Financial Management: Analysis of Cash Flow, Valuing Loans, Time Value of Money, Loan Classification, Valuing Bonds, Present Value of Annuity, Future Value of Annuity, Perpetuity

This document discusses the various aspects of financial management such as analysis of cash flow, valuing loans, time value of money, loan classification, valuing bonds, present value of annuity, future value of annuity, perpetuity.

Running head: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Financial Management
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Analysis of Cash Flow.................................................................................................................2
Valuing Loans..........................................................................................................................2
Time Value of Money..............................................................................................................2
Loan Classification..................................................................................................................2
Valuing Bonds.........................................................................................................................3
Present Value of Annuity.............................................................................................................5
Future Value of Annuity..............................................................................................................5
Perpetuity.....................................................................................................................................6
Portfolio Risk of Various Cash Flows and Securities.................................................................6
Contribution of Security in Portfolio Risk...................................................................................7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
Time value of money is an important consideration taken into account for the valuation of
the cash flows of the company. The time value of the money is taken into account for
discounting the cash flows received from an investment project or an asset. Inflation, risk factors,
potential investment return are some of the factors that affect the decision making in a company.
The various aspects and factors such as future value, present value, annuity and perpetuity was
taken into consideration for discussing the same (Muda & Hasibuan 2018).
Analysis of Cash Flow
Valuing Loans
The valuation of Loan is done for analysing the decisions, regarding performance, sub-
performing and non-performing loans. Present Value calculation, includes the analysis of the
risks and TVM when assets related decisions are made. Valuation of loan is done for analysing
the cash flows and assessing the true value of the amount that will be received (Johari et al.
2018).
Time Value of Money
The concept of time value of money shows the worth of money available today is worth
more than the same amount in the future date because of the earnings potential of the money
(Chan and Rate 2018).
Loan Classification
The valuation of the loan depends on the type and structure of the loan. The loan
valuation that was taken into consideration for the purpose of valuation was a three year monthly
payable loan carrying an interest rate of about 10% p.a. (Alikar et al. 2017). A loan amortisation

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table was prepared for the purpose of valuation of the loan and the monthly amount payable by
the borrower. The monthly EMI which would be paid by the borrower would be comprised of
payment of paying of the principal and interest component and the same time. The borrower
would be paying the loan amount in total of 36 months where the EMI would be in the form of
decreasing trend line (Cardin and Hu 2016). Now breaking down the component of EMI the
monthly instalment payment would be recovering a fixed amount of the principal amount of
27,777 and the interest would be charged on the opening balance amount at the rate of 10%. The
application of discounting plays an important role and the concepts of time value of money for
making the loan amortisation table (Jaggi, Khanna and Nidhi 2016).
Valuing Bonds
The valuation of bonds is done by the taking the amount of cash flows that would be
received from the bond in the due course of the time of the bond. The key factors which plays a
crucial role in the valuation of bond is the cash flows of the bonds and the interest rate applicable
in discounting the cash flows of the bond. The cash flows are discounted at the relevant discount
rate for determining the discounted cash flows from the bond. An hypothetical example was
taken into account for describing the valuation of bonds. The future value of the bond was taken
at 1000, the relevant coupon rate for the bond was taken at 6% payable annually and the market
interest rate for the bond was taken at 8% payable annually. The present value of the bond was
determined by discounting the cash flows that will be received from the bond to get the real
worth or the present value of the bond. The present value of the bond was calculated to be
around -948.46 and the same has been discounting the cash flows for a sum of three years of
period (Ries, Glock and Schwindl 2016).

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The valuation of the bond on two major basis where the present value and future value of
the binds were determined for the valuation of the bond prices and considering the relevant cash
flows for the purpose of valuing the share prices of the bond. The future value of the bond was
also derived with the help of an example where the present value of the bond was taken at 950;
the coupon rate of 6% payable annually was taken into consideration and the interest rate of 8%
and the future value of the bond was determined at 1001.94.
Particulars Amount ($)
Bond Future Value 1000
Coupon Rate 6%
Interest Rate 8%
Tenure (In Years) 3
Present Value -948.46
Formula =PV(B4,B5,60,B2,0)
Particulars Amount ($)
Bond Present Value 950
Coupon Rate 6%
Interest Rate 8%
Tenure (In Years) 3
Future Value 1001.94
Formula =FV(B13,B5,60,-B11,0)
Economic Factors Affecting Time Value of Money
 Interest Rates: The level of interest rate in the economy plays a significant role in
determining the effectiveness of the worth of dollar value received today. If the interest
rate in the economy is volatile, it influences the cash flows flowing from the security or
assets.

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 Inflation Rate: The higher the inflation rate the higher is the money required from the
investor from the investments done in the form of higher interest rate or required return
from an assets.
Mortgage Cash Flow Obligations
A Mortgage cash flow obligation could be regarded to a debt security which has a
specific period and payments flowing to the bond holders in the form of interest payment and
principal payments. A mortgage cash flow obligation pays principal and interest at a
predetermined specific period of time as similar to a bond. The monthly payment from a pool of
underlying mortgages are bundled together and the same will be used for making the principal
and interest payment.
The MBS can be the best example of this scenario where the underlying security is the
portfolio of various loans given by a bank against which the bonds have been issued from the
bondholders of the company. The payment to the bondholders will be in the form of interest and
principal repayment of loans.

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Loan Amount 1000000 1000000
Interest Rate 10% 0.80%
Loan Tenure (In Years) 3 36
Time Principal Interest Amount Principal EMI Balance Amount
1 10,00,000 7974 27,777.78 35,752 9,72,222
2 9,72,222 7753 27,777.78 35,530 9,36,692
3 9,36,692 7469 27,777.78 35,247 9,01,445
4 9,01,445 7188 27,777.78 34,966 8,66,479
5 8,66,479 6909 27,777.78 34,687 8,31,791
6 8,31,791 6633 27,777.78 34,411 7,97,381
7 7,97,381 6358 27,777.78 34,136 7,63,245
8 7,63,245 6086 27,777.78 33,864 7,29,381
9 7,29,381 5816 27,777.78 33,594 6,95,787
10 6,95,787 5548 27,777.78 33,326 6,62,461
11 6,62,461 5283 27,777.78 33,060 6,29,400
12 6,29,400 5019 27,777.78 32,797 5,96,604
13 5,96,604 4757 27,777.78 32,535 5,64,068
14 5,64,068 4498 27,777.78 32,276 5,31,793
15 5,31,793 4241 27,777.78 32,018 4,99,774
16 4,99,774 3985 27,777.78 31,763 4,68,011
17 4,68,011 3732 27,777.78 31,510 4,36,502
18 4,36,502 3481 27,777.78 31,259 4,05,243
19 4,05,243 3231 27,777.78 31,009 3,74,234
20 3,74,234 2984 27,777.78 30,762 3,43,472
21 3,43,472 2739 27,777.78 30,517 3,12,955
22 3,12,955 2496 27,777.78 30,273 2,82,682
23 2,82,682 2254 27,777.78 30,032 2,52,650
24 2,52,650 2015 27,777.78 29,792 2,22,857
25 2,22,857 1777 27,777.78 29,555 1,93,303
26 1,93,303 1541 27,777.78 29,319 1,63,983
27 1,63,983 1308 27,777.78 29,085 1,34,898
28 1,34,898 1076 27,777.78 28,853 1,06,044
29 1,06,044 846 27,777.78 28,623 77,421
30 77,421 617 27,777.78 28,395 49,026
31 49,026 391 27,777.78 28,169 20,857
32 20,857 166 21,023.55 21,024 -
Loan Ammortisation Table/ Valuation of Loan

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Present Value of Annuity
The present value of annuity defines the value of series of continuous periodic payment
that will be flowing to the organisation at a given set of time. The concept of time value of
money plays an important role in determining the value of annuity and shows where the
continuous payment that will be received by the company is discounted at given interest rate. A
hypothetical example has been taken describing the cash flows of 1000 that will be received
from an asset for a sum of five-years if time frame. The same has been discounted using the 5%
interest rate.
Present Value of Annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
952.3809524 907.0294785 863.8375985 822.7024748 783.5261665
Formul
a
=1000/
(1.05)^1
=1000/
(1.05)^2
=1000/
(1.05)^3
=1000/
(1.05)^4
=1000/
(1.05)^5
Total Present Value 4329
Future Value of Annuity
The future value of the annuity shows the value of the amount that would be received by
an investor from an asset or security, which would be in a form of series of periodic payments.
The future value of the annuity would assumes that the interest rate does not change in the given
scenario and the first payment that would be received would be at least one period far away. The
future value of the annuity was calculated by compounding the cash flows with the 5% interest
rate and the final value that would be received from the asset (Chen, Wei and Li 2018).

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Future Value of Annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1050 1103 1158 1216
Formul
a
=1000*(1.05)
^0
=1000*(1.05)
^1
=1000*(1.05)
^2
=1000*(1.05)
^3
=1000*(1.05)
^4
Total Future Value 5526
Perpetuity
The perpetuity refers to the indefinite sum or amount that would be received from an
asset with no end where the cash flows flowing from the asset is constant and identical. Annuity
is a financial instrument that pays a defined sum of constant periodic payment indefinitely
(Mohanty 2016). The valuation of the perpetuity is done with the help of the formula
(Annuity/Interest Rate).
Present Value of Constant Perpetuity
Perpetuity
Cash Payment
Amount 2
Interest Rate (Yield) 5%
Present Value 40
Perpetuity with Growth
Cash Payment
Amount 2
Interest Rate (Yield) 5%
Growth Rate 2%
Present Value 66.67
Portfolio Risk of Various Cash Flows and Securities
The risk of the portfolio is dependent on the standard deviation of the various securities
and the correlation between these assets that are essential in determining the overall cash flows

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from the same. The contribution of the securities in the risk return of the portfolio is of great
importance where the risk and return of the portfolio is calculate with the help of the weight of
each security and there contribution in the overall risk and return of the portfolio (Monga and
Zor 2018).
Diversification plays a crucial risk in the portfolio where adding more and more security
reduces the overall risk of the portfolio and modifies the risk of the portfolio. Adding more
securities, which are less correlated, will be helping the company in reducing the risk of portfolio
and making the portfolio to be more efficient.
Contribution of Security in Portfolio Risk
Diversification plays an important role in determining the overall risk of the portfolio and
the contribution of the risk of the security. The Standard deviation of each of the security has
been taken into account for the risk analysis of the portfolio. The analysis of the portfolio was
done with the help of two securities where the risk and return of each of the security was taken
into account for the purpose of analysis of the stock and the same has been taken into
consideration for determining the risk of the portfolio. The return of the portfolio was calculated
with the help of the weights of each of the security and the return generated by each of the stock.
Portfolio Return = Weight of Asset 1* Return of Assets + Weight of Asset 2* Return of Assets.
The risk of the portfolio was calculated with the help of the portfolio standard deviation
formula:
SD of Portfolio = √(Weight of Asset 1*Standard Deviation of Asset 1+ Weight of Asset 2*
Standard Deviation of Asset 2) + (2*(Weight of Asset 1 * Weight of Asset 2)* Covariance of
Asset 1 & 2).

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The standard deviation of the portfolio was calculated to be around 12% where the risk of
the portfolio got modified and the return of the portfolio on the overall basis was modified.
Particulars
Investment
Amount Return Weight Standard Deviation
Asset 1 60,000 20% 60% 10%
Asset 2 40,000 12% 40% 16%
Correlation 1
Portfolio Return = Weight of Asset 1* Return of Asset + Weight of Asset 2* Return of Asset
Return of Portfolio 0.6*20%+0.4*12%
Portfolio Return 16.80%
Portfolio Risk
SD of Portfolio = √(Weight of Asset 1*S.D of Asset 1+ Weight of Asset 2* S.D of Asset 2) + (2*(Weight
of Asset 1 * Weight of Asset 2)* Covariance of Asset 1 & 2)
SD of Portfolio = sqrt(0.6^2*10^2 + 0.4^2*16^2 + 2*0.6*0.4*1*0.10*0.16)
SD of Portfolio 12.29%
Conclusion
The application of the time value of money was taken into account for the purpose of the
discussion of the various concept associated with the time value of money. There were various
examples and scenarios taken into consideration for the purpose of discussing the various factors
of time value of money. Annuity, Perpetuity were some of the crucial factors, which were
discussed in the report, and the importance of same in valuing the cash flows of the same.

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References
Alikar, N., Mousavi, S.M., Ghazilla, R.A.R., Tavana, M. and Olugu, E.U., 2017. A bi-objective
multi-period series-parallel inventory-redundancy allocation problem with time value of money
and inflation considerations. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 104, pp.51-67.
Cardin, M.A. and Hu, J., 2016. Analyzing the tradeoffs between economies of scale, time-value
of money, and flexibility in design under uncertainty: Study of centralized versus decentralized
waste-to-energy systems. Journal of Mechanical Design, 138(1), p.011401.
Chan, K. and Rate, E.A.I., 2018. & 6 The Time Value of Money. Financial Management.
Chen, W., Wei, L. and Li, Y., 2018. Fuzzy multicycle manufacturing/remanufacturing
production decisions considering inflation and the time value of money. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 198, pp.1494-1502.
Jaggi, C., Khanna, A. and Nidhi, N., 2016. Effects of inflation and time value of money on an
inventory system with deteriorating items and partially backlogged shortages. International
Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 7(2), pp.267-282.
Johari, M., Hosseini-Motlagh, S.M., Nematollahi, M., Goh, M. and Ignatius, J., 2018. Bi-level
credit period coordination for periodic review inventory system with price-credit dependent
demand under time value of money. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and
Transportation Review, 114, pp.270-291.
Mohanty, B., 2016. NOC: Time Value of Money: Concepts and Calculations.
Monga, A. and Zor, O., 2018. Time versus Money. Current opinion in psychology.

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Muda, I., & Hasibuan, A. N. (2018). Public Discovery of the Concept of Time Value of Money
with Economic Value of Time. In Proceedings of MICoMS 2017 (pp. 251-257). Emerald
Publishing Limited.
Ries, J.M., Glock, C.H. and Schwindl, K., 2016. Economic ordering and payment policies under
progressive payment schemes and time-value of money. International Journal of Operations and
Quantitative Management, 22(3), pp.231-251.