Financial Management: Techniques, Stakeholder Management, Management Accounting, Fraud Detection, Ethical Decision Making

This document provides an overview of financial management, including techniques, stakeholder management, management accounting, fraud detection, and ethical decision making. It covers topics such as effective decision making, conflicting objectives of stakeholders, controlling costs, maximizing shareholder value, fraud detection techniques, and approaches to ethical decision making. The document also includes a reflection on the learning process.

Financial
Management

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
Section A.........................................................................................................................................1
1. Evaluate the range of techniques, approaches and factors which contribute in effective
decision making...........................................................................................................................1
2. Stakeholder management and conflicting objectives of different stakeholders group............2
3. Value of management accounting techniques in controlling cost and maximising
shareholders value.......................................................................................................................3
4. Fraud detection technique and approaches to ethical decisions making.................................4
5. Reflection on the basis of your learning..................................................................................5
Section B..........................................................................................................................................5
1. Evaluate that how data obtaining help to inform operational and strategic decisions.............5
2. Compare and contrast three investment appraisal techniques and evaluate its effectiveness. 8
3. Evaluate the values of techniques which helps in financial decision making process..........10
4. Analyse how financial decision making support long term sustainability............................11
5. Recommendations..................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Financial management aims to understand the company's overall financial responsibility
which causes trouble being planned for financial purposes. Financial analysis is an integral part
of the particular business which leads to the growth of a company. Data on the accounts helps
companies to determine the profitability (Abrahamsen And et.al., 2018). For the better
understanding of this concept, Tesco Plc is selected. Section A is derived from various topics,
such as approaches, techniques or aspects to financial management that leads to successful
decision making processes. It also covers stakeholder involvement, management shareholder
conflict, financial management value, etc. Furthermore, this section discusses the various forms
of theft, ethics in decision-making processes or the expression of this principle that the author
has learned. Section B of this study covers the value of the business with the assistance of
investment appraisal strategies, financial ratios and how strategies assist in financial decision-
making. It also addresses how financial judgment promotes stability in the long run along with
several suggestions.
MAIN BODY
Section A
1. Evaluate the range of techniques, approaches and factors which contribute in effective
decision making
Approaches:
 Make or buy decision: The decision to make or buy is the part of creating a rational choice
between designing an object directly (in-house) or purchasing it commercially (to an outside
distributor). The purchases side of the judgment is also called outsourcing. Make-or - buy
options typically occur when a business that has produced a unit of product or drastically
updated a product or component has issues with existing vendors, or has lost capability or
increased demand.
 Formal and information approach: It is used to generate a credible plan for the firm's
decision-making process. This approach eliminates the unbiased decision and gave
justification of the reasons make appropriate decisions. This helps in increasing the
opportunity to pick approaches that satisfy the power of different stakeholder as per
their needs. There are logical viable alternatives which eliminate waste of the tasks involved.
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The approach allows for a more urgent re-evaluation of the partners' circumstances,
priorities or aim changes. It allows Tesco Plc to consider making more business decisions in
every respect.
Techniques:
 T-Chart: This diagram is designed to display the options with maximum and minimum
points. That means both negative and positive aspects are taken into account when choosing
critical decisions
 Decision Matrix: Management teams should assess the strategy at the time of requirement.
Within this matrix, all of the possibilities are placed first in the bar counter, and the things
that influenced the first segment decisions (Agrawal, 2018). This includes ranking and
weighing parameters based on their relevance and picking the very best options.
Factors Contributes in effective decision making:
 Social factors: Tesco Plc interactions with newly formed companies, trustworthy alliance
with the customer and their company have a full effect on the product lifecycle in the
enterprise. To develop public confidence with managers is essential to take publicly
supportive acts. Social factors must acknowledge preserving the interests of the public at the
course of creating strategic decisions to optimize their participation.
 Financial factors: The formation of a strategic move refers to the financial resources of a
organization. The capital and the long term opportunity to make assumptions on their
investment of these construction cost is therefore easy to transport out. Tesco’s management
determine certain financial considerations that influence decision-making processes and then
further impact both economic advantage and performance. That process relates to effective
decision-making for managers.
2. Stakeholder management and conflicting objectives of different stakeholders group
Stakeholders are those people who can significantly affect or influence a strategy. They
may also involve people who have a particular interest in social, intellectual, or political
objectives in the project, although it does not specifically affect them personally and their family,
friends and colleagues (BLŠTÁKOVÁ And et.al., 2019). By general, owners tend to be paying
interest in a campaign or collective of activists on how it will influence or harm them. The
further they go on profiting from it, or ending up having lost it, and the likelihood of everyone’s
interest. The bigger the effort or group they are participating in, the increasing their purpose as
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well. Stakeholders' high interest puts more suggestions on the negotiation table, includes
different perspectives, moral boost and also strengthens their organizational position.
Conflicts in the organization affect two different parties but also the participants are
actively involved in coercion, victimization, and escape. But once two parties are engaged in
conflicts that includes transaction as both parties. Both users decide what happens, each effect
others and it is influenced by the other, almost often including a third party to cause a negative
triangle. It appears to enhance the pressure and make things worse. Tesco Plc's managers tackle
the dispute between management and creditors by using Agency Concept. In addition, there are
also some other disputes between management with interested parties, such as conflicts among
receivables and payables parties.
3. Value of management accounting techniques in controlling cost and maximising shareholders
value
Management accounting must be used for short term as well as for long-term decisions
in regards to the financial performance of a company (Chand, 2019). Tesco Plc's financial
managers are assisted by management accounting to develop a strategic plan which focuses on
helping to improve the organization’s operational profitability while still helping to make
potential investment choices. Efficiency forecasting, management and monitoring are a key
function of accounting treatment to ensure that the total results are consistent with the earnings
and expenses identified at the beginning.
The role of management accounting professionals is to concentrate on delivering crucial
perspectives that help a company’s senior management to make all of its decisions. Management
accounting support decision-making processes within a firm by providing data for financial
reporting purpose, which is often endorsed by appropriate accounting system. Accountant's play
multiple roles, such as providing product review, marketing plan, recruitment and retention,
organizational program evaluation, funds and resources etc. Such roles help the Tesco Plc’s
accountants to attain their corporate objectives & goals. It helps the managers to maximise the
value of shareholders as well as helps in controlling cost to increase the profit margin.
Tesco's Finance Managers are the representatives of the company and their job is to look
after shareholder’s interests. The goal of a certain shareholder or investor would be a good rate
on the capital of all, and the security of all the capital. Each one of these targets is quite well
suited as a pure wealth maximization indicator of business decision. There are so many forms of
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capital budgeting that are used by Tesco's financial team to optimize shareholder equity such as
present value, accounting rate of return, payback time etc.
Management accountants continue pursuing the shareholders maximizing profit goal which
might represent on the organization's communication with shareholders and the resulting
decision-making behaviour (Famulska and Rogowska-Rajda, 2018). Management Accountant
carries out a variety of roles to make sure monetary sustainability by administering all of firm’s
financial aspects. It enables the business to force forward its plans and practices. The executive
branch Accountant ensures that all processes and operational activities are effectively carried out
after keeping the costs under control or maximise shareholders wealth.
Profitable business tends to make the use financial reporting to reduce fraud and the
morally wrong problems generated within the Tesco Plc. Management system tries to find fair
tools and approaches. It will provide an accrual accounting which focused to controlling
investment asset-related tasks and making intelligent business decisions on numerous economic
consequences. People use distinct forms of financial strategies which were employed by Tesco
Plc Business to reduce running costs. Cost management approach is managerial accounting
technique which used to mitigate manufacturing costs and optimize profit margin.
4. Fraud detection technique and approaches to ethical decisions making
Several methodologies are often used to track or avoid the fraud. Build a portfolio of
potential fraud that often involves risk management, identifying the areas where fraud is
probable to appear in the company, and the potential types of fraud within the operations. Then
assess the risk which also based on the firm's total accessibility. Focused on risk, those are very
likely to decrease value for shareholders. Systems influencing the several aspects such
as extended supply chain, reliability, efficiency, product quality and operations.
Strengthen payment regulations over time, and using regular inspection and review to
check the efficacy of compliance (Finkler, Smith and Calabrese, 2018). Repeated or unwilling to
compromise is the appraisals of fraud prevention which involve implementing scripts to run to
enormous amounts of information to recognize the abnormalities that occur in the process. This
method would substantially enhance the general effectiveness, safety and precision of the
detecting fraud processes. That wasn't the only processes, there was much more to identify fraud.
Ethics:
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Ethics is a collection of standard values which influence how a person makes choices and
how they enjoy their lives. Ethics must consider what is right for culture and people, as well as
ideology. Ethical decision making refers to the process by which alternatives are decided and
evaluated in a manner that complies with ethical principles. The detection and elimination of
unethical options in ethical decision-making is critical and the selection of the correct moral
option. Ethical decision-making demands commitment, understanding and skill.
There are so many ethical decision-making techniques such as right or equality approach,
humanistic approach, general welfare or virtual approach. Using such strategies, the managers
are able to take ethical action with regards to the organization. This also allows demand be
created by stakeholders (Hilkens, Reid, Klerkx and Gray, 2018). Tesco Plc will adopt a practical
approach for successful decision-making by assessing action which is based on its intended
outcome. Before making final judgments, it is essential to consider the benefits and
disadvantages. This technique aims to achieve the greatest profit to the highest number although
the least level of damage or trying to avoid the biggest suffering is actually occurring at the very
same advancements.
5. Reflection on the basis of your learning
Multiple learning’s have been included at the time evaluating my performances while
completing this report. During this research, I encountered many challenges but still learned to
understand how to tackle several issues. The crucial problem I encountered during this task is
that process of researching data on the specific topics and other activities. I used browsers to find
useful data but there are still a number of choices that have made it more complicated. That is
because the time needed to finish the project was too restricted. I also found it on top problem, as
well as a shortage in websites providing appropriate or reliable information.
Section B
1. Evaluate that how data obtaining help to inform operational and strategic decisions
It has revealed that managers generally work to complete their daily operations.
Management teams will have all the information on the company's overall greatest recent
discount rate (Jayaprawira, 2019). It is not as simple as anything more profitable or cost-effective
operations. Knowledge acquisition is often a large exercise which can have a significant impact
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on firms over the period. There is a great deal of structural data that managers regularly collect.
All the applicable decision-making relies on the organisation's aspect and position (Khitrin and
Pachkova, 2016). This endorses managers and many other people who relate their routine
decision for the requirement of information which further helps in taking managerial or strategic
decisions. Using Tesco's financial report is important for assessing their current position. The
below is the corporate combination analysis using data from the organization's annual statements
that will aid Tesco Plc in taking strategic and operational decisions. Calculation of ratios
mentioned below:
Ratio analysis: It is one of the essential tools which followed by the organisation in order
to evaluate the organizational performance in terms of profitability, liquidity, efficiency etc.
Below mention calculation based on financial information of Tesco Plc, which are as follow:
Net profit margin: That is the after-tax profit to net revenue ratio. It shows the residual
benefit after all manufacturing, management, and funding costs have been removed from revenue
and accepted income taxes. It is often used for contrasting a company's performance with its
rivals.
2019 2020
Net Profit £ 30,000 £ 45,000
Revenues £ 650,000 £ 700,000
Net Profit Margin (%) 4.62 6.43
Calculation of net income margin rises from 2019 to 2020. The net profit margin ratio
rises from 4.62 per cent to 6.42 per cent, which indicates the growth of the company.
Gross profit margin: It measures the result of the production and sales of an enterprise.
This ratio is decided to make by taking into account the cost of the goods sold which includes all
the costs generated for producing or delivering their service or product and their total revenue.
2019 2020
Gross Profit £ 250,000 £ 280,000
Revenues £ 650,000 £ 700,000
Gross Profit Margin (%) 38.46 40
It was observed from table that the gross profit ratio increased from 38.46 per cent in
2019 to 40% in 2020. It indicates increases in Tesco sales, maximizing the gross profit.
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Current ratio: This is a liquidity ratio which measures the ability of a firm to pay short-
term or due liabilities in one year (Kopylov and et.al., 2020) (Madura, 2020). It allows investors
to understand how a firm can significantly increase its cash holding assets to meet its current
debt obligations.
2019 2020
Current assets £ 155,000 £ 165,000
Current liabilities £ 80,000 £ 75,000
Current ratio (times) 1.94 2.20
The table above means that the company's current ratio in 2019 was 1.94 times and that
in 2020 is 2.20 which are far more in favour of the ideal ratio of 2:1. In both circumstances
Tesco's liquidity was sufficient to repay its obligations.
Quick Ratio: It is an indication of the short-term liquidity situation of a firm, which tests
the ability of the firm with the most available assets to fulfil the short-term obligations. An acid
test is a fast procedure intended to yield immediate results.
2019 2020
Quick assets £ 65,000 £ 75,000
Current liabilities £ 80,000 £ 75,000
Quick ratio 0.81 1
From the above calculation, it has been interpreted that in 2019, quick ratio of Tesco was
0.81 that is quite enough and in 2020 it is one that match with the ideal ratio. It indicates that,
company has sufficient resources to fulfil their short term obligations.
Debt to equity ratio: This measure is used to determine the financial efficiency of an
undertaking (Nguyen And et.al., 2018). A significant measurement used in investment banking is
the D / E ratio. It is a calculation of the extent to which a test finances its activities by debt versus
fully owned assets.
2019 2020
Total liabilities £ 165,000 £ 155,000
Total Assets £ 600,000 £ 640,000
Debt ratio 0.28 0.24
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It has been observed that, debt ratio in 2020 is 0.24 and in 2019 it was 0.28 which shows
the decline around 0.04. Manager’s of Tesco Plc need to improve their operational strategy
which further helps in improving their efficiency.
2. Compare and contrast three investment appraisal techniques and evaluate its effectiveness
Payback Period: It is the essential strategy that shows recovery period through an initial
investment of a specific project. High the recovery period rejected and lower period is more
profitable as well as beneficial for the organization. Its formula and calculations are as follow:
Initial Investment: £ 100,000
Year Cash flow Cumulative cash flow
Year 1 £ 30,000 £ 30,000
Year 2 £ 40,000 £ 70,000
Year 3 £ 90,000 £ 160,000
Year 4 £ 120,000 £ 280,000
Year 5 £ 150,000 £ 430,000
Formula:
Payback period= Year before full recovery + amount remained to be recover/ next year cash flow
= 2 + 30,000/90,000
= 2.33 years
Above calculation shows that, Tesco should adopt this project because it has low
recovery period that is 2.33 years.
Net Present Value (NPV): It is one of most usable method that illustrates the advantages
of the existing values in a given project or program (Njenga and Jagongo, 2019). This measure
will receive the benefits from such a capital expenditure the different equity gains that the
business gains.
Discount rate = 10%
Initial Investment = 100,000
Year Cash flow PV factor Discounted cash flow
1 £ 30,000 0.909 27,270
2 £ 40,000 0.826 33,040
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3 £ 90,000 0.751 67,590
4 £ 120,000 0.683 81,960
5 £ 150,000 0.621 93,150
303,010
NPV= Discounted cash flow-investment
= 303,010 - 100,000
= 203,010
Managers of Tesco should select this project because it value of NPV is positive and it
indicate that project is beneficial as well as profitable for the organizations.
Accounting rate of Return (ARR): This method is used for the accurate viability of a
project. It means the total cash flow of a project is significantly related, and net expenditure is
produced in any budget (Okanazu, 2018). This approach assists in evaluating future investment
or activity returns. To measure the expected net income, the procedure is simplified; all cash
flows are used and separated by time of the firm. The initial investment cost is divided
with original and expenditures. Further calculation mentioned below:
Formula:
ARR = Average net income / Initial investment * 100
Calculation of net income:
Formula:
Net Income = Net cash inflow – depreciation
Depreciation = Initial investment / life of project
Calculation of depreciation:
= 100,000 / 5
= 20,000
Net cash flow:
Year Cash flow (A) Depreciation (B) Net cash flow (A-B)
1 £ 30,000 £ 20,000 £ 10,000
2 £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 20,000
3 £ 90,000 £ 20,000 £ 70,000
4 £ 120,000 £ 20,000 £ 100,000
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5 £ 150,000 £ 20,000 £ 130,000
£ 330,000
Average net income:
Year Net cash flow (A-B)
1 £ 10,000
2 £ 20,000
3 £ 70,000
4 £ 100,000
5 £ 130,000
Total £ 330,000
Average net income = 330,000 / 5
= 66,000
So,
ARR = 66,000 / 100,000 * 100
= 66%
The value of Accounting Rate of Return is of 66% which indicates that project is beneficial
for Tesco plc.
3. Evaluate the values of techniques which helps in financial decision making process
There are several values of techniques which help the managers of Tesco in the financial
decision making process. Some of them are as follow:
Determining profit: financial management techniques typically involve in cash flow,
break-even analysis, procedures for capital budgeting, etc. These strategies allow businesses to
predict potential earnings from sales. Through this, Tesco plc company's managers can calculate
their original profit margin portion.
Helps in setting long term goals: These strategies enable managers to evaluate long-term
corporate goals as management teams make a decision on their development objectives by
evaluating their needed to maximize and cash income over a specified period of time.
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Support in policy making: Managers use break-even-analysis to devise policies for the
cash flow impact. Companies are using other administrative investment methods to determine
their company results over a given amount of time (Suprayitno and Soemitro, 2018). Proposals
to gain market share after financial information that managers required for evaluation.
Assessment of capital structure: Decisions must be based on an organization's financial
capital position. These resources help us appreciate a business financial structure. Cost of capital
assists the firm's division in assessing the company's cost structure and cash flows. Managers at
Tesco should have used that approach to determine their capital structure. This also lets
companies to identify whether they should dedicate money and services to various functions or
not.
Maintenance of financial activities: An analysis of cash balance which is used to identify
net profit and cash equivalents for a specified timeframe. Analysis of the cash flow used to
identify the excess funds and to generate equity. Tesco management can use optimization
mechanism to monitor the trash-cash outflow systems.
Profit distribution decisions: Management accounting techniques would include market
conditions and ratios. This method helps in determining the overall company's performance for
shareholders. Such instruments are also beneficial when determining production level at a
particular time. Tesco managers use cash management techniques to decide on paying and
compensating their responsible buyers for the distributions.
4. Analyse how financial decision making support long term sustainability
Business decision making is the process of attempting to make critical financial decisions
about the overall growth of the organisation. The technical skills of top management concentrate
on the knowledge and experience of attempting to produce a financing plan that will helps
to boost the possible future performance of the business (Zietlow, Hankin, Seidner and O'Brien,
2018). The financial decision has been used to guarantee the long term sustainable growth of the
organization. Executives take decisions about the money, acquisition, financial statements, stock
exchange regulation, inventory management decisions and operational obligation of their
company. The primary responsibility of a required to work business is to secure its competitive
advantage in the market for a longer period.
If a Tesco Plc has an effective corporate culture and sound financial planning, it will
continue to succeed in competitive markets for a long time. If businesses make misguided
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acquisitions or new technologies, they cannot succeed in the international market. The credibility
of a organization depends on how effectively its managers make spending decisions about their
business operations. This entails a solid business image and protection against rivals. Tesco take
strategic actions using effective methods that can track the company's employees. Tesco's
management wants to ensure an optimized organizational strategy which boosts their
competitiveness and gives them competitive advantages in maintaining the profitability of their
company as well as long term sustainability.
5. Recommendations
Most of the organisations should not actually follow management accounting methods
that provide knowledge for effective decision-making process. It can have an adverse influence
on organisation’s success. This is also because appropriately gathering knowledge is important
for improved corporate efficiency and this can be achieved with the aid of strategy formulation.
Accordingly, businesses must use these accounting methods to take effective steps.
Tesco's supervisors will follow that accounting approach. It is also suggested that managers
should identify commonly affected success measures that will drive forward political and
economic goals.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it has been concluded that financial management is essential
source of managing business resources. There seem to be a variety of techniques, approaches
and factors which required considering at the time of making financial decsions. In addition to
assessing shareholders’ value, business owners like evaluating the company's financial
performance which are indeed important. The next section of this research focuses on different
corporate planning that can be useful in making critical decisions. There are indeed a number of
methods like financial ratios, procedures for investment assessment and many more. The Net
Present Value, payback period and ARR incidents are explained on behalf of the company. The
next part of this study acknowledges the role of the financial approaches in long term decision-
making process. The final section of the report provides recommendations on the application of
accounting techniques in management for organisations.
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