Financial Performance Evaluation of Top Pharmaceutical Organizations in UK
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This section evaluates the financial performance of the top three pharmaceutical organizations in the UK using financial and non-financial ratios. The report includes profitability, liquidity, and efficiency ratios for GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc, and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017.
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Running head: ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Accounting and Finance for Managers Name of the Student: Name of the University: Authorโs Note: Course ID:
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1ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Table of Contents Question 1:.........................................................................................................................2 Answer to Part (a):.........................................................................................................2 Answer to Part (b):.......................................................................................................12 Answer to Part (c):.......................................................................................................14 Question 2:.......................................................................................................................14 Answer to Part (a):.......................................................................................................15 Answer to Part (b):.......................................................................................................16 References:......................................................................................................................19 Appendices:.....................................................................................................................22
2ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Question 1: The current section aims to evaluate the financial performance of the three top pharmaceutical organisations in UK for which the financial ratios and non-financial ratios are taken into consideration. These three organisations comprise of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc. Answer to Part (a): For evaluating the financial position and performance of the three selected organisations, the following ratios are taken into consideration: Profitability ratios: 201520162017201520162017201520162017 RevenueA23,923ยฃ27,889ยฃ30,186ยฃ6,417ยฃ11,397ยฃ15,161ยฃ24,708ยฃ23,002ยฃ22,465ยฃ Gross profitB15,070ยฃ18,599ยฃ19,844ยฃ5,448ยฃ7,580ยฃ10,460ยฃ20,062ยฃ18,876ยฃ18,147ยฃ Net profitC8,422ยฃ912ยฃ1,532ยฃ1,303ยฃ327ยฃ4,272ยฃ2,825ยฃ3,406ยฃ2,868ยฃ Gross marginB/A62.99%66.69%65.74%84.90%66.51%68.99%81.20%82.06%80.78% Net marginC/A35.20%3.27%5.08%20.31%2.87%28.18%11.43%14.81%12.77% GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc ParticularsDetails Table 1: Profitability ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018)
3ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS 201520162017201520162017201520162017 GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% Profitability Ratios Gross margin Net margin Figure 1: Profitability ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) Based on the above figure, it could be evaluated that the gross margin of GlaxoSmithKline Plc has increased from 62.99% in 2015 to 66.69% in 2016; however, it has declined slightly to 65.74% in 2017. On the other hand, the ratio of Shire Plc has fallen significantly from 84.90% in 2015 to 66.51% in 2016; however, it has increased slightly to 68.99% in 2017. In case of Astrazeneca Plc, the gross margin has increased from 81.20% in 2015 to 82.06% in 2016; however, the decline is slightly inherent to 80.78% in 2017. With the help of gross margin, it is possible for the organisations in gauging their production costs in relation to their revenues (Vogel 2014). The higher the margin, the better it is for the organisation. In this case, Astrazeneca Plc is leading in terms of gross margin followed by Shire Plc and GlaxoSmithKline Plc.
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4ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS The net margin of GlaxoSmithKline Plc has fallen drastically to 3.27% in 2016 from 35.20% in 2015; however, it has increased to 5.08% in 2017. The trend is similar in case of Shire Plc as well; however, the only exception is Astrazeneca Plc, as its net margin has increased in 2016 compared to the previous year and it has declined in 2017. Net margin is the income that an organisation makes after it has incurred all expenses and taxes (Warren and Jones 2018). In terms of net margin, Shire Plc is the leading organisation, since its net margin has increased massively in 2017. Liquidity ratios: 201520162017201520162017201520162017 Current assetsA16,587ยฃ16,711ยฃ15,907ยฃ2,256ยฃ7,540ยฃ7,608ยฃ16,007ยฃ13,262ยฃ13,150ยฃ InventoriesB4,716ยฃ5,102ยฃ5,557ยฃ635ยฃ3,562ยฃ3,292ยฃ2,143ยฃ2,334ยฃ3,035ยฃ Current liabilitiesC13,417ยฃ19,001ยฃ26,569ยฃ3,706ยฃ7,743ยฃ7,882ยฃ14,869ยฃ15,256ยฃ16,383ยฃ Current ratioA/C1.240.880.600.610.970.971.080.870.80 Quick ratio(A-B)/C0.880.610.390.440.510.550.930.720.62 Liquidity Ratios:- ParticularsDetails GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc Table 2: Liquidity ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018)
5ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS 201520162017201520162017201520162017 GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc - 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 Liquidity Ratios Current ratio Quick ratio Figure 2: Liquidity ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) Liquidity ratios help in measuring the short-term position of an organisation in meeting its existingobligations and dues (Reid andMyddelton 2017). In caseof GlaxoSmithKline Plc and Astrazeneca Plc, the ratio has declined considerably over the years; however, the ratio has increased for Shire Plc in 2016 and it has remained constant in 2017 as well. The ideal current ratio in the UK pharmaceutical industry is consideredas2.However,alltheorganisationsareperformingbelowtheideal standard, which depicts their struggles to clear off their short-term dues and obligations. The performance is better for Shire Plc among the three organisations based on the current ratio computed. Quick ratio is considered as a superior measure of liquidity, since it does not take into account the inventory base (Dokas, Giokas and Tsamis 2014). In this case, the
6ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS trend is similar for GlaxoSmithKline Plc, as the ratio has declined from 0.88 in 2015 to 0.61 in 2016 and 0.39 in 2017. However, the ratio has increased for Shire Plc from 0.44 in 2015 to 0.51 in 2016 and 0.55 in 2017. Even though the ratio has declined from Astrazeneca Plc, it is still higher compared to the other two organisations and higher the ratio, the better is for the organisation. Hence, in terms of liquidity, Astrozeneca Plc is in a better position in the UK pharmaceutical industry. Efficiency ratios: 201520162017201520162017201520162017 RevenueA23,923ยฃ27,889ยฃ30,186ยฃ6,417ยฃ11,397ยฃ15,161ยฃ24,708ยฃ23,002ยฃ22,465ยฃ Cost of revenueB8,853ยฃ9,290ยฃ10,342ยฃ969ยฃ3,816ยฃ4,701ยฃ4,646ยฃ4,126ยฃ4,318ยฃ Opening inventoryC4,231ยฃ4,716ยฃ5,102ยฃ545ยฃ635ยฃ3,562ยฃ1,960ยฃ2,143ยฃ2,334ยฃ Closing inventoryD4,716ยฃ5,102ยฃ5,557ยฃ635ยฃ3,562ยฃ3,292ยฃ2,143ยฃ2,334ยฃ3,035ยฃ Average inventoryE=(C+D)/24,474ยฃ4,909ยฃ5,330ยฃ590ยฃ2,099ยฃ3,427ยฃ2,052ยฃ2,239ยฃ2,685ยฃ Opening receivablesF3,556ยฃ3,824ยฃ4,615ยฃ1,035ยฃ1,201ยฃ2,616ยฃ4,762ยฃ4,633ยฃ2,583ยฃ Closing receivablesG3,824ยฃ4,615ยฃ4,672ยฃ1,201ยฃ2,616ยฃ3,010ยฃ4,633ยฃ2,583ยฃ2,802ยฃ Average receivablesH=(F+G)/23,690ยฃ4,220ยฃ4,644ยฃ1,118ยฃ1,909ยฃ2,813ยฃ4,698ยฃ3,608ยฃ2,693ยฃ Inventory turnover (in days)365/(B/E)184193188222201266161198227 Receivables turnover (in days)365/(A/H)565556646168695744 ParticularsDetails GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc Table 3: Efficiency ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018)
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7ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 GlaxoSmithKlin e PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Efficiency Ratios Receivables turnover (in days) Inventory turnover (in days) Figure 3: Efficiency ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) According to the above figure, it could be observed that the inventory turnover of GlaxoSmithKline Plc has increased from 184 days in 2015 to 193 days in 2016; however, it has declined to 188 days in 2017. On the other hand, the ratio for Shire Plc has decreased from 222 days in 2015 to 201 days in 2016; however, it has increased again to 266 days in 2017. In case of Astrazeneca Plc, the ratio has increased to 198 days in 2016 from 161 days in 2015 and the rise is inherent further to 227 days in 2017. The lower the ratio in terms of days, the higher is the demand for the products and services of the organisation in the market (Evans and Mathur 2014). In this case, GlaxoSmithKline Plc is enjoying a better position in the market compared to its other two competitors.
8ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Receivables turnover denotes the time, in which an organisation collects its dues from the customers for the products and services rendered at a past date (Almamy, Aston and Ngwa 2016). The lower the ratio, the better it is for the organisation in collecting cash from its customers to increase its working capital. In this case, the ratio is lower for GlaxoSmithKline Plc and hence, in terms of efficiency, it could be inferred thattheorganisationisenjoyingcompetitivesupremacyovertheothertwo organisations in the UK pharmaceutical industry. Solvency ratios: Table 4: Solvency ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018)
9ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 GlaxoSmithKli ne PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc -400.00 -350.00 -300.00 -250.00 -200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 - 50.00 Solvency Ratios Interest coverage ratio Debt-to-equity ratio Figure 4: Solvency ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) Depending on the above figure, it could be stated that GlaxoSmithKline has relied highly on debt financing for raising funds rather than equity financing. As a result, it has increased the debt burden of the organisation severely, which might minimise the overall return on investment for the shareholders of the organisation (Enekwe 2015). On the other hand, the other two organisations have relied more on debt funding as well, whichdenotesthattheyfailtoattractsufficientinvestorsforinvestingintheir organisations. However, out of the three firms, the ratio is lower for Shire Plc and the lower the ratio; the better it is for the organisation. Thus, in terms of gearing, Shire Plc is enjoying competitive advantage in the market. In terms of interest coverage ratio, GlaxoSmithKline Plc is enjoying a better position in the sector, as the ratio is increasing over the years. In case of Shire Plc, the
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10ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS ratio has fallen massively in 2016 even though a slight increase is observed in 2017. For Astrazeneca Plc, the ratio has declined over the years. Hence, it could be stated that GlaxoSmithKline has better capability of clearing off its financing cost with the help of adequate operating income. Investment ratios: 201520162017201520162017201520162017 Marke value per shareA0.4035ยฃ0.3779ยฃ0.3547ยฃ0.2050ยฃ0.1703ยฃ0.1551ยฃ0.3395ยฃ0.2732ยฃ0.3470ยฃ Earnings per shareB3.49ยฃ0.38ยฃ0.63ยฃ6.62ยฃ1.29ยฃ14.13ยฃ2.23ยฃ2.77ยฃ2.37ยฃ Annual dividendC3,892ยฃ3,892ยฃ3,892ยฃ134.40ยฃ171.30ยฃ281.30ยฃ3,519ยฃ3,561ยฃ3,486ยฃ Net profitD8,422ยฃ912ยฃ1,532ยฃ1,303ยฃ327ยฃ4,272ยฃ2,825ยฃ3,406ยฃ2,868ยฃ Price/earnings ratioA/B0.120.990.560.030.130.010.150.100.15 Dividend payout ratioC/D0.464.272.540.100.520.071.251.051.22 ParticularsDetails GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc Table 5: Investment ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 GlaxoSmithKlin e PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 Investment Ratios Price/earnings ratio Dividend payout ratio
11ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Figure 5: Investment ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) The price earnings ratio denotes the ability of a firm in generating adequate returns in future to the shareholders (Linet al. 2015). The higher the ratio, the better it is for the organisation. In this case, GlaxoSmithKline is enjoying competitive advantage over the two other chosen organisations as well, as its ratio is higher in contrast to them. In addition, the dividend payout ratio is higher for GlaxoSmithKline as well, which denotes that the organisation has maintained paying its dividends at a stable rate to its shareholders despite the lowering income and falling demand in the market. Hence, from the investing point of view, GlaxoSmithKline is in a favourable position in the UK pharmaceuticals industry. Non-financial ratios: Thetwonon-financialratiosthathavebeenconsideredforanalysingthe business performance of the three selected organisations include number of employees and product returns ratio. 201520162017201520162017201520162017 Number of employees101,25599,30098,46225,50024,00022,00059,70061,50059,700 Percent increase/decrease-1.93%-0.84%-5.88%-8.33%3.02%-2.93% Net sales23,923ยฃ27,889ยฃ30,186ยฃ6,417ยฃ11,397ยฃ15,161ยฃ24,708ยฃ23,002ยฃ22,465ยฃ Sales return2,500ยฃ2,900ยฃ3,100ยฃ1,200ยฃ1,350ยฃ1,000ยฃ2,200ยฃ2,350ยฃ2,550ยฃ Gross sales26,423ยฃ30,789ยฃ33,286ยฃ7,617ยฃ12,747ยฃ16,161ยฃ26,908ยฃ25,352ยฃ25,015ยฃ Sales return to gross sales ratio9.46%9.42%9.31%15.75%10.59%6.19%8.18%9.27%10.19% GlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc Particulars
12ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Table 6: Non-financial ratios of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc for the years 2015-2017 (Source: Uk.gsk.com 2018; Investors.shire.com 2018; Astrazeneca.com 2018) According to the above table, it could be observed that the staff turnover ratio for GlaxoSmithKline Plc has been lower in 2017 compared to the other two organisations. In addition, the sales return to gross sales ratio is lower for GlaxoSmithKline Plc as well, which implies that the organisation has better management policies in line to keep pace with the constantly changing global business environment (Damodaran 2016). Answer to Part (b): Inordertodeterminethebestandworstperformingorganisations,SWOT analysis could be conducted further to enhance the overall reliability and validity. ParticularsGlaxoSmithKline PlcShire PlcAstrazeneca Plc Strengths1.Strong concentrationon researchand developmentfor exploring new markets 2. Global presence in over 100 nations 3.Strengthofnearly 100,000 staffs 1.Global presencein20 countries throughout Europe,Asia- Pacificand America 2.Availabilityof widearrayof productsinthe 1.Greater investmentin researchand development 2.Presencein above100nations employingabove 60,000 individuals
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13ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS market 3.Effectivecore in-house expertise Weaknesses1. Controversies about thesafety drugissue regarding the image of the organisation 2. Expiry of patent for variousbulk-buster products 1.Highlyreliant on UK market for generationof revenue 2.Restricted presenceinthe emerging markets 1. Negative effect of drug shortage crisis 2. Effect of product discontinuationon business performance Opportunities1. Raisingawareness regardinghealthcare requirements 2.International penetrationvia mergersand acquisitions 3.Betterinvesting opportunitiesforthe investors 1.Acquisitionof smallerplayers forincreasing presence 2.Highgrowth potentialofthe UK pharmaceutical industry 1. It could leverage itsadequate presenceinthe growing markets 2.Rising internationalageing population Threats1. Rising debt burden1.Ethicalissues1.Strictguidelines
14ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS couldhavenegative impactonliquidity positionofthe business 2.Economicslowin the markets of Europe pertainingto testing 2.Strict guidelinesfor drug development fordrug development 2. Rivalry coming up withappropriate drugs Table 7: SWOT analysis of GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Shire Plc and Astrazeneca Plc (Source: As created by author) Basedontheabovetableandfinancialanalysis,itcouldbeinferredthat GlaxoSmithKline Plc is enjoying better position in the UK pharmaceutical sector due to its greater dividend payout and positive future returns to the shareholders coupled with adequate employee base and increasing global presence. Answer to Part (c): With reference to the above table, it could be inferred that the most poorly performing organisation is Shire Plc due to its lower dividend payout, instability in future growth and ethical complexities confronting the organisation. Question 2: Memorandum To: The Directors of GlaxoSmithKline Plc
15ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS From: Date: 09/04/2018 Subject: Investment Appraisal The following memorandum is prepared in order to provide key details regarding the importance of using investment appraisal techniques for the organisation. This is elucidated in the following two parts: Answer to Part (a): Capitalbudgetingisatechniquethathelpsthebusinessorganisationsin analysingseveralalternativesofcapitalinvestmentsandchoosingthefeasible alternatives providing maximum returns (Burns and Walker 2015). This would be highly important for the owners of GlaxoSmithKline Plc for gauging the profitability of a project and the risks involved in the project. The main stages in the decision-making process of capital investment and the role of investment appraisal in this process are described as follows: ๏ทIdentification of opportunities ๏ทAssessment of opportunities ๏ทProjections of cash flows ๏ทSelection of projects ๏ทImplementation For instance, it is assumed that GlaxoSmithKline Plc is planning to purchase a piece of machinery. In this case, the process of capital budgeting would start from the
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16ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS identificationofopportunities(RevellinoandMouritsen2015).Therefore,the organisation is looking for opportunities to double its production due to the high demand of its products in the market. This could be identified in the form of opportunity available to GlaxoSmithKline Plc. After exploring this opportunity, the organisation would shift to the next stage of the capital budgeting process, which is evaluation of opportunities. Thus, under this stage, the organisation would assess the opportunities like buying machinery to double production from Company A or Company B, purchasing the semi- automaticmachine,subcontractingmachineryorbuyingfromoutside(Baumand Crosby 2014). In this case, the organisation would decide to buy new machinery and after this stage, it would project the future cash flows related to the decision of capital budgeting to purchase automatic machine from Company A (Andor, Mohanty and Toth 2015). In the fourth stage, depending on the estimation of cash flows and carrying out analysis of net present value, internal rate of return and profitability index, the most feasible outcome by using the mentioned techniques would be chosen. After this stage, the machinery would be purchased and it would be set up in the factor. This is the way of undertaking the capital budgeting decision in an organisation (Gotze, Northcott and Schuster 2016). Answer to Part (b): It is assumed that GlaxoSmithKline Plc is considering two mutually exclusive projects and the project having the maximum benefits would be considered. The cost of capital or discount rate is assumed as 10%. The following example is considered, in which the different types of investment appraisal techniques are applied:
17ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS Table 8: Investment appraisal techniques for the two projects (Source: As created by author) NPV is considered as the technique of calculating the present value of cash inflows or discounted cash flows obtained by multiplying cash inflows with the discount rate, which is deducted from the initial outlay of a project (Higham, Fortune and Boothman 2016). This technique helps in gauging the profitability of a project, as higher NPV denotes higher returns. In this case, project B has positive and higher NPV, while that of project A is negative. Hence, in terms of NPV, project B needs to be accepted. IRR is another measure of investment appraisal, which helps in assessing the attractiveness of a particular project. If the rate is higher than the cost of capital, the project is profitable and vice-versa (Hicks 2017). In this case, Project B has higher IRR
18ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE FOR MANAGERS than the cost of capital, while the situation is just reverse in case of Project A. Thus, project B needs to be accepted in this case. PBP helps in estimating the time at which the initial investment made in the project would be recovered. The lower the period, the better it is for the organisation. In this case, project B has lower payback period compared to project A, which denotes the feasibility of the former project. ARR signifies the amount of profit in percentage form that an individual or an organisation could make from the investment made. The higher the percentage, the more profitable is the investment (Li and Trutnevyte 2017). In this case, ARR is higher for project B than project A. Therefore, project B is to be accepted. PI is an investment appraisal technique that helps in ranking projects, as it would enable in quantifying the amount of value developed per unit of investment. A PI above 1 is considered feasible. In this case, the PI for project B is above 1, while that of project Bisbelow1.Thus,itdenotesthatprojectBwouldbemoreprofitablefor GlaxoSmithKline Plc. Basedonthehypotheticalexample,itisadvisedtothemanagementof GlaxoSmithKline Plc to progress ahead with project B, since it would help in maximising the overall return on investment.
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