Financial Management Principles: Costing, Forecasting, Budgeting and Investment Appraisal

This project report covers topics such as costing, forecasting, budgeting, and investment appraisal in financial management principles. It includes potential improvements, fixed and variable costs, cash flow statements, sensitive statements, and appropriate budgetary tasks.

Running Head: Financial management Principles
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.
Project Report: Financial management Principles

Financial management Principles
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Contents
Que 1:................................................................................................................................3
Importance of cost in pricing strategy:.........................................................................3
Costing system for SADIDA SDN BHD:....................................................................3
Potential improvements:...............................................................................................3
Fixed cost and variable cost:.....................................................................................3
Operating leverage, financial leverage and total leverage:.......................................4
Que 2:................................................................................................................................6
Forecasting techniques..................................................................................................6
Cash flow statement..................................................................................................6
Sensitive statement...................................................................................................6
Source of funds.............................................................................................................7
Cash schedule...........................................................................................................7
Cost of funds.............................................................................................................7
Que 3:................................................................................................................................8
Appropriate budgetary task:.........................................................................................8
Master budget creation:................................................................................................9
Actual expenditure:.....................................................................................................10
Budgetary monitoring process:...................................................................................11
Que 4:..............................................................................................................................11
Process to reduce the cost...........................................................................................11
Activity based costing.................................................................................................12
Cost allocation:.......................................................................................................12

Financial management Principles
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Schedule:.................................................................................................................12
Que 5:..............................................................................................................................13
Calculations:...................................................................................................................13
Financial appraisal method to evaluate the investment project:.................................15
Strategic investment decision:....................................................................................15
Appropriateness of strategic investment decision:.....................................................15
Que 6:..............................................................................................................................16
Financial viability of the business:.............................................................................16
Financial ratios:..........................................................................................................16
Recommendation:.......................................................................................................19
References.......................................................................................................................20

Financial management Principles
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Que 1:
Importance of cost in pricing strategy:
It is correct that cost should never calculate and determine the price but it plays a
critical role in order to identify the total price which must be charged against the product.
Most of the companies determine the cost on the basis of the cost + margin basis. So, in order
to measure the total price of the product, it becomes important for the business to identify the
total cost of the product firstly (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). It makes it easier for the business
to meet the expected profitability level of the business.
Costing system for SADIDA SDN BHD:
SADIDA SDN BHD is an organization which is involved in the product promotion
services and the warehousing services. It explains that the main operations of the company
are to offer the services to its customers. In case of servicing industry, activity based costing
system is the better costing system because it makes it easier for the business to divide the
cost accordingly (Cook & Tang, 2010). Variable cost could be divided in the service industry
easily but the main issues come up with the fixed cost which is huge and thus the activity
based costing is better method to evaluate the cost per service.
Potential improvements:
In case, the few improvements could also be done by SADIDA SDN BHD in order to
improve the identification of cost. Evaluation on the fixed cost and variable cost is the main
change which could be done by the business.
Fixed cost and variable cost:
All the cost which could be faced by the company could be broken mainly in two
categories which are fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed cost is the cost which is independent
from the total output of the company. This cost remains constant throughout the production
of the company whereas the variable cost is the cost which varies with each of the unit. Fixed
cost includes building, rent, machineries etc cost and variable cost includes wages, utilities,
production material etc. Both of the cost recognition is important in the business in order to
reach over a conclusion (Chowdhury & Chowdhury, 2010).

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Operating leverage, financial leverage and total leverage:
The calculations of operating, financial and total leverage of the business in both the
cases are as follows:
WITH 5
PRODUCTS
WITH 6
PRODUCTS
SALES
VOLUME
UNITS 50,000.00 59,000.00
SELLING
PRICE
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
25.42 24.50
VARIABLE COSTS PER
UNIT %
72% 68%
FIXED OPERATING COSTS 268,800.00 300,000.00
FIXED NON OPERATING
COSTS
45,000.00 56,000.00
EFFECTIVE
TAX RATE
20% 20%
WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXAMPLE IF SALES VOLUME IS 100,000 AND 20,000 UNITS ARE
SOLD AT RM 30
45,000 UNITS ARE SOLD AT RM 23 AND BALANCE
35,000 ARE SOLD
AT RM 25
WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE = (0.2 * RM30) + (0.45 * 23) + (0.35 * 25)
=
MARGINAL COSTING STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS FULL BUDGET 99% BUDGET
REVENUE 50000 units
@ 25.42
1,271,000.00 1,258,290.00
Less: VARIABLE COST MARGIN = 72% OF
REVENUE
(915,120.00) (905,968.80)
TOTAL CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 355,880.00 352,321.20
Less: FIXED OPERATING COSTS (268,800.00) (268,800.00)
OPERATING
PROFIT
87,080.00 83,521.20
Less: FIXED NON OPERATING
COSTS
(150,000.00) (150,000.00)
PROFIT
BEFORE TAX
(62,920.00) (66,478.80)
Less : TAX @ EFFECTIVE RATE 20% 12,584.00 13,295.76

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OF
PROFIT AFTER
TAX
(50,336.00) (53,183.04)
% FALL IN NET PROFIT AFTER TAX = SENSITIVITY OF REVENUE
TO NPAT =
-5.66%
BREAKEVEN % CHANGE IN SALES = 100% / SENSITIVITY % =
>>>>>>>>>
(1,768.01)
DATA TABLE FOR LEVERAGE
ANALYSIS
WITH 6
PRODUCTS
SALES
VOLUME
UNITS 59,000.00
SELLING
PRICE
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
24.50 RM
VARIABLE COSTS PER
UNIT %
68.00%
FIXED OPERATING COSTS 300,000.00
FIXED NON OPERATING
COSTS
56,000.00
EFFECTIVE
TAX RATE
20.00%
MARGINAL COSTING STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS FULL BUDGET 99% BUDGET
REVENUE 59,000.00 at Selling
Price of 24.50
1,445,500.00 1,431,045.00
Less: VARIABLE COST MARGIN
=
68% of
Revenue
(982,940.00) (973,110.60)
TOTAL CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 462,560.00 457,934.40
Less: FIXED OPERATING COSTS (300,000.00) (300,000.00)
OPERATING
PROFIT
162,560.00 157,934.40
Less: FIXED NON OPERATING
COSTS
(56,000.00) (56,000.00)
PROFIT
BEFORE TAX
106,560.00 101,934.40
Less : TAX @ EFFECTIVE RATE
OF
20% (21,312.00) (20,386.88)

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PROFIT AFTER
TAX
85,248.00 81,547.52
% FALL IN NET PROFIT AFTER TAX = SENSITIVITY OF REVENUE
TO NPAT =
4.34
BREAKEVEN % CHANGE IN SALES = 100% / SENSITIVITY % =
>>>>>>>>>
23.04
(Khamees, Al-Fayoumi & Al-Thuneibat, 2010)
Que 2:
Forecasting techniques:
The forecasting process of the company is as follows:
Cash flow statement:
It explains that the cash inflow of the company is RM 3750.
Contract price 30000
Cash expenditure
Material required
Cement (30*15) 450
Plaster 50
Abrasive tiles 1600
Kings tiles 1200
Steel brackets 250
20 steel bars 200
Consumables 800 4550
Labour cost
Skilled Workers 11200
Unskilled workers 8400 19600
Other cost
Transport and meals 2100 2100
Total expenditure
Cash inflow (contract price - total
expenditure) 3750
(Hise & Strawser, 2013)
Sensitive statement:
The sensitize statement of company (in case of changes in the labour and material
prices) are as follows:

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Total cost Cash inflow
Pessimistic Optimistic Pessimistic Optimistic
Contract
price Pessimistic Optimistic
5% -5%
Changes in
material
price 4777.5 4322.5
Changes in
labour
prices 20580 18620
Other cost 2100 2100
Total cost 27457.5 25042.5 30000 2542.5 4957.5
It explains that the cash inflow from optimistic case is better.
Source of funds:
Cash schedule:
The case explains that the company is managing the gearing ratio of 60:40. And the
current debt and equity of the company is RM 50 million and RM 20 million. Along with that
company wants to raise the RM 30 million as retained earnings in order to invest for next
project. It explains that the company will require to make the changes in both the debt and
equity level so that the gearing level could be managed (Lin, Liang & Chen, 2011).
Retained earnings required 30
Less: Retained earnings from
profit -5
Required equity 25
Total equity 80
Gearing ratio 0.666667
Debt 53.33
Extra debt required 33.33
(Khamees, Al-Fayoumi & Al-Thuneibat, 2010)
It explains that company would need to raise $ 33.33 through issuing the debt in the
market and the rest retained earnings would be raised from a private equity.
Cost of funds:
The cost of funds of the business is as follows:

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Cost of capital calculations
Cost Weight WACC
Debt (after tax) 4.50% 0.40 1.80%
Retained
earnings 15.00% 0.23 3.45%
Equity 12.00% 0.37 4.44%
Kd 9.69%
(Moyer, McGuigan, Rao & Kretlow, 2011)
It explains that the total cost of capital of the business would be 9.69%.
Que 3:
Appropriate budgetary task:
Budgetary task for the company could be as follows:
 Inventory holding cost
 Improvements in the market share
 No changes in the sales price (madhura, 2011)
 overhead cost, marketing cost and personal cost would be reduced by 10%
 Number of inspections would be reduced etc.
Budgetary targets
Component 49.6 39.7
Inventory holding cost 228 205.2
Engineering 30.2 88.0
Assembly 20.3 20.7
Inspection 21.2 19.1
Purchasing 30 24

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Sales budget 5
Overheads 499.2 449.3
Selling price 5000 5000
(Vogel, 2014)
Master budget creation:
Master budget has been prepared after focusing on all the aspects of the business. the
master budget is prepared after measuring the sales budget, production budget and cash
budget. the budget reports are as follows:
Activity Cost driver Rate in £ Volume Budget target in £ Total 50 units
Materials Actual cost 15 377 1 15 377 768 850
Bought out parts Actual cost 19 720 1 19 720 986 000
Assembly Labour hours 11 80 886 44 300
Material handling Movements 0 848 170 8 480
Inspection Number of inspections 0 500 205 10 250
Purchasing Number of orders 50 6 300 15 000
Inventory holding cost Value of inventory 0 1 280 397 19 840
Engineering Staff hours 29 72 2 052 102 600
Personnel costs Staff hours 2 423 694 34 686
Marketing costs Number of products 567 1 630 31 500
Overhead costs Staff hours 10 468 4 493 224 640
Total cost of Sander 44 923 2 246 146
(Brusov, Filatova, Orehova, Brusov & Brusova, 2011)

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Cash receipts
Sales revenues 2 500 000
Cash outflow
Materials 768 850
Bought out parts 986 000
Assembly 44 300
Material handling 8 480
Inspection 10 250
Purchasing 15 000
Inventory holding cost 19 840
Engineering 102 600
Personnel costs 34 686
Marketing costs 31 500
Overhead costs 224 640
total outflow 2 246 146
Net cash increase 253 854
The Wilheim Company budgeted Income Statement
Budget
Sales revenue 2 500 000
Cost of Sales 1 955 320
Gross profit 544 680
Overheads
Staff costs 34 686
Marketing Costs 31 500
Establishment costs 224 640
Total Overhead Cost 290 826
Net Profit 253 854
(higgins, 2012)
Actual expenditure:
the comparison among the budgeted and actual expenditure are as follows:

Financial management Principles
12The Wilheim Company budgeted Income Statement 2013
Actual Budget Variance Variance %
Sales revenue 2 000 000 2 500 000 -500 000 -25%
-
Cost of Sales 1 580 024 1 955 320 -375 296 -24%
Gross profit 419 976 544 680 -124 704 -30%
Overheads
Staff costs 30 832 34 686 -3 854 -13%
Marketing Costs 25 200 31 500 -6 300 -25%
Establishment costs 199 680 224 640 -24 960 -13%
Total Overhead Cost 255 712 290 826 -35 114 -14%
Net Profit 164 264 253 854 -89 590 -55%
Budgetary monitoring process:
The monitoring system denotes the focus on all the expenses of the business and the
changes into the actual expenses than budgeted expenses of the business. the budgetary
monitoring process is as follows:
1. Analysis on the expenditure
2. evaluate the actual expenditure
3. Identify the variances
4. evaluate the reasons behind the variances (Chandra, 2011)
5. Make better strategies to reduce the variance level in the business.
Que 4:
Process to reduce the cost:
Cost is the major factors in a business which affects the overall operations and
profitability level of the business. Little cost leads to the business towards higher profit. The
cost of a business could be reduced through applying the better strategies. In order to prepare
the strategy, it is important for the business to identify the additional cost as well as business
is also required to sensitize analysis so that better decisions could be made. Below is the
process to reduce the overall cost of the business:

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1. define cost
2. harness the power of process mapping
3. prioritize the approach of the business
4. Execute the strategy (Brigham & Daves, 2012)
Activity based costing:
Cost allocation:
In the given case, the ABC method has been applied to measure the total cost of the
service and unit. Each of the marketing cost has been dividend on the basis of the below
measurements:
Activity Activity driver
Agency fee and
commission
No of sales
units
Radio and TV promos
No of sales
units
Print media Sales amount
Billboards and mobile
media Sales amount
(Brigham & Houston, 2012)
Schedule:
On the basis of the above activity drivers and the cost component of the business, it
has been measured that the cost schedule could be prepared after making few assumptions
(Gibson, 2011). Assumption: It has been assumed that the sales unit of timber frames, Vinyl
floor tiles, carpet tiles are 5 M, 8 M and 10 M respectively.
The cost schedule of the business is as follows:
Calculations of Activity Based Costing
Activity Activity cost Activity driver Annual
quantity
Cost per
unit
(Amt in
millions)
Agency fee and
commission
8 No of sales
units
23 0.3478
Radio and TV promos 5 No of sales 23 0.2174

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units
Print media 6 Sales amount 1290 0.0047
Billboards and mobile
media
2 Sales amount 1290 0.0016
0.5714
Assumption: It has been assumed that the sales unit of timber frames, Vinyl floor tiles,
carpet tiles are 5 M, 8 M and 10 M respectively.
(Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2013)
Que 5:
Calculations:
Manufacturing option 1:
Manufcaturing option 1
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Year
4
Year
5
Initial Outlay 8.00
Revenues 1.00 8.00 12.00 15.50 8.00
Cash value of
cost - 2.40 - 5.30 - 5.60
-
6.30
-
5.50
EBDT 8.00 - 1.40 2.70 6.40 9.20 2.50
Less: Taxes - 0.04 0.08 0.19 0.28 0.70
EAT 8.00 - 1.36 2.62 6.21 8.92 1.80
ADD: Scrap
value 0.80
cash flow 8.00 - 1.36 2.62 6.21 8.92 2.60
Total cash
flow - 8.00 - 1.36 2.62 6.21 8.92 2.60
Calculation of Net Present Value (Manufacturing option 1)
Years
Cash
Outflow
Cash
Inflow Factors
Cash Inflow
PV
Cash Outflow
PV
0 -8 1.000 0.00 -8.00

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1 -1.36 0.870 -1.18
2 2.62 0.756 1.98
3 6.21 0.658 4.08
4 8.92 0.572 5.10
5 2.60 0.497 1.29
Total 11.28 -8.00
NPV= Total Cash Inflow PV -Total cash outflow
PV 3.28
Manufacturing option 2:
Manufcaturing option 2
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Year
4
Year
5
Initial Outlay 6.00
Revenues 10.00 12.00 8.00 5.00 8.00
Cash value of
cost - 4.80 - 5.30 - 5.50
-
4.50
-
5.50
EBDT 6.00 5.20 6.70 2.50 0.50 2.50
Less: Taxes 0.16 0.20 0.08 0.02 0.70
EAT 6.00 5.04 6.50 2.43 0.49 1.80
ADD: Scrap
value 0.60
cash flow 6.00 5.04 6.50 2.43 0.49 2.40
Total cash flow - 6.00 5.04 6.50 2.43 0.49 2.40
Calculation of Net Present Value (Manufacturing option 2)
Years
Cash
Outflow
Cash
Inflow Factors
Cash Inflow
PV
Cash Outflow
PV
0 -6 1 0 -6
1 5.04 0.87 4.39
2 6.50 0.76 4.91
3 2.43 0.66 1.59
4 0.49 0.57 0.28

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5 2.40 0.50 1.19
Total 12.37 -6
NPV= Total Cash Inflow PV -Total cash outflow
PV 6.37
Financial appraisal method to evaluate the investment project:
The net present value techniques have been applied in order to measure the
performance of the investment project. The case explains that the two manufacturing options
are hold by the business in order to identify the best one for the business point of view. Net
present value techniques take the concern on all the cash outflows and cash inflows of the
business to measure the profitability level of the business. Through the calculations, it has
been found that the net present value of manufacturing option 1 is RM 3.28 and in second
option, the NPV is RM 6.37 which explains that the manufacturing option B is better for the
company in order to make the investment and get higher return from the business (Bierman &
Smidt, 2012).
Strategic investment decision:
On the basis of the available information in the case and the above given calculations,
it has been measured that the total cash inflow of the company is RM 10.99 on the basis of
the manufacturing option 1 and in case of manufacturing option 2, the cash inflow of the
business is 10.85. However, after applying the financial appraisal techniques on the case, it
has been found that the net present value of manufacturing option 1 is RM 3.28 and in second
option, the NPV is RM 6.37.
On the basis of cash inflow, it could be said that manufacturing option 1 is better but
if all the other factors and time value of money is taken into the concern than it has been
found that the manufacturing option 2 is better for the business (Bennouna, Meredith &
Marchant, 2010). So, it is recommended to the business to go for manufacturing option 2
rather than the option 1 so that the better return could be got from the project.
Appropriateness of strategic investment decision:
Post audit appraisal is a process which reviews the efficiency and effectiveness of an
investment decisions and its implementation in the business. On the basis of the case, it has

Financial management Principles
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been found that the strategic investment decision has made it easier for the business to
evaluate various factors and make better decision in the business. The investment would
strengthen the financial performance and fixed assets of the company (Baker & Wurgler,
2015). However, the investment decision could affect the cash level of the business and it
would be crucial for the business to raise the funds from the business.
On the basis of the study, it is concluded that the investment is better option as of now
for the company because it would strengthen up the financial position and the financial
performance of the company at the same time.
Que 6:
Financial viability of the business:
ABB is a Swedish Swiss multinational company which is headquarter in Switzerland.
The main operational of the company includes robotics, heavy electrical equipment etc. the
company is one among the fortune 500 gloabl list. The financial statement of the company
explains that the revenue of the company has been improved from last year which has
impacted positively on the gross profit level as well as net profit level. The improvement in
the profitability level is even higher than the total sales turnover of the business. It leads to
the business towards better performance (Baker, Dutta & Saadi, 2010).
Further, the financial position of the business has been studied and it has been found
that the assets level has been improved by the business from the last year to manage the sales
and manage the resources for the diversifications and new projects of the business. The
business has issued debt and equity both to improve the funds of the business. It explains that
the financial position and performance of the company has been stronger from the last year.
Financial ratios:
Financial ratios study has been applied on ABB limited and the competitor, GE
limited to identify the changes and the performance of the company in the industry. the
financial ratios of both the companies are as follows:
Ratio Calculations 2016 2017 2016 2017
ABB limited GE Limited

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Profitability Ratios: 2016 2017 2016 2017
Return on Capital
employed 2016 2017 2016 2017
Operating profit / 3098000000 3294000000 16850000000 8247000000
Capital employed
(total assets - current
liabilities)
24,092,000,0
00
26,989,000,0
00
283,602,000,0
00
300,543,000,0
00
Answer: % 12.86% 12.20% 5.94% 2.74%
Gross Profit Margin 2016 2017 2016 2017
Gross profit / 9,747,000,000 10,266,000,000 32,204,000,000 28,534,000,000
Sales Revenue (note
used operating
revenue) 33,828,000,000 34,312,000,000 119,687,000,000 120,468,000,000
Answer: 28.8% 29.9% 26.9% 23.7%
Operating profit
margin 2016 2017 2016 2017
Operating profit / 3,098,000,000 3,294,000,000 16,850,000,000 8,247,000,000
Sales Revenue % 33,828,000,000 34,312,000,000 119,687,000,000 120,468,000,000
Answer: 9.16% 9.60% 14.08% 6.85%
ABB limited GE Limited
Asset Efficiency
Ratios 2016 2017 2016 2017
Trade payable
payment period ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
Accounts payable/ 4,446,000,000 5,419,000,000 14,435,000,000 15,153,000,000
Cost of sales 24,081,000,000 24,046,000,000 87,483,000,000 91,934,000,000
Answer: (note the
above needs to be x
365)
#
days 67.39 82.26 60.23 60.16
Inventory Turnover
(days) 2016 2017 2016 2017
Average Inventory / 4,347,000,000 5,059,000,000 22,354,000,000 21,923,000,000
Cost of Sales
#
days 24,081,000,000 24,046,000,000 87,483,000,000 91,934,000,000
Answer: (note the
above needs to be x
365) 65.89 76.79 93.27 87.04
Receivables
Turnover (days) 2016 2017 2016 2017
Average trade 7,293,000,0 7,883,000,0 24,076,000,0 24,438,000,0

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debtors / 00 00 00 00
Sales revenue (note
used operating
revenue)
#
days
33,828,000,0
00
34,312,000,0
00
119,687,000,0
00
120,468,000,0
00
Answer: (note the
above needs to be x
365) 78.69 83.86 73.42 74.04
ABB limited GE Limited
Liquidity Ratios 2016 2017 2016 2017
Current Ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
Current Assets / 21,940,000,000 21,939,000,000 157,058,000,000 144,993,000,000
Current liabilities 15,407,000,000 16,273,000,000 81,580,000,000 77,400,000,000
Answer: 1.42 1.35 1.93 1.87
Acid test ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
Current Assets -
Inventory / 17,593,000,000 16,880,000,000 134,704,000,000 123,070,000,000
Current Liabilities 15,407,000,000 16,273,000,000 81,580,000,000 77,400,000,000
Answer: 1.14 1.04 1.65 1.59
ABB limited GE Limited
Capital Structure
Ratios 2016 2017 2016 2017
Gearing ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
Long term liabilities / 10,697,000,000 12,170,000,000 207,775,000,000 236,282,000,000
Capital employed 24,092,000,000 26,989,000,000 283,602,000,000 300,543,000,000
Answer: % 0.444 0.451 0.733 0.786
Interest Coverage
Ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
EBIT / 3,098,000,000 3,294,000,000 16,850,000,000 8,247,000,000
Net Finance Costs
(used net interest
expense) 261,000,000 277,000,000 5,025,000,000 4,869,000,000
Answer:
times
p.a
11.8
7
11.8
9
3.3
5
1.6
9
ABB limited GE Limited
Market value Ratios 2016 2017 2016 2017
Earnings per share 2016 2017 2016 2017
Net income 1,899,000,000 2,213,000,000 8,175,000,000 -6,222,000,000
Weighted average 2,151,000,000 2,138,000,000 2,151,000,000 2,138,000,000

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shares outstanding
Answer: 0.883 1.035 3.801
-
2.910
Dividend coverage
ratio 2016 2017 2016 2017
Net income / 1,899,000,000 2,213,000,000 8,175,000,000 -6,222,000,000
Dividend paid to
shareholders 1,635,000,000 1,635,000,000 8,806,000,000 8,650,000,000
Answer:
1.1
6
1.3
5
0.9
3
-
0.72
(Morningstar, 2018)
On the basis of the above given table, it has been found that the profitability level of
the business has been improved from the last year as well as the position of the company is
strongest in the industry (Baker & English, 2011). Additionally, the efficiency ratios of the
business has been studied and it has been found that the company has reduced the cash
conversions cycle from the last year which explains that the requirement of the working
capital and cash is lower in the business now.
Along with that, the liquidity position of the company is also strong. The company
has enough funds to manage the short term debt position of the business. Further, the capital
structure ratio of the business explains that the long term liabilities of the company are lower
than the capital employed in the industry (Ahrendsen & Katchova, 2012). Interest coverage
ratio of the business also explains that the EBIT level of the company is quite higher than the
interest amount. Market value ratios further explains that the dividend paid by the ABB
limited is higher in the industry and it has been improved from the last year.
Recommendation:
On the basis of the above study on the financial statement and the ratio analysis, it has
been found that the overall changes in the company are depicting positive performance of the
business. ABB limited is recommended to make the changes in the efficiency position in
order to reduce the working capital requirement and the gearing ratios must also be altered by
the business on the basis of optimal capital structure (Brusov, Filatova, Orehova & Brusova,
2011). It would help the business to improve the overall financial level in the business so that
the investment level and financial management level of the business could be improved more.

Financial management Principles
21
References:
Ahrendsen, B. L., & Katchova, A. L. (2012). Financial ratio analysis using ARMS
data. Agricultural Finance Review, 72(2), 262-272.
Baker, H. K., & English, P. (2011). Capital budgeting valuation: Financial analysis for
today's investment projects(Vol. 13). John Wiley & Sons.
Baker, H. K., Dutta, S., & Saadi, S. (2010). Management views on real options in capital
budgeting.
Baker, M., & Wurgler, J. (2015). Do strict capital requirements raise the cost of capital? Bank
regulation, capital structure, and the low-risk anomaly. American Economic Review, 105(5),
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