal on Management Studies, 4(01), pp.2395-1664.
Valaskova, K., Bartosova, V. and Kubala, P., 2019. Behavioural aspects of the financial
decision-making. Organizacija, 52(1), pp.22-31.
Vitale, C. and Cull, M., 2018. Modelling the influence of CEO values and leadership styles on
financial decision making. The Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends, 16(1), pp.16-
30.
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