Financial Management: Long Term Finance, Investment Appraisal Techniques

This study examines long term finance and investment appraisal techniques in financial management. It includes calculations, evaluation of benefits and limitations, and the impact of scrip dividends.

Financial management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Question 2. Long term Finance i.e. Equity Finance....................................................................3
QUESTION 3: Investment Appraisal Techniques...........................................................................8
a.) Calculations............................................................................................................................8
b.) Critically evaluating the advantages and limitations of various investment appraisal
techniques..................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Financial management is considered to be one of the most appropriate procedure which
helps in planning, organizing and effectively controlling the various financial operations related
with proper procurement of the funds and capital in an organization (Wambua and Koori, 2018).
It is considered to be very useful in taking business decision which is very useful for attainment
of organizational goals and objectives. Financial management is very crucial because it helps in
promoting the growth of the business enterprise. The present study will emphasize on examining
the long term finance of the company. It is very useful in properly managing the funds of the
company. Furthermore, this study also helps in determining the benefits of the scrip dividends to
the company and its stakeholders. This study also includes calculation of various investment
appraisal techniques and also critically evaluate benefits and limitations of different investment
appraisal techniques.
MAIN BODY
Question 2. Long term Finance i.e. Equity Finance
a) Calculation of Profit After Tax
The term right issue is mostly used to determine the act through which a company can
raise additional shares in the form of equity capital by issuing shares only to the existing
sahreho9lders of the company at a lower rate (Ogiela, 2018). The company Lexbel Plc intends to
generate £180000 through the right issue share price and for that the profit after tax needs to be
ascertained in a following manner:
The current ex-dividend's market price of Lexbel Plc = £1.90
Recommendation of right issue prices that Lexbel has been proposed: £1.80, £1.60 or £1.40
Ordinary shares which are issued at 50p each = £300000
+ Reserves = £400000
Total = £700000
Amount intended to be raised = £180000
Therefore, Profit after tax (PAT) = £700000* 20%
= £140000
b) Calculation of:
Right shares that are to be issued.
Rights shares that are to be issued: Funds amount that is to be raised/ price of right issue

Particular Amount (in terms of
£)
Amount (in terms
of £)
Amount (in terms
of £)
Existing number of shares 600000 600000 600000
Fund to be raised (a) 180000 180000 180000
Recommended prices of right
issue (b)
£1.8 £1.6 £1.4
Hence, number of right share to
be issued (c)= a/b
100000 112500 128571.43
Theoretical price of ex- right issue
The term theoretical ex- right price can be termed as that value at which the shares of a
company are prices just after the company has undergone a right issue process. The calculation
of the right issue pricing can be done by determining the weighted average stock price of every
share for the existing and new stock. The price of the shares that are issued through right price is
lower than the price of the shares in the current market. Under this, the shareholders are given an
opportunity or an option where they can either take an equivalent amount of cash dividend or
they can take the right issue of the shares (Mihai Yiannaki, 2017.). However, whenever a
company decides to go for the right issue, it tends to influence the price in the market because of
the fact that the number of outstanding shares in the market automatically increases. This
estimation of the theoretical ex- right price is done after the first day of right issue.

The above calculation helps in deciphering that as the right issue price falls, the
theoretical price also falls simultaneously (Kober, Subraamanniam and Watson, 2017).
Expected earnings per share
EPS = (Number of shares before the right issue * theoretical price of ex-right issue)/ Current
Market Price
Hence, it can be calculated that:
Existing number of shares = 600000 shares
Return on shareholder fund (PAT) = 140000
Recent market price = £1.9
The calculation above depicts that the EPS also tends to steadily decline as the right issue
price tends to decrease simultaneously i.e. when the price was 1.8 the EPS was 595488.72 and
consequently when the price was 1.6, the EPS was 585041.55 and when it was 1.4, the EPS was
572136.22. Therefore, the right issue price is directly associated with the EPS.
Type of issue for every right issue

For all the three prices recommended for right issue:
 For every share that is issued at the price of 1.80, the shares that are collectively issued to
100000 shares and therefore on the basis of pro-rata, for every 6 original shares, there
will be 1 right share that is issued.
 For the shares that are being issued at 1.60, the additional shares are 112500 and
therefore, on a pro-rata basis, for every 48 shares that they hold, they will be issued 9
shares collectively. When the right issue price will be 1.40, the shares that will be issued are 180000 and
while ascertaining on a pro-rata basis, it can be stated that for every 14 shares that are
held, only 3 shares will be issued (Karpoff, Lee and Martin, 2017). Therefore, this is the
number of shares that Lexbel Plc is required to issue for different prices of right issue.
Evaluation and selection of the best option or right issue price amongst the three
All the calculation that has been done above can be used to conclude that the best option
out of all the three right issue prices is the issue price of 1.80 for Lexbel Plc. This will be the
most profitable and rewarding option that can be used by the company and the calculations
above also show that when the right issue price of Lexbel Plc is 1.80., then the Earning per
shares will also be at the highest level of 595488.72. Therefore, out of the three suggested prices,
it can be concluded that 1.80 will be the most profitable option.
c) Scrip Dividend and evaluation of that option
Scrip Dividend: The term scrip dividend can be termed as that type of dividend where the
organizations tend to give an option to the shareholders to choose between the cash dividend or
the additional shares in a company (Godbole and Jayraj, 2019). The additional shares that are

given in the company are equivalent to the amount of cash dividend and are generally issued at a
lower price than the current market price of the shares. This option is generally more suitable
when the company is regularly performing profitably and the option to choose the option of
additional capital in the company is better than the option for cash dividend. There are various
benefits and drawbacks that are inherent to the shareholders as well as the company that has
decided to undergo the process of giving scrip dividend:
Benefit for Shareholders:
 Scrip dividend offers the shareholders a chance to increase the investment that they hold
in the company and this is usually a much more profitable option for the company as
compared to the cash because the benefits that the company can offer here are higher in
the long term. Here, the concept of time value can be utilized stating that the yield of the scrip dividend
is much higher than that of the cash dividend and ultimately, another major benefit that
can be stated is that the shareholders will not incur any additional cost such as stamp duty
or any intermediate party charges.
Benefit for Company:
 The benefit for the Lexbel Plc if they go for the option of scrip dividend is that it helps in
saving the cash and thus retain it in the company. This savings that the company is doing
in the form of cash payments can assist them in saving up the taxes as well that they
might have to pay (Chen and et.al., 2018). The scrip dividend also helps the company is minimizing the risk that is inherent to the
liquidity position in the company i.e. when there is an increased number of shareholders
in the company, the market capitalization of that company also increases automatically.
Disadvantages for Shareholders:
 The major drawback is that the share price of the company issuing scrip dividend is
dependent on the movement of the economy i.e. the profitability of the company etc. and
therefore the risk exposure of the shareholder increases where they might incur losses
instead of profits.
 Another disadvantage here is that the shareholders might face the requirement of cash
later and it is a time-consuming process for the shareholders to convert the scrip dividend
shares into the cash.

 The shareholders might have to pay additional taxes on the dividend amount that they
receive and this tax amount is not covered up under the scrip dividend that the company
is issuing.
Disadvantages for Company:
 The major disadvantages for the company going for scrip dividend is that they can earn
losses as well and if their stock does not perform as well as they expected it too, then the
loss that they might suffer double up (Ayodele, 2019).
 Although, the scrip dividend option appears to be much more attractive than the option of
cash dividend yet the time and cost that is required is much more and therefore it might
not be the best option for the company since the cost overall increases.
Hence, the various advantages and disadvantages inherent to scrip dividend were evaluated for
the companies as well as their shareholders.
QUESTION 3: Investment Appraisal Techniques
Investment Appraisal Techniques is very useful in assessing the viability of the project
and portfolio which in turn is considered to be necessary for better decision making related to the
particular investment (Mayer and Schultmann, 2017). Investment Appraisal Techniques is useful
in evaluating the returns on the particular long term investment. It helps in selecting the
appropriate investment plan by analysing and predicting the results on the investment.
Investment Appraisal Techniques is important because it helps in maximization of the wealth of
the shareholders.
a.) Calculations
1. Payback Period
Formula of Payback period: Investment/ Cash Flows.
Initial Investment = £275000
Cash Flow = Inflow- outflow
= £85000- £12500
= £72500
Hence, Payback period = £275000/ £72500
= 3.79 years.
Interpretation: From the above carried out study it has been examined that, the life span
of the machinery is expected to be 6 years. On the other hand, the initial investment on

machinery is £275000. The annual cash flow of the company is estimated to be £72500. The
amount invested by the Lovewell Limited on the machinery is expected to be recovered on the
period of 3.79 years. Hence, the company should invest in the machinery because it's going to
give profitable returns in the future.
2. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
Formula of ARR: (Average of the Net profits/ Average Investments) * 100
Calculation of ARR:
(£33541.67/ £275000) * 100
= 12.19%
* WN 1: Computation of Depreciation every year:
Depreciation = (Cost of Investment - Salvage Value)/ Life of Investment
Depreciation = £233750/ 6
= £33958.33
Interpretation: From the above carried out study it has been examined that, the average
rate of return is expected to be 12.19%. Lovewell Limited company will take around 6 years in
order to receive the return of 12.19% on investment. The higher return on investment results in
higher generation of profits for the company in the mere future (Zhao, Xu and Jia, 2018).
3. Net Present Value
Formula of NPV: Discounted Cash Flow – Initial Investment

Net Present Value= £297828 – £275000
= £22828
Interpretation: From the above carried out study it has been examined that, the NPV is
estimated to be £22828. This in turn states that, the NPV is positive which in turn states that, the
investment made is worthwhile and it is going to effective returns in the future (Abor, 2017). The
discounting rates are also lower, which in turn demonstrates that, the project is going to better
and also results in higher NPV.
4. Internal Rate of Return
Formula of IRR: Lower Discounted Rate + NPV at a lower discounting rate/ (NPV at the lower
discounting rate- NPV at higher discounting rate) * (Higher Discount rate – Lower discount rate)
*Working Note 2: Calculations of NPV
NPV at a lower interest rate i.e. @ 12%

NPV= £297828 – £275000
= £22828
NPV at a higher interest rate i.e. @18%
NPV= £253576- £275000
= -£21424
Interpretation: From the above carried out study it has been examined that, the IRR is
estimated to be 15.07%. It has been evaluated that, the higher IRR of the project means higher
generation of cash and revenue into the company. It tends to add high degree of value to the
company in a long term.
b.) Critically evaluating the advantages and limitations of various investment appraisal
techniques.
The Payback Period
This investment accounting technique helps in recouping the funds which has been
expended in the particular investment project (Zativita and Chumaidiyah, 2019, May). Payback
period is the length of time which has been required in order to recover the cost on the particular
investment. Shorter pay back period is considered to be the most attractive investment plan. This
means the company will take short duration of time to recover the amount invested on the

particular project. On the other hand, longer pay back period is considered to be less attractive
investment plan.
Advantages of Payback Period
It is considered to be one of the most easy and simple way to compare several investment
projects and make necessary decision. It is considered to be one of the effective investment
appraisal technique which is useful in assessing the risk on particular investment project.
Limitations of Payback Period
One of the key disadvantage of the payback period is that, it tends to ignore the time
value of the money (Wijesuriya and et.al., 2017). It also tends to ignore the cash inflows after the
payback period and the profitability of the specific project. It also does not consider ROI on the
project.
The Accounting Rate of Return
This is the percentage return which is useful in measuring the anticipated profitability of
the investment project. It enables investors to effectively analyse the viability of the project by
analysing the risk involved in specific investment project.
Advantages of ARR
One of the key advantage of the ARR is that, it is useful in measuring the current
performance of the particular project (Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Method | Advantages |
Disadvantages, 2020). It is a very easy approach and it also tends to consider total savings over
the economic life of the project.
Limitations of ARR
This method does not take into consideration increased risk and variability of the
prolonged project. This technique is not considered to be ideal for comparing two different
projects because of the variation in the variable and various other non- financial and time factors.
The major disadvantage is that, it tends to ignore the time value of the money.
Net Present Value
It is an effective procedure which helps in analysing the profit of a particular project
(Temizel and et.al., 2018, March). Positive NPV results in higher generation of cash inflows
within the company which leads to higher profitability. On the contrary, lower NPV states that,
project is not beneficial. NPV is considered to be an effective tool which is very useful in
maximizing the wealth by showing greater return on the investment.

Advantages of NPV
One of the key benefit of the NPV is that, it tends to take into consideration time value of
money which in turn results in better decision making by the management of the company. This
method tends to take into account the discounting rate factor. It is considered to be one of the
useful technique to compare the returns of different project.
Limitations of NPV
One of the key limitation by the NPV is that it does not take into consideration the
various hidden cost of the company (Fan and Xia, 2017). This in turn hampers the accuracy of
the results. This method is not appropriate in finding the number of the years in order to recoup
the appropriate amount of the project.
Internal Rate of Return
It is considered to be a discount rate which in turn helps in making the NPV of the
specific project zero. This method is useful in cutting down cost and increasing revenue. The
investment project which tends to have higher IRR in turn is selected. Suppose, if the IRR of the
project us higher than the rate of return of the company then the project is considered to be
desirable and vice versa.
Advantages of IRR
This method is useful to rank and compare the various projects which in turn is based on
the projected yield. It is very useful in assessing the profitability of the particular investment
project. IRR is considered to be very useful in comparing various investment project. It is very
simple to calculate IRR and attain desired results.
Limitations of IRR
IRR tends to ignore economies of scale and in turn also ignores the contingent project at
the time of calculation of IRR. Making impractical implicit assumptions at the time of
calculating IRR is considered to be one of its disadvantage (Gorshkov and et.al., 2018). It also
does not take into consideration factors like future cost, project duration and also size of the
project.
CONCLUSION
From the above carried out study it has been concluded that, Financial management is
useful in taking business decision and also helps in promoting the growth of the business
enterprise. Scrip Dividend is an approach which tends to give option to the shareholders to select

cash dividend or the additional shares of the company. This is beneficial for shareholders
because it in turn increases the investment of investors within company. On the other hand, the
major advantage of scrip dividend to the company is to retain funds within the organization.
Furthermore, it has been summarized that, Investment Appraisal Techniques helps in selecting
the appropriate investment plan by analysing and predicting the results. This study examines the
advantages and limitation of various investment appraisal techniques like Payback period, NPV,
IRR and ARR.

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