Management Accounting Concepts and Practices

This assignment delves into the core principles and contemporary applications of management accounting. It examines traditional concepts like cost accounting and budgeting alongside emerging areas such as sustainability reporting and earnings management. Students are tasked with critically analyzing various theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence related to management accounting change, drawing upon a comprehensive list of scholarly sources.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND
ACCOUNTING

Table of Contents
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING.................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
11.1 Legal and regulatory influences on the financial statements and dealt with accounting
and reporting standard.................................................................................................................1
21.2 Implications of legal and regulatory measures on the users using financial statements and
how information needs of the users vary....................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
11) Calculation of Cost of production ........................................................................................3
22) Performance indicators to identify the potential improvements..........................................6
3A) Income statements for the year ended.................................................................................6
4B) Comprehensive income statements......................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
1Consolidated and summarized statement of comprehensive income financial position
statements for X parent company................................................................................................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
1A] Calculation of ratios for the year ended on 30/9/2013.......................................................10
2b) Interpretation of the ratios computed for the year 2013.....................................................11
3C] Memorandum report advising the management of the company.......................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Financial management is the process that is highly concern with summarizing, recording
and analysing all the accounting transactions in order to examine the accurate picture of
organisation (Barton and Simko, 2002). By using data extracted from the above processes,
financial statements are prepared by the company and same are communicated to the general
public. In the present project report, influence of legal and regulatory factors on financial
statements is explained. Along with this, implication of these legal and regulatory factors on
financial statements will also be depicted. Further, cost of production report has prepared for
Howorth and some of the suggestions has been given to the company with an aim to minimize
the costs as well as enhance the value and quality. Apart from this, consolidated income and
financial position statements have been prepared. Besides this, financial ratios of Ager ltd. for
the year 2012 and 2013 have been computed and the same have been compared.
TASK 1
11.1 Legal and regulatory influences on the financial statements and dealt with accounting and
reporting standard
Companies act 2006: This act was established by the parliament of UK which includes
the primary sources of Company law. This act handles the working of all the companies. This
act includes 1300 sections covered in 700 pages and includes 16 schedules. Further, it was
finally came into existence on 1st October 2009 (Bromwich and Bhimani, 2005). This act
includes various provisions related to the duties and responsibilities of directors. Companies act,
2006 also includes various provisions related to the public and private companies.
As per this law, every organisation is required to maintain a complete record of all its
assets, liabilities, income, expenses, sales and inventories. In addition to this, they are required to
combine the subsidiaries account and then, publish all these statements for the general public. If,
company is not able to do this then as per the section 386, officer is liable to be punished and
imprisoned. Section 388 says that every organisation is required to keep the complete record of
all the transactions so that they can be checked anytime by the inspected officer. Section 386
says that it is mandatory for all the companies to prepare balance sheet and income statements
which tell about the profit and loss of business.

International accounting standards: This is one of the oldest set of standards which states
a particular types of transactions that influence the financial statements. These standards were
issued by the International Board of Accounting and Standard Committee (IASC). In the year
2001, new and more advanced standards were set which were known as International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS). This act includes various clauses about transcription the assets,
liabilities, inventories, earning per share, dividend per share, foreign exchange rate, expenditure,
income, joint ventures, staff benefits, lease contract, intangible assets, fixed assets, investment
and many more things (Burns and Scapens, 2000).
International financial and reporting standards (IFRS): These standards are set to
understand and compare the financial statements of all the companies across the geographical
boundaries. Increase in international shareholding and trade is one of the main causes for the
establishment of these standards. IFRS is successfully replacing the national accounting
standards of various countries. The main motive of IFRS is to furnish all the information related
to assets, liabilities, revenue, income, profit & loss and so on. Set up of these standards provide
assistance to the company to make the international transaction easily (Burns and Vaivio, 2001).
Some of the basis characteristics of IFRS include going concern concept, offsetting, consistency,
fair presentation, reporting frequency and accrual accounting basis. IFRS also requires that every
organisation should prepare the cash flow statements, income statements, balance sheet,
statements related to equity, retained earnings etc.
21.2 Implications of legal and regulatory measures on the users using financial statements and
how information needs of the users vary.
There are different types of users of the financial statements of company. Some of them are
internally present and some are the external users. Internal users include directors, employees
and owners while external users include creditors, suppliers, investors, government, competitor
and many more. These all users require different types of financial information.
Internal users
Directors: Directors are the ones who form various strategies with an aim to operate the
organisational activities in an effective manner, which in turn will help company to achieve its
desired objectives. They use financial statements to examine the financial performance and
position of company. On the basis of income statements, they try to analysis in detail about the
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income and expenditure made by the company and then, make policies accordingly in order to
reduce the cost (Burritt and Schaltegger, 2010).
Employees: They are the important resources of company. They provide various services
to the customers of company. Their main motive is to get the job security, bonus, performance
appraisals, fair salary and various non-monetary rewards. In lieu of which they prefer to see the
probability statement of company in order to get better earning as per the business profit.
Increase in probability level indicates that company is growing and there are the chances of
increasing salary in the next financial year.
External users
Investors: They are the one who invest their saving in the company with an aim to earn
more return on their investment. They want that company should generate more and more profit
and should increase the market value of shares. In lieu of which they see the financial statements
of business. Existing investors examine the business profit to conclude the return earned by
them. However, existing shareholders use financial statements published by the company.
Government: Government wants information about the profit and loss generated by
company and the growth rate it in various sectors. They use financial statements of the
organization in order to calculate the amount of tax needed to be paid by them (Dechow and
Skinner, 2000). Various government authorities ascertain the firm’s tax debts and then compare
the same with the tax paid. Government provides resources to the company to develop better
policies for the economic growth.
TASK 2
PART A
11) Calculation of Cost of production
Particulars Materials Conversion
Completed and transferred 4800 4800 4800
Work in process, on 31st May 400
Materials completed (40%) 160
Conversion completed (50%) 100
5200 4960 4900
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Table 1: cost of production
Particulars Materials Conversion Total Cost
Work in process, 1st May £ 9,600 £ 5,575 £15,175
Cost of production added on May £368,600 £350,900 £719,500
Total cost £378,200 £356,475 £734,675
Equivalent units 4,960 4,900
Cost per equivalent unit £76.25
(378.200/4,960)
£ 72.75
(356,475/4,900)
£149
(76.25 + 72,75)
Particulars Materials Conversion Total
Total Cost
Transferred out during May 4,800 4,800
£715,200
(4800 x £149)
Work in process, 31st May
Materials (400 x 40%) 160 £12,200
(160 x £76.25)
Conversion (400 x 25%) 100 £7,275
(100 x 72.75)
Total work in process, 31st May 19,475
Total cost accounted for £734,675
Table 2: total cost of accounting
Working Note:
4

WORKING NOTE 1
Work in progress at end (units)
Work in progress at beginning @ May 1 =200
Add: Production started during May 5,000
Total Production in May 5,200
Less: Production completed in May 4,800
Work in progress at end 400
WORKING NOTE 2
Cost per Equivalent units Total Material Conversion
Total cost (step two) A £734,675 £378,200 £356,475
Equivalent Units B 4,960 4,900
Cost per equivalent unit A/B £149.00 £76.25 £72.75
WORKING NOTE 3
Equivalent Units (at end) Total Material Conversion
400 - -
Material(40% complete) 400*40% 160 -
Conversion(25%complete) 400*25% - 100
Total unit 160 100
WORKING NOTE (WN)4
Total Equivalent unit costs Material Conversion
Cost per unit multiply by equivalent units
Material (£76.25*160) WN 2*WN 3 £12,200 -
Conversion(£72.75*100) WN 2*WN 3 - £7,275
WORKING NOTE 5
Total Cost Accounted:
Effective units Materials Conversion Effective rate P/U Total cost
£ £
4,800 4,800 4,800 149.00 715,200
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- 160 - 76.25 12,200
- - 100 72.75 7,275
Total 4,960 4,900 734,675
On the basis of the above calculation it can be concluded that cost of production of
Howorth Ltd. for material and conversion work in progress is 70% and 45% respectively which
has been completed in the month of May. Besides this Howorth expected to produce 5000 units
at the start of the month but was only able to produce 4800 units. Therefore, cost of 200 units
that are not produced during the month will not be included. Which in turn obtain the total cost
of £734,675.
22) Performance indicators to identify the potential improvements.
It is very important for the company to assess its financial performance on a regular basis
in order to examine whether the company is operating its business in an effective manner or not
(Ewert and Wagenhofer, 2005). Therefore, it can be said that use of this tool is very important for
analysing the financial position of the company and then develop the various strategies with an
aim to achieve the financial goals and objectives of the company. Some of the performance
indicators that can be used by manufacturing unit are:-
Quality: - This is one of the most beneficial performance indicators for the companies
who want to produce the quality goods and services. The performance of the whole organisation
can be measured according to the quality offered by them to different users.
Production time: - It is used by the company to examine the time period that is required
to manufacture a finished goods. The main motto of using this indicator is that company can
easily monitor the procedure and is able to ensure that the work has been completed in an
effective and efficient manner or not.
Output: - It is another important performance indicators that is used by the company to
achieve its set target. By using this indicators company can calculate the difference between
actual and budgeted level of output (Hansen, Mowen and Guan, 2007). And if any drawbacks
has been found than in that case they can easily be resolved.
PART B
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3A) Income statements for the year ended.
INCOME STATEMENT
Net operating profit 23740
less:- operating expenses
Administrative expenses 3030
Distribution expenses 3254
Dividend on preference share 200
ordinary dividend paid 1500
Interest paid on debenture 240
Add:- outstanding interest 240 480
Provision on tax 2600
Net operating expenses 11064
Net profit 12676
Table 3: Income statements
BALANCE SHEET
Amount
Liabilities
Ordinary shares 50000
4%preference shares 5000
Net profit 12676
Share premium 6000
Retained profit 17608
Long term liabilities
6%debenture 8000
Current liabilities
Trade payable 6503
bank overdraft 1847
Outstanding debenture 240
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Provision of tax 2600
Total liabilities 110474
Assets
fixed assets
Property 67000
Add:- profit on revaluation 8000 75000
Plant and equipment 27525
Total fixed assets 102525
Current assets
Trade receivable 4339
inventory 3610
Total Current assets 7949
total assets 110474
Table 4: Balance sheet
4B) Comprehensive income statements
COMPREHENSIVE INCIOME STATEMENT
Amount
Revenue 30000
less: Cost of sales 14260
Gross profit 15740
Add:- profit on revaluation 8000
Net operating profit 23740
less:- operating expenses
Administrative expenses 3030
Distribution expenses 3254
Dividend on preference share 200
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ordinary dividend paid 1500
Interest paid on debenture 240
Add:- outstanding interest 240 480
Provision on tax 2600
Net operating expenses 11064
Net profit 12676
Table 5: Comprehensive income statements
TASK 3
1Consolidated and summarized statement of comprehensive income financial position statements
for X parent company
Table 6: Consolidated balance sheet
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment 1910
Investment in Y Son LTD at cost 960
2870
Current assets
Sundry 2400
Current a/c with Y Son LTD 80
Cash 448
Closing inventory 180
3108
TOTAL ASSETS 5978
Equity and Reserves
Equity shares of £1 each 2600
Retained earnings 700
Add: Profit 468
9

3768
Current liabilities
Trade payables 2150
Current a/c with X Parent Plc 60
2210
TOTAL EQUITY AND RESERVES 5978
Table 7: Consolidated income statement
Revenue 1300
Cost of sales 632
Gross Profit 668
Other income - dividends received 50
Expenses 153
Dividend 10
Cheque 20
575
Finance cost 52
Profit before Taxation 523
Taxation 55
Profit for the year 46
TASK 4
PART A
1A] Calculation of ratios for the year ended on 30/9/2013
PART A
Current assets 219000
Current liabilities 140000
Current ratio current assets/current liability
1.56428571
43
10

Quick assets (CA –
stock) 121000
Current liabilities 140000
Acid test ratio Quick assets/current liabilities
0.86428571
43
Trade receivable 112000
Average credit sales 804000
number of days 365
Trade receivable days
trade receivable/average credit sales)*number
of days
50.8457711
443
Trade payable 71000
Average credit sales 804000
number of days 365
Trade payable days
trade payable/average credit sales)*number of
days
32.2325870
647
Average inventory 131000
Cost of goods sold 596000
number of days 365
inventory days Average inventory/COGS*365
80.2265100
671
Current ratio 1.6 : 1
Acid test ratio 1.2 : 1
Trade receivable days 42 days
Trade payable days 43 days
Inventory days 50 days
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2b) Interpretation of the ratios computed for the year 2013
Current ratio: - As per the above computation it can be interpreted that current assets of
the company is more as compared to its current liabilities. Current ratio is calculated to find out
the ability of the company to pay its short term and long term debts (Horngren and et.al, 2002).
This ratio is also known as working capital ratio. The current ratio is calculated by dividing
current assets and current liabilities of the company. Thus, current ratio for the year 2013 is
1.56:1.
Therefore, after comparing the current ratio of the Ager for the year 2012 and 2013, it can
be interpreted that financial performance of the company in year 2013 is much favourable as
compared to 2012. Because less current ratio indicates that company is having the high
capability of paying its debt as compared to 2012. It indicates that Ager is using more effectively
its current assets.
Acid Test ratio: - This ratio is used to highlight the liquidity and solvency of the
organisation. Most of the company considered it as a better version of current ratio. This ratio is
calculated by simply including the cash, account receivable and short term investment. After
which these all are divided from current liabilities. This ratio also assist the company to find out
the liquidity position of the company. Therefore, the acid ratio for 2013 is 0.86:1.
Thus, after comparing both the year ratio it can be concluded that Ager position to pay its
debt is much better in 2012 as compared to 2013. Because acid ratio in the year 2012 was 1.2:1
and in 2013 it was 0.86:1. The Ager capability to pay its expenses is better if its ratio is less than
at least 1. But in 2013 it is less than 1.
Trade receivable days: - This ratio is calculated by the company to measure the time of
days that are taken into consideration by the company to collect the income after the sales has
been made. This ratio can be calculated on monthly, quarterly and annual basis. This ratio is
calculated by dividing account receivable with that of credit sales (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015).
On the basis of the above ratio it is seen that Ager takes 51 days to collect revenue after sales.
However, after comparing the two year ratio of Ager it can be said that capability of
collecting revenue for sales of Ager is good in 2012 as compared to 2013. In year 2012 company
takes only 42days but in year 2013 it take 51 days.
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Trade payable days: - It indicates the time period that company takes to clear all its
outstanding payments. This show how effective the company is to meet out its short term
obligations.
On the basis of the above calculation it can be said that capability to pay its obligations
was better in 2013 as compared to 2012. In 2012 Ager takes 43 days to clear its short term debts
while in 2013 it only takes 32 days to clear all its debts.
Inventory days: - This ratio is calculated to find out the time period that it taken by the
company to sell out its inventories over a specific period of time (Lukka, 2007). The more
number of days indicates that company is able to generate more sales.
Moreover, it can be concluded that Ager has generate more sales in 2013 as compared to
2012. In 2013 they take 80 days to sell out its stock and in 2012 it simply takes 50 days.
Furthermore, at last it can be said that overall position of Ager was improved as
compared to 2013.
3C] Memorandum report advising the management of the company.
To
The director of Ager Ltd.
Date-4th March, 2016
According to the ratio analysis it can analyses that liquidity position of the company get
improved. The inventory is more with the company as compared to other current assets. Thus,
company should try to increase its current assets like marketable security, cash, and receivable
and so on. This in turn will improvement the financial doing of the company. Company
receivable time period has increased in 2013 as compared to 2012. Thus, make should make an
efforts to reduce this time period. Company should start preparing various budgets in order to
effectively manage all its operations which in turn will help him to achieve their desired target.
Company can also switch over to another opening of the current account in order to avoid the
excess payment of interest.
PART B
FORMULA
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dividend per share 7
market value per share 3.5
dividend yield ratio Dividend per ratio/MPS*100 200
Earnings per share 0.14
Dividend per share 7
Dividend cover EPS/DPS 0.02
net earning 70000
Number of shares 500000
earnings per share Net earnings/Number of shares 0.14
MPS 3.5
EPS 0.14
price earnings ratio 25
Usefulness of these ratio
Dividend yield: - This method is useful to the compare the stock of the company with that
of the entire market stock (Andor, Mohanty and Toth, 2011).
Dividend cover: - This ratio is useful to the find how sustainable a dividend is. If
dividend cover is less than 1.5 then it shows a danger of the dividend.
Earnings per share: - This is very useful tool that is used by the company to compare the
various companies that fall under the same industry (Petty and Guthrie, 2000).
Price earnings ratio: - This ratio is used to find out the value of the stock. The company
whose price ratio is zero or less than zero indicates that no profit has been generate by the
company.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above report it can be concluded that there are various legal and regulatory
acts and standards which are required to be followed by the every organisation at the time of
making transaction. Entry for each and every transaction made are mandatory to be recorded in
various accounts. Apart from this it has been concluded that there are various performance
indicators that can be used by the company to complete its production process in an effective
way. Besides it has also been interpreted that by calculating various financial and non-financial
ratios an organisation can be able to analyse its financial performance and positions.
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