Financial Calculations and Annuities

This assignment provides detailed step-by-step solutions to various financial calculation problems. It covers topics such as rate of return, computation of interest rates, time value of money, and present value of annuities. The problems are solved using formulas and calculations, providing a clear understanding of the concepts. The assignment is suitable for students studying finance or economics and can be used as a reference for past papers and solved assignments.

Running head: FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Financial mathematics
Name of the student
Name of the university
Student ID
Author note

1FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Table of Contents
I. Simple interest....................................................................................................................2
II. Compound interest..............................................................................................................4
III. Present value......................................................................................................................6
IV. Annuities............................................................................................................................9
V. Present value of annuity.....................................................................................................9

2FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
I. Simple interest
1. Amount and simple interest
Interest = Principal * Rate * Time
Principle = $ 13,750
Rate = 10.25%
Time = 3 years and 5 months = 41/12 years
Therefore, Interest = $ 13,750 * 0.1025 * 41/12
Interest = $ 4815.365
Amount = Principal + Interest
Amount = $ 13,750 + $ 4815.365 = $ 18,565.36
2. Exact simple interest and ordinary simple interest
Exact simple interest
Principal amount = $ 15,180
Interest rate = 9.125%
Number of days = 180
Converting the days into year –
180 days = 180 days * 1/365 days = 180/365 years
Using formula to solve the simple interest,

3FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Interest = Principal * Rate * Time
Interest = $ 15,000 * 0.09125 * 180/365
Interest = $ 675
Ordinary simple interest
Principal amount = $ 15,180
Interest rate = 9.125%
Number of days = 180
Converting the days into year –
180 days = 180 days * 1/360 days = ½ years
Using formula to solve the simple interest,
Interest = Principal * Rate * Time
Interest = $ 15,000 * 0.09125 * ½
Interest = $ 684.375
Therefore the amount of difference between ordinary simple interest and exact simple interest
is ($ 684.375 - $ 675) = $ 9.84
3. Rate of interest
Principal amount = $ 12,150
Rate of interest = ?
Time = 5 years

4FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Interest amount = ( $ 25,800 - $ 12,150) = $ 13,650
Using formula to solve the simple interest,
Interest = Principal * Rate * Time
$ 13,650 = $ 12,150 * Rate * 5
$ 13,650 = $ 60,750 * rate
Rate = 0.2247 or 22.47%.
II. Compound interest
1. Computation of amount
Formula for compound interest –
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
Where, A = Future value of investment or loan including the interest
P = Principal amount
R = rate of interest
N = number of times interest compounded
T = no. of years money invested or borrowed for
Here in the given example,
P = $ 11,880
R = 6.25%
T = 15 years

5FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
a. Annually compounded
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
A = $ 11,880 * (1+0.0625)15
A = $ 29,495.14
b. Semi-annually compounded
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
A = $ 11,880 * (1+0.0625/2)(2(15))
A = $ 29,703.04
c. Quarterly compounded
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
A = $ 11,880 * (1+0.0625/4)(4(15))
A = $ 29,914.72
d. Monthly compounded
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
A = $ 11,880 * (1 + 0.0625/12)(12(15))
A = $ 30,059.13
2. Requirement of money
A = $ 16,850.58
R = 11%

6FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
T = 5 years
A = P (1 + r/n)(nt)
$ 16,850.58 = P * (1 + 0.11)5
P = $ 16,850.58 / 1.685058
P = $ 10,000
III. Present value
The present value is calculated as follows –
PV = FV / (1+r/m)mt
FV = future value of money
R = annual rate of interest
T = no. of years
M = no. of periods based on the compounding frequency
1. Net present value
FV = $ 175,000
R = 9.125%
T = 15 years
PV = FV / (1+r)t
PV = $ 175,000 / (1+0.09125)15
PV = $ 47,225.24

7FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
2. Rate of interest
FV = $ 135,000
PV = $ 47,225.24
R = ?
T = 20 years
PV = FV / (1+r)t
PV = FV x (1+r)-n
47225.24 = 175000 x (1+r)-20
(1+r)-20 = 47225.24/175000
(1+r)-20 = 0.27
1+r = (0.27)20
1+r = 5.40
r = 5.40-1
r= 4.40%
Therefore, to accept the response in # , the interest rate of 4.40% or higher than that
will be accepted today to reach the amount of $ 175,000 in 20 years
3. Rate of return

8FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Computation of rate of return over specific period or Compounded annual growth rate
(CAGR)
CAGR = (EV / BV)1/n – 1
Where, EV = ending value of investment = $ 200,000
BV = Beginning value of investment = $ 40,000
N = years = 12
CAGR = ($ 200,000 / $ 40,000)1/12 – 1
CAGR = 0.416667 – 1
CAGR = 0.1435 = 14.35%
Therefore, the rate of return on investment is 14.35%
4. Computation of time
PV = FV / (1+r/m)mt
$ 1,000 = $ 2,653.30 / (1 + 0.10/2)2*t
(1.05)2t = 2.6533
1.1025t = 2.6533
T = 8.8 years approximately
5. Time and rate of interest
PV = FV / (1+r)t
$ 10,000 = $ 9,450 / (1 + r)3

9FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
(1 + r)3 = 0.945
(1 + r) = 0.9813
R = 0.9813 – 1
R = -0187 or discount of 1.87%
IV. Annuities
Present value of annuity, PV = P * [1-(1+r)-n] / r
P = value of each payment = $ 4,500
R = 6.50%
N = no. of period = 25 years
Therefore, PV = $ 4,500 * [1- (1.065)-25] / 0.0650
PV = $ 4,500 * 12.1979
PV = $ 54,890.45
Amount of interest will be = $ 54,890.45 - $ 4,500 = $ 50,390.45
V. Present value of annuity
a. Interest rate = 5% per annum
Present value of annuity, PV = P * [1-(1+r)-n] / r
P = value of each payment = $ 50,000
R = 5%

10FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
N = no. of period = 20 years
Therefore, PV = $ 50000 * [1- (1.05)-20] / 0.05
PV = $ 50,000 * 12.4622
PV = $ 6,23,110.50
b. Interest rate = 10% annual
Present value of annuity, PV = P * [1-(1+r)-n] / r
P = value of each payment = $ 50,000
R = 10%
N = no. of period = 20 years
Therefore, PV = $ 50000 * [1- (1.10)-20] / 0.10
PV = $ 50,000 * 8.5136
PV = $ 4,25,678.20
c. Interest rate = 20% per year
Present value of annuity, PV = P * [1-(1+r)-n] / r
P = value of each payment = $ 50,000
R = 20%
N = no. of period = 20 years
Therefore, PV = $ 50000 * [1- (1.20)-20] / 0.20
PV = $ 50,000 * 4.8696

11FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
PV = $ 2,43,479