Financial Management: Approaches, Techniques, and Decision Making

This document provides insights into financial management, including evaluation of different approaches and techniques for effective decision making, stakeholder management, value of management accounting techniques in cost control and maximizing shareholder value, techniques for fraud detection and prevention, and ethical decision making. It also discusses how financial data helps in strategic and operational decision making.

Financial Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
SCENARIO 1.............................................................................................................................3
1. Evaluation of different approaches and techniques and factors of effective decision
making....................................................................................................................................3
2. Stakeholder management and management of the conflicting objectives of the different
stakeholder group...................................................................................................................4
3. Value of management accounting techniques in cost control and for maximizing the
shareholder value...................................................................................................................4
4. Techniques for fraud detection and prevention and ethical decision making....................5
5. Reflection on understanding of the above techniques........................................................5
SCENARIO 2.............................................................................................................................6
Identifying how financial data helps company in taking decisions pertaining to strategic
and operational aspects..........................................................................................................6
Comparing and contrasting three investment appraisal tools along with their effectiveness
for decision making..............................................................................................................12
Demonstrating the value of different techniques for financial decision making.................16
Analyzing how financial decision making supports long term sustainability aspect...........18
Recommending solutions to the business unit for improving financial sustainability.........19
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Financial management may be served as a practice of managing funds in such a
manner that contributes in organizational goals and objectives. In the content of business unit,
manager undertakes and applies financial management principles so that optimum utilization
of financial resources can be ensured. This project is based on varied scenario which will
provide deeper insight about the factors which help business unit in decision making. Beside
this, it will shed light on the techniques that facilitate fraud detection and prevention to the
significant level. It also entails how ratio analysis tool helps in analyzing company’s financial
performance and position. Along with this, report will also develop understanding about the
extent to which varied techniques aid in effectual decision-making.
SCENARIO 1
1. Evaluation of different approaches and techniques and factors of effective decision making
It is very essential for all the business to have effective decision making in the organization
(Madura, 2020). Main reason behind the same is that effective decision making not only help
the company in improving the current position of the business also helps company in getting
ready for future activity. Some of the decision making approaches are as follows:
Autocratic Approach: In Autocratic Approach all the decisions are generally taken by
the different leader or head of the management team in the organization. Leader generally
used to not include any subordinate in the decision making.
Democratic Approach: This is the type of the decision making in the organization in
which leader used to take the different decision in the organization on the basis of consulting
with all the employee in organization.
Different technique of decision making:
Group Discussion: This is the technique in which senior management in the
organization used to seat with other senior management or employee in the organization to
make the variety of the different decision in the organization.
Financial analysis: It is another type of the technique in the organization in which
leader or senior management in the organization used to analysis different financial document
of the company to make different decision in an organization.

Generally organization also used to make the decision in the organization in regarding of
make or buy concept. For example: A automobile company XYZ is having option of making
the window glass by their own. It will cost them 20,000 pounds a year. At the same time one
of the supplier in the nation is providing the same amount of the product in 18,000 pound. So
there is option in front of company to make or buy decision. For the same reason organization
has decided to buy the product in regards of making the same.
There are many factors which also used to impact the decision making in organization, some
of the factor are as follows:
Employee ability: All the employee used to have different ability in the organization this
eventually used to make difficult for the organization to take different decision in a way that
ability of all the employee can be maintain (Madura, 2020).
Attitude of working: This also used to impact the decision making in the organization as
different attitude of employee generally bring good sort of fluctuation in decision making,
this used to create good challenge.
2. Stakeholder management and management of the conflicting objectives of the different
stakeholder group.
Stakeholder management generally means maintaining good relationship who
generally have direct impact over the business. Every organization generally used to monitor,
organise for improving the level of stakeholder. Managing different relationship in the
organization used to help the organization in managing the risk and improves the stakeholder
support and outcome on ground. Stakeholder concern are generally essential for the business
as it could lead to new idea development and also can help company in getting cost benefit in
an organization (Jones, and et.al., 2018). Also stakeholder in the organization used to provide
the varieties of the information on the basis of the same variety of different decision are
generally made in the organization.
Also it is very important for the organization in maintaining and managing the
objectives of the different stakeholder. It is very important for all the business to identify the
different need of the stakeholder in the market and should different strategy to effective
manage the same. For the same it is very important for all the organization to have a in depth
knowledge about effective relationship for managing interest of different stakeholder. For
example: For doing the same in the organization, organization can organize a meeting in the

organization before bringing something new in the workplace. In meeting different
stakeholder will take part and provide different need and preference of them in the market.
Conflict between stakeholder and management
Stakeholder are the owner of the company at the same time management individual are the
driver in the organization who used to carryout different objective of stakeholder. This
correlation in Stakeholder and management sometime used to create the situation of conflict
in between them. Some of the conflicting issue may be mismatching of interest as some
stakeholder in the organization used to look at the process of carrying out activity. At the
same time some stakeholder looks at the profit of the company this eventually used to create
the uncertainty in the mind of the management individual and sometime give rise to conflict
type situation in the organization.
3. Value of management accounting techniques in cost control and for maximizing the
shareholder value.
There are many different type of management accounting technique which will can be used in
cost control. Some of them are as follows:
Marginal analysis: This is the analysis which is concerned with the incremental
benefit which helps in improving production. This is generally used in the organization for
cost control in the organization; it is generally done on basis of breakeven point (Barr, and
McClellan, 2018). Companies use marginal analysis as a decision-making tool to help them
maximize their potential profits
Constraint Analysis: Constraint analysis at the same time helps the different business
in identifying principle bottlenecks. This help the business in effectively control cost by
identifying the bottlenecks. Manager in the organization only focuses on maximizing the
profit in the organization. For example, Constraint for making a decision in the organization
is that there are many risk associated with every decision which are being taken in the
organization.
Capital Budgeting: It is another technique that help the business in analyzing different
information which can help the business in making different decision related to capital
expenditure. In these technique managers identify the feasibility of investment with the help
of NPV, IRR and payback period in the organization.

For example:
Project A
Year Cash inflows PV factor @ 10%
Discounted
cash
inflows
1 55000 0.909 50000
2 67000 0.826 55372
3 59000 0.751 44328
4 72000 0.683 49177
5 84000 0.621 52157
Total discounted cash inflow 251034
Initial investment 150000
NPV (Total discounted
cash inflows - initial
investment) 101034
Project B
Year Cash inflows PV factor @ 10%
Discounted
cash inflows
1 60000 0.909 54545.45455
2 72000 0.826 59504
3 65000 0.751 48835
4 79000 0.683 53958
5 88000 0.621 54641
Total discounted cash inflow 271484
Initial investment 150000
NPV (Total discounted
cash inflows - initial
investment) 121484
As above Example shows that there are two different project in front of the company and
there is option of selecting any one out of the same. So from the above example it will be
viable to select Project B for the investment as Net profit presented by that project is more
than Project A.

4. Techniques for fraud detection and prevention and ethical decision making.
Some of the technique of fraud detection and ethical decision making is as follows:
Statistical Parameter: This is the technique which is generally used in the
organization for the purpose of identifying high or low anomalies which are indicator of
different fraud (Yermack, 2017). It generally help the organization in understanding the
statistical error which are their and on the basis of the same different decision are made.
Auditing: It is the technique in which different financial record are investigated by
different auditor and on the basis of the same different fraud are generally identified in the
organization. Auditing generally used to take on fixed time interval to maintain good sort of
organizational position.
Ethical decision making: A company is requiring following all the ethical concern in
the organization while making different decision in the business. Organization is generally
expected to represent the true and fair value of all the financial position of the company.
Reason behind the same as there are many different decisions which are generally depended
on the same and also it help the company in maintain the trust of different interested parties.
5. Reflection on understanding of the above techniques.
Solving above 4 questions has helped me in gaining the variety of the learning about
the different aspect of financial management in the long run as it has helped me in going
through the variety of different aspect of different technique of financial management.
Biggest learning out of the all was about different technique of carrying out management
accounting in the organization. One skill which was developed by me in this process was the
sourcing skill of mine, as all the above question has asked me to source the variety of the
information to solve all the 4 question. For the same I have used variety of different type of
sources in the organization.
There was many difficulty which was also faced by me during the same, one of the
biggest challenge which was seen by me was finding out the best source through which
different aspect of technique can be understand by me as there were many different sources
which used to provide different sort of the information. For overcoming the same issue in the
project I have decided to take help of my senior and this has helped me in gaining good sort
of confidence in carrying out different activity in the organization.

SCENARIO 2
Identifying how financial data helps company in taking decisions pertaining to strategic and
operational aspects
With regards to taking significant strategic and operational decisions manager of
Sainsbury can use ratio analysis tool. Moreover, it is one of the most effectual quantitative
tool which helps in analyzing and evaluating performance from several perspectives such as
profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency (Meaning of Ratio Analysis, 2020). Thus, by
undertaking such tool business unit can monitor financial performance and position over the
years. Thus, referring loopholes firm can take corrective actions or measure for improvement.
Trend analysis
It may be served as a statistical measure which helps in making forecast about future
by presenting specific pattern. This tool helps in assessing whether particular aspect or
variable will increase or decrease in the upcoming time period. Thus, referring trend analysis
management can take suitable measures or practices for performance enhancement.
Sales revenue
Year/ companies Sainsbury’s sales
2017 26224
2018 28456
2019 29007

Interpretation: The above mentioned graph entails increasing or upward trend
pwertaining to sales of Sainsbury. According to this, it can be stated that sales of the firm will
increase in the near future. Thus, in order to enhance, maintain and sustain this pattern
company can make focus on offering quality products at discounted prices. In addition to this,
bu ofering wide varities to the customers Sainsbury can ensure increasing sales trend or
pattern.
Ratio analysis of Sainsbury for the period of 3 years are enumerated below:
Gross profit margin: GP / net sales * 100
Year/ companies Sainsbury’s
2017 6.2%
2018 6.6%
2019 6.9%

Operating profit margin: OP / net sales * 100
Year/ companies Sainsbury’s
2017 2.4%
2018 1.8%
2019 1.1%
Net profit ratio: NP / net sales * 100
Year/ companies Sainsbury’s

2017 1.37%
2018 1.02%
2019 0.69%
Liquidity ratio analysis
Year Current ratio
Current assets / current
liabilities
Quick ratio
(Current assets – (stock +
prepaid expenses) / current
liabilities
2017 .74 .52
2018 .76 .58
2019 .66 .49

Solvency ratio
Year Debt-equity ratio
(Long term dent / shareholder’s liabilities)
2017 .32
2018 .22
2019 .13
Efficiency ratio analysis

Year Fixed assets
turnover ratio
Assets turnover
ratio
Inventory turnover
ratio
2017 2.65 1.43 17.93
2018 2.86 1.36 14.83
2019 2.96 1.27 14.44
Interpretation:
Profitability ratio analysis: It has been assessed from evaluation that gross margin of
the firm improved over the year’s from 6.2% to 6.9% respectively. However, in comparison
to industry standards it is still lower. Along with this, deteriorated trend has been found in the
operating and net profit margin of firm. Accordingly, firm is required to employ budgeting
tools and practices to that control can be exerted on undesirable expenses. Thus, through
monitoring company can identify causes in relation to higher expenses and thereby would
become able conduct suitable training & development session personnel. Further, by
undertaking promotional aspects firm can influence customer decision making and thereby
both productivity as well as profitability.
Liquidity ratio analysis: Graph entails that in 2017, 2018 and 2019 Sainsbury was not
having enough assets for fulfilling current liabilities. The rationale behind this, company’s

liquidity position can said to be sound when it has 2 current assets for dealing with 1
obligation. Graph exhibits that liquidity position of Sainsbury was from ideal framework.
Thus, for enhancing liquidity within business unit Sainsbury is required to maintain enough
cash, receivables, stock etc in line with current liabilities. In addition to this, quick ratio of the
firm must be .5:1 that Sainsbury maintained within the period of concerned 3 years. Referring
this, it can be said that business unit must have 1 asset that can be realized into cash for
fulfilling current obligations.
Solvency ratio analysis: By conducting ratio analysis it has found that debt-equity
ratio of the firm decreased from .32 to .13 at the end of 2019. It represents that solvency
position and performance of Sainsbury is not good. Current capital structure of the firm
shows that it fulfilled most of financial needs from equities rather than debt. Thus, company
is advised to maintain debt-equity ratio of .5:1. Accordingly, for developing optimal capital
structure Sainsbury should meet financial requirements using both the sources debt and
equities by keeping in mind ideal framework of .5:1.
Efficiency ratio analysis: It has assessed from evaluation that assets and inventory
turnover ratio of the firm decreased. This shows that Sainsbury failed to make effectual use of
total assets and stock level. Hence, for improving efficiency aspects firm is required to make
modifications in the existing strategic and policy framework. Further, in order to improve
stock turnover ratio Sainsbury should focus on employing inventory management tools such
as economic order quantity, JIT etc. By using these tools company can ensure effectual
management of stock and thereby would become able to maximize profitability aspect.
By taking into account above evaluation and assessment, it can be presented that
financial tools and techniques provide higher management team with valuable framework for
decision making. Referring outcome and assessment of ratio analysis manager can take
appropriate decision about training & development, stock control, adoption of budgetary
control tools etc and thereby contributes in organizational success.
Comparing and contrasting three investment appraisal tools along with their effectiveness for
decision making
The main motive of the firm is to maximize returns so that competitive advantage can
be attained and sustained. In order to fulfill such objectives business unit focuses on investing
funds in profitable projects. In this regard, there are several techniques which can be

undertaken by ASDA for evaluating and comparing investment projects. Investment appraisal
techniques mainly include payback method, net present value and internal rate of return
which helps in evaluating the attractiveness of capital projects. By using this, SAINSBURY
can ensure long term financial returns through evaluating and comparing alternative
investment opportunities.
Payback period
This method presents time period for which organization has to wait in relation
recouping initial investment. Moreover, after recovering initial investment firm become able
to attain profitability. It helps company in assessing liquidity and rate of profitability aspect
(Payback method, 2020). On the basis of this, firm should focus on opting project which has
less payback period over the other alternatives available.
Advantages Disadvantages
 Simple and easy to understand
 Helps in identifying recovery period
 It does not consider time value of
money concept which has greater
importance in the current times.
 Payback method does not entail
profitability generated after specific
time.
Net present value
It entails return which business unit will get after specific time period in monetary
terms by taking into account specific discounting factor. According to this, project which has
high and positive NPV is recognized as the best for the firm. Jm
Advantages Disadvantages
 It offers solution by using time value
of money concept
 NPV helps in making selection of
appropriate projects when two
 Identification and selection of
appropriate discounting factor is
highly difficult. Hence, inappropriate
selection of discounting factor will

projects are mutually exclusive
 In this, cash flows are evaluated
rather than profit. Moreover, cash
flows are subjective in nature over
profitability (Net present value,
2020).
mislead the results.
Internal rate of return
IRR exhibits rate at which present value of cash inflows and initial investments are at
par or equal. In other words, it entails rate where net present value equals to zero as company
neither makes profit nor loss. In accordance with the selection criteria, project with higher
IRR should be selected and considered for investment purpose.
Advantages Disadvantages
 IRR calculates solution referring both
cash inflows and outflows.
 Considers time value of money
concept
 This is based on trial and error
method which in turn limits its
significance.
 Further, there is chances that project
selected on the basis of high IRR may
not be profitable.
For example: SAINSBURY has two options for investment purpose with similar
initial outlays. In this regard, for the purpose of decision making investment appraisal tools
and techniques have been applied in the following manner:
Year
Project A
(cash
inflows)
PV factor @
10%
Discounted
cash inflows
Project
B
Discounted
acsh inflows
1 20000 0.909 18182 18000 16363.6364
2 28000 0.826 23140 24000 19834.7107
3 25000 0.751 18783 22000 16528.9256
4 32000 0.683 21856 30000 20490.4037

5 45000 0.621 27941 38000 23595.0103
Sum of
discounted
cash flows 109903 96813
Les: Initial
investment 80000 80000
NPV 29903 16813
Internal rate of return
Year Project A (cash inflows) Project B
-80000 -80000
1 20000 18000
2 28000 24000
3 25000 22000
4 32000 30000
5 45000 38000
22% 17%
Year
Project A
(cash inflows)
Cumulative cash
flows Project B
Cumulative cash
flows
1 20000 20000 18000 18000
2 28000 48000 24000 42000
3 25000 73000 22000 64000
4 32000 105000 30000 94000
5 45000 150000 38000 132000
Payback period:
Project A: 3 + 7000 / 32000
= 3.2 years
Project B: 3 + 16000 / 30000
= 3.5 years
The above depicted evaluation shows that SAINSBURY should select project A over
other one. Moreover, comparatively net present value and internal rate of return associated

with project A is higher over B. Along with this, in project A, business unit will start to get
profit after the period of 3 years and 2 months. Thus, investment in project B will prove to be
more fruitful for the firm. In this way, by applying and using investment appraisal tools
SAINSBURY can do comparison of options available for investment and thereby select the
best one.
Demonstrating the value of different techniques for financial decision making
In the competitive business arena, success of the firm is highly influenced from the
extent to which prominent monetary decision are taken. Thus, there are numerous techniques
which can be employed by the firm for planning purpose. By using such techniques
organization can develop competent strategic and policy framework. Hence, techniques
which SAINSBURY can employ for decision making purpose are enumerated below:
Game theory:
By doing assessment, it has identified that game theory provides assistance in finding
best possible strategy for resolving particular problem. This theoretical framework increases
probability in relation to earning maximum profits to a great extent (Liang, Peng and Shen,
2016). Thus, manager of Sainsbury can reduce probability of incurring losses significant by
applying game theory on concerned problems.
Significance
Game theory is highly prominent tool which helps in generating strategic choices
pertaining to different situations and companies. It also assists company in making prediction
about outcome of decision which will be taken by Group. Moreover, as per this theoretical
framework an action taken by the firm has direct influence on the payoff of other firms. In
other words, by applying game theory manager of Sainsbury would become able to know the
extent to which taken business decision impact other entities who have interaction with the
firm. In this way, by presenting pay off game theory helps in selecting best strategic option
out of available alternatives.
Decision tree:
It may be presented as a support tool which helps in assessing and evaluating
consequences associated with an event. By undertaking this, manager of Sainsbury can assess
best strategy that helps company in meeting goals. Moreover, it clearly highlights cost and

profit related to each by considering probability of both success as well as failure. Thus,
considering the outcomes of each event manage can decide option which will prove to be
beneficial for the firm.
Significance or value
 It assigns specific value to each aspect such as problem, cost as well as outcome and
thereby presents suitable solution.
 Provides manager with comprehensive analysis of issue or problem
 Easy to use and versatile in nature
Cash flow statement
This statement furnishes in depth information about company’s monetary activities
under different categories such as operating, investing and financing. It presents information
about cash inflows and outflows regarding particular time period (Osirim, 2017). Through
preparing and undertaking this manager of Sainsbury can measure the extent to which
company is managing cash position effectually.
Significance
 Provides information about future cash position in terms of deficit or surplus and
thereby helps in setting competent framework for future.
 Through preparing this, Sainsbury would become able to whether it has enough funds
for the upcoming projects or not. By this, company can take decision in relation to
raising funds from other sources.
 It also helps in monitoring and controlling firm’s performance by providing input for
evaluation. In other words, referring such statement Sainsbury can do comparison of
actual performance with standards (The cash flow and its importance in the decision-
making process, 2015). Thus, by identifying and analyzing the causes of variance
suitable improvement measure can be undertaken within specific time period.
Break even analysis
This is one of the most effectual analytic and economic tool which helps in
determining the cost structure of firm. In other words, BEP helps in ascertaining or

determining cost, volume and profit relationship. By using this tool manager of Sainsbury can
assess the number of units that need to be sold for attaining no profit no loss. At BEP level
firm only recovers cost invested in operations (Morano and Tajani, 2017). Thereafter,
business unit starts to generate profit margin by selling concerned products or services.
Significance
 BEP assists manager in drafting or setting operational strategies as it clearly presents
CVP relationship at different output levels.
 It may be served as a tool for monitoring and controlling the cost level output.
Moreover, due to fixed and variable expenses company’s profit margin may be
affected adversely. Thus, by using this tool causes associated with variance in
expenses and profit can easily be detected.
 Assists in designing pricing strategy and setting realistic targets for the departments
Analyzing how financial decision making supports long term sustainability aspect
There are several factors which directly contribute in effectual and long-term sustainable
financial decisions. By making focus on below mentioned aspects Sainsbury can ensure
sustainable monetary decision which helps company in achieving goals and objectives.
 Visionary leadership: In the context of business unit, leadership is recognized as the
key for success. Moreover, when company undertakes appropriate leadership
practices in line with organizational goals and objectives then profitable outcomes and
suggestions are encouraged (Strategies for financial sustainability, 2020).
 High return on investment: At the time of decision making manager of Sainsbury is
required to consider and evaluate return associated with an investment. Moreover,
from the stakeholder’s view the motive of firm is to earn high profit (Shen, 2017).
 Diversified portfolio: Emphasis need to be placed on building and maintaining
diversified portfolio. Accordingly, by including diversified assets class in the portfolio
Sainsbury can reduce the risk level significantly.
 Sustainable operations: Now, customers give more priority to the company which
performs business operations and activities in an eco-friendly manner (Modugno and

Di Carlo, 2019). Along with this, while developing strategies and policies firm
should also keep in mind CSR practices or approach.
Hence, through following all these aspects company can take appropriate decision and
thereby leads financial sustainability.
Recommending solutions to the business unit for improving financial sustainability
In the dynamic business arena, firm can gain competitive edge over others only when
it improves financial sustainability aspects. Thus, in this regard, management accountant
plays a vital role within an organization by providing information about various aspects.
Moreover, management accountant places emphasis on identifying social and environmental
trend which have an impact on firm’s operations (Tseng and et.al., 2018). By keeping in mind
such trends manager can develop strategies which create value over the time period. Along
with this, accountant also helps in align sustainable business challenges with strategies and
goals. Further, referring trend manager develops KPI which ensures attainment of strategic
goals to the significant level (How management accountants can lead their organizations
towards sustainable success, 2020). In addition to this, management also offers information
about sustainable operations while preparing reports in relation to investment appraisal,
pricing and planning. Thus, by keeping in mind all such aspects management accountant of
Sainsbury can take better decisions which contribute in sustainable operations significantly.
CONCLUSION
By summing up this report, it can be concluded that effectual financial management is
the key for organizational growth and success. It can be inferred from the evaluation that by
placing emphasis on the aspects pertaining to stakeholder management, fraud detection and
prevention firm can get desired level of outcome or success. Along with this, it has been
articulated that financial position and performance of SAINSBURY improved over the years.
It can be summarized from the evaluation that investment appraisal tools ensure optimal or
profitable project selection. It can be seen in the report that techniques such as cash flow and
break even analysis facilitate suitable financial decisions.

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