The Financial Industry of Australia: Market Structure, Collusion Behavior, and Entry Barriers

This article discusses the financial industry of Australia, which is dominated by four major banks and faces an oligopolistic market structure. The article explores the cartel-like collusion behavior of the banks, high entry barriers, interdependence of the banks, bargaining power of suppliers, and inelastic demand and supply in the industry.

Running Head: THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY OF AUSTRALIA 1
THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY OF AUSTRALIA
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Introduction
Australia is among the developed countries and has a very stable economy. It has been
ranked among the top five richest countries in the region of Asia-Pacific. It has enjoyed more
than a decade of economic prosperity and even during the great 2008 economic recession it
posted a positive economic growth result though it was a decline (Karmel & Brunt, 2013).
Australian economy is denominated by five major industries namely the Financial, Business
Consulting, Metals and Mining, Energy and Utilities and Healthcare. The industry of choice is
The Financial Industry.
The financial industry of Australia is dominated by four big major banks which include
the National Australia Bank (NAB), Commonwealth Bank (CBA), Australia and New Zealand
Banking Group (ANZ) and Westpac Banking Corporation (WBC). There are several other small
banks and non-bank financial institutions but have a small market share in the financial industry.
The Global Finance has ranked all the big four major banks of Australia among the top thirty
safest banks in the world. The financial industry of Australia has been its major contributor
towards the national economic growth and still continues to be. It promises a bright future and
the Australian Bureau of Statistics results predict its profitability to increase in future and hence
contribute much towards improving the economic growth of Australia.
The Market Structure of the Financial Industry of Australia
The market structure generally refers to market characteristics which affect the nature of
competition that exists between firms in an industry (Helpman & Krugman, 2015). The
characteristics can be organizational or competitive in nature. Market structure is divided into
four major types which include the monopoly, monopolistic competition, perfectly competitive

THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY OF AUSTRALIA 3
and oligopoly markets. The financial industry of Australia basically faces the oligopolistic
market structure which refers to a market structure involving only a few large firms controlling
the entire market. The financial industry of Australia consists majorly of only four big banks
with some other small banks and non-bank institutions. The four big banks have control over the
entire financial sector occupying over eighty percent of market share. This means that the other
small banks and non-bank financial institutions occupy less than twenty percent of the Australia
financial industry market share. Estimates show that the total capitalization market of these four
big banks is approximately five times the total market capitalization of the other small banks and
non-bank financial institutions. Due to the fact that the financial industry of Australia is
oligopolistic, much of price competition is not involved as the four major big banks determine
the profit maximizing prices to raise their profits and reduce competition.
The Market Concentration and Collusion Behavior of the Australian Financial Industry
The dominance of the financial industry of Australia by the four big major banks with a
market share of over eighty percent represents a relatively high level of concentration in the
overall industry market. The four big banks almost offer homogenous products. As a result the
four big banks in the industry have colluded together to form cartel like arrangements (Sathye,
2011). This is due to the fact that most of the main shareholders of the four big major banks in
the financial industry are the same. This means that there interests are common among all the big
four major banks. Due to this, the four big major banks have taken the advantage of setting up
high prices to maximize their profits without any fear (Davis, 2009). A common agreement is
made about the overall market price by all the four big major banks none of which should
retaliate. The four pillars policy which regulated the Australia’s financial industry by preventing

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the four major big banks from forming mergers hence maintaining competition has of late
contributed much towards this cartel like collusion behavior of the four big major Australian
banks since its now preventing competition. The four major big banks make their decisions
irrespective of the other small banks and non-bank institutions since they rule the market and no
loss can result to them as a result of any changes made by the small minute banks and the non-
bank financial institutions.
Interdependence in the Industry
Due to the fact that the financial industry of Australia is oligopolistic, it means that the
firms in the industry are interdependent on each other. The four major big banks depend on each
other for various factors such as price and output determination (Otchere & Chan, 2013). The
collusion cartel like behaviour of the four major big banks highly encourages the
interdependence between the banks. They have to depend on each other to maximize their
profits. Any action taken by one bank might adversely affect the other banks and hence
immediate action for adjustment has to be taken by the other banks. However due to the cartel
like collusion behavior of the four big dominant banks, they undertake actions together as one
such as the interest rates with which to accept deposits and offer loans (Mazzeo, 2012). Policies
made by the big four are all aimed at maximizing their profits and dominating the entire market.
As a result the four big major banks of Australia have been making supernormal profits and the
same trend is anticipated in future.
Entry into the Industry
Due to the collusion cartel like behavior in the Australian financial industry, it has been
hard for new investors to join the industry. In fact, the financial industry of Australia is classified

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among the industries with highest entry barriers which are as a result of the market dominance by
the four big major banks. The collusion behavior of the big four has almost eliminated
competition in the industry (Worthington, 2012). As a result the banks can lower their interests
as they wish to prevent new entrants into the industry. The government also supports these banks
to a greater extent. In fact the four pillars policy which ensured competition persisted in the
industry has been seen preventing further competition. Most of its regulatory policies highly
favor the big four and as a result new entrants find it difficult to enter the market. The initial
capital is also high and not affordable for most of investors to enter the industry. A competitor
willing to enter the industry and compete with the big four requires very huge startup capital
which may not be available for many investors in Australia.
Suppliers and buyers bargaining power in the industry
Due to the dominance of the Australian financial industry by the big four major banks,
the suppliers have more bargaining power than the buyers in the industry. The collusion cartel
like behavior of the big four major banks of Australia has increased the suppliers’ market power.
They have joined together to tailor their interest rates to achieve and maintain maximum profits.
Sometimes the big four major banks even set their lending rates higher than those set by the
Reserve Bank of Australia particularly those of housing in order to maximize their profitability
(Williams, 2009). This is an extortionary measure to consumers who have no other choice than
to accept the set interest rates as they have no other banks offering favorable interest rates. In
nutshell, the suppliers have more bargaining power than the buyers and hence they set interest
rates which make them achieve maximum profits as they wish.
Elasticity of demand and supply in the industry

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The financial industry of Australia faces an inelastic demand and supply. The change in
the price of financial products in the industry does not affect the demand so much (Trubik &
Smith, 2010). A good example is the increase in interest rates by the big four. Consumers have to
cope up with the changes as the industry is oligopolistic in nature and consumers have no other
option as they have no other alternative banks which offer favorable terms than the big four
major banks. The supply is also inelastic as the big four major banks tend to accept deposits at
lower interest rates and offer loans at higher interest rates in order to make more profits.
Conclusion
Australia is among the top five richest nations in the region of Asia-Pacific and has
always posted a positive economic growth. Its financial industry is oligopolistic in nature as it is
dominated by four big major banks with some other small banks and non-bank financial
institutions. The financial industry has been the major contributor of the gross domestic product
of Australia and it promises a bright future (Dawson & Patrickson, 2011). The big four offer
homogeneous products with similar interest rates which are set high to maximize their
shareholder’s profit. The industry has cartel like collusion behavior which arises due to the fact
that the major shareholders of the big four banks are the same and have similar interests among
the four major banks.
The collusion behavior of the big four major banks has prevented new entrants into the
market due to their large size which enables them to enjoy the economies of scale and hence
offer favorable price on their products which other firms cannot offer. Government support and
high initial capital involved in entering the industry have also been major barriers to entry. In a

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nutshell, the financial industry of Australia contributes much towards its economic growth but
regulations should be introduced in the industry to protect consumers.
References
Davis, K. (2009). Banking concentration, financial stability and public policy. The Structure and
Resilience of the Financial System, ed. by C. Kent and J. Lawson.
Dawson, P., & Patrickson, M. (2011). Total quality management in the Australian banking
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Helpman, E., & Krugman, P. R. (2015). Market structure and foreign trade: Increasing returns,
imperfect competition, and the international economy. MIT press.
Karmel, P. H., & Brunt, M. (2013). The structure of the Australian economy. Melbourne.
Mazzeo, M. J. (2012). Product choice and oligopoly market structure. RAND Journal of
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