Financial Reporting: Is Fair Value Plus or Minus?

This study aims to identify the effectiveness and pros and cons of various financial reporting and fair value that will increase the overall improvement. The study is significant in the sense that financial report and fair value is one of the important aspects in the sense that through the companies will be aiming to identify the current market price of the assets and incorporation of fair value is positive for financial reporting as the current value of assets can be identified.

Running head: Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
FINANCIAL REPORTING: IS FAIR VALUE PLUS OR MINUS?
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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................4
Research Question......................................................................................................................9
Methodology..............................................................................................................................9
Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................11
Conclusions..............................................................................................................................18
Reference list............................................................................................................................19

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Introduction
Financial report and fair value is one of the finest thing that most of the accounting
firms will try to incorporate in the business in order to increase the efficiency of accounting.
On the other hand, through the use of financial report and fair value, most of the companies
will be aiming to minimise the gaps that are being present within accounting process of the
company. On the other hand, using the increased level of accounting tools and technologies,
the companies will be mainly willing to identify the norms and notions. The main aim of this
study is to identify the effectiveness and pros and cons of various financial reporting and fair
value that will increase the overall improvement. The study is significant in the sense that
financial report and fair value is one of the important aspects in the sense that through the
companies will be aiming to identify the current market price of the assets and incorporation
of fair value is positive for financial reporting as the current value of assets can be identified.
On the other hand, importance of financial report and fair value lies in the
identification of stakeholders and the performance capability of the financial variables that
will be mainly helpful for the development of future objectives. It is important in the sense
that, through the financial report and fair value it is highly beneficial for the companies in all
the domains especially the financial institutes to perform in a better way. Many organisations
like Commonwealth Bank, Delloit, HSBC are improving their allocated research works for
accounting purposes and they are coming out with effective results. This is important aspects
in the sense that most of the developed nations will be looking to induce the resource
utilisation and through the use of financial resources, the companies will be mainly willing to
incorporate the policies that are currently having less lags so that they can improve their long
terms goals and objectives. However, through the use of better and upgraded financial
reporting and fair values, the companies will be able to point out unmentioned and hidden
investment that will definitely allow the company to improve their financial position within

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
the market. It is highly sustainable in the sense that in the long run, if the company is wanting
to seek out any kind of future investment will be able to do so if they are well aware of
existing amount of resources. It is highly important for the improvement in the economic
principles that will not only induce the company to bring in effective policies so that they can
increase their resource utilisation to full extent. In order to indulge the development of
resources, the company is mainly willing to increase the overall level of the efficiency so that
both their human and capital resources can increase their production ability.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Literature Review
According to Gow, Larcker & Reiss (2016), the most empirical level of research work
that has been done by the financial analyst based on the empirical observations. In order to
increase the effectiveness of the empirical observations most of the financial analysts have
claimed that fact that using various approaches, they draw causal interference on the
accounting purposes. Though the incorporation of better accessibility will not only minimise
the gap but will also incorporate the company to perform better level of operation. Most of
the financial analysts claims that drawing causal conclusion on the accounting purpose is
mainly asking three main important questions to the financial institutions (Annisette &
Prasad, 2017). The long term impact of the loan contracts will not help the development of
better resources if the faulty financial report and fair value purpose is continuing to operate.
The second question that arrives is the relationship with the asymmetry decisions that are
being spread among investors and shareholders regarding the amount of funding and capital
that the company is having with them.
It is an important aspects in the sense that through the incorporation of false and
wrong accounting tools will not only break the trust of the shareholders on the company but
the improvement in the accessibility to further investment will be also closed. The third
question that is arising is the relationship between the decision making abilities of the
company depending on the faulty results that has been generated with the use of those tools
(Atanasov & Black, 2016). In order to determine the causal effects of one variable on another
variable it is important for the researcher to have full control on the variables that are having
causal relationship. For example if any financial analysts claims the fact that variable X and
Y are having causal relationship. Thus in order to confirm the observation the financial
analyst will have to incorporate the assumptions of statistics and econometrics that are
helping in getting such conclusions.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Difference in variable and fixed estimators
In order to make an effective incorporation in the overall estimation of the financial
variables of any company most of account researcher takes either variable or fixed estimators
to estimate the long run trend. Most of the statisticians claims the fact that it is profitable to
use the difference-in-difference or DD estimators for such quasi experimental models that
will determine the development of better level of prediction using regression model. It is
highly important in the sense that through the use of better accessibility of regression model,
the effectiveness of overall estimation depends on the P-value theory that states the
probability of accepting or rejecting the null or alternative hypothesis (Bebbington &
Unerman, 2018). This will increase the development of resources and how the company will
be willing to identify the process to utilise resource and increase accounting channelization
that will enhance the development of resources and will increase the importance of the
accounting purpose.
On the other hand, taking the fixed amount of estimators will definitely increase the
innovation in the model but the main pros will be the validity of final outcome. The final
outcome will be more or less biased in nature. In order to highlight the importance of long
run effectiveness of accounting purpose, the companies need to identify the amount of
resources that will be required to smooth off the investment that are being done by the
shareholders and the effectiveness of decision making abilities of the shareholders and
company chairman in order to furnish the development of the company in the long run
(Bertomeu, Beyer & Taylor, 2016). In order to indulge the improvement of the company it is
important for the decision makers to indulge the resource utilisation that will definitely
increase the overall improvement.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Atanasov & Black (2016) opined that it is important for the companies to indulge the
policies but it is urgent for the company to predict the shocks that are having an impact on the
long run. Some of the most important tools that are being used to eliminate the shocks from
the past variables are in the form of Difference-in-differences (DiD), regression discontinuity
(RD), event study (ES) and instrumental variable (IV) designs. Through the incorporation of
such tools it will give better results that it is highly important to eliminate the development of
financial reporting and fair values. This is an important approach in the sense that the above
mentioned tools are using improved level of estimation process. Through the development of
resources, it will be important for the improvement in the investment decisions that are being
able to indulge the innovation in the products designs.
Using the method of IV and ES’ technique the companies follow the variation among
treated and controlled variables and they consider the correlation among them to suffer the
improvement in the design of the products. It is important in the sense that through the
improvement in the product design, the firms will be able to highlight the improvement in the
financial analysis will definitely increase the innovation and the process will give most of the
companies to bring better level of improvement in both process and product designs.
Through the incorporation of the above mentioned technologies, the companies will be
mainly highlighting the fact that it will be able to formulate better audit reports and fair annul
reports will help the stakeholders to make a transparent communication and amount of
investment will increase.
Through the study of financial reporting the companies that are being interested to
invest in the company will be able to analyse the income statement and balance sheet of the
company will help in getting a brief of available cash that is in the hand of various
companies.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
According to Hopper & Bui (2016), the financial reporting and fair value is helping
MAR to indulge better involvement in the improvement in the income generation that will
definitely induce the best accounting process. On the other hand, the companies will be
highlighting the situations, the importance of accounting purpose will definitely induce the
government to develop better policies that will help in the long run. It is important in the
sense that it will be highlighting the importance of effectiveness of technology that will
definitely increase the renovation in the existing financial variables in order to increase the
effectiveness of the company. Through the increase in the development in the resource
channelization the companies will be increasing the overall development of companies in the
ground of business expansion. Through the incorporation of better quality of the financial
reporting and fair value will not only increase the improvement in the marketing of products
but the companies with better financial reporting will identify the potential capability of
resources.
IPA is going to include the development of resources in the long run. Through the
incorporation of better activities in the accounting purpose is going to increase the
development of resources. Through the incorporation of the overall resource channelization it
is important for the companies to indulge the development of the level of economic and
financial reporting and fair values. Through the incorporation in better financial reporting and
fair value the companies will be looking to incorporate the ways of better accessibility of
resources will not only include the resources but will definitely looking to include the
incorporation better financial reporting and fair values.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Figure 1: Types of financial reporting and fair values that are used
(Source: Hopper & Bui, 2016)
The above diagram is showing the fact that in order to increase the overall resource
allocation, it is important for companies to indulge the market research that are being
accounted for the improved level of accounting innovation. Through the increased level of
financial reporting and fair value, the innovation in the tools and the methods of data
collection will indulge the improvement in the overall resources utilisation. This is an
important aspects in the sense that through the incorporation of better accessibility the
economy will be mainly booming to indulge the improvement in the whole financial
reporting and fair values.
Using better accessibility of resource development the economic activities will be
playing crucial role in the sense that in order to increase the long run effectiveness of the
financial report and fair value and principles will definitely indulge the improvement in the
overall financial reporting and fair values of company. On the other hand, using the better
level of improvement is going to increase in the improvement in the overall resources
development. On the other hand, through the incorporation of better accessibility in the
financial reporting and fair value will definitely increase the overall resource allocation that
will definitely increase the improvement. Through the use of advanced level of accounting

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
and using software will decrease the error rate and the overall effectiveness of the company is
mainly going to increase as the prediction rate will increase.
Use of coding will increase the resources allocation and using system generated
accounting will be beneficial as the company will definitely increase the improvement as the
data can be changed based on the situation. The main problem of hand solved accounting will
need to incorporate the development of process and collection of data from the survey
method and other things to be done from the beginning. The new process will be both time
and cost effective.
Research Question
In order to increase the level of the efficiency of the financial report and fair value,
the development of the research questions will be playing a crucial role. In order to increase
the development of the research and depth of the study research questions are framed based
on the objectives that are being set in order to achieve those objectives in the long run.
Question 1: How far the financial reporting and fair value will depend on the level of
investment?
Question 2: How far the companies are determine the financial reporting and fair
values that are to be used?
Question 3: Estimate the validation of the financial reporting and fair values in
determining long run effectiveness of the investment?
Question 4: Estimate the overall time taken by the companies to incorporate the
financial reporting and fair values?

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Methodology
Determination of the methodology is quite important in the sense that it will include
the improvement in the data analysis that will definitely allow the economy as well as the
company will be paying in order to increase the development of resources. It is important in
the sense that through the development of resources the overall economy will be claiming
better policies and best methods of data collection will be able to identify the amount of
investments that will be required to improve the long run accounting policy. The study will
use both the qualitative and quantitative method of data collection that will give innovative
technologies. The qualitative and quantitative analysis will definitely going to increase the
strength of the study. It is definitely going to indulge better level of the benefit that will be
identified from the development of study. On the other hand, using the deductive method of
research design will indulge the development of new outcomes based on the existing theories.
It is important in the sense that using empirical data, the economy is mainly going to
incorporate the better development of resources. Through the incorporation of financial
reporting and fair values, most of the companies have indulged the development of better
resources channelization.
On the other hand, using the inductive method of research will not be helpful in the
sense that through the financial reporting and fair values, the study will try to minimise the
resources gap and the investment gap. Thus inductive method of research will definitely not
going to help in the sense that it will inducing the importance of development of new theories
that will not be required here. Through the incorporation of financial reporting and fair value
methodology the whole study will definitely looking to incorporate the policies. The
quantitative analysis will include the sample size of the 30 workers of various companies to
indulge the incorporation of better policies. The staffs will be highly important in providing

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
their views regarding the financial reporting and fair value and it is important in the sense that
through the improvement in the overall resource consumption, the economy will bloom.
While considering the qualitative analysis, the views of the managers will be crucial
to determine the development of resources and how the companies will be aiming to
incorporate the financial reporting and fair values. 5 managers have been selected for the
overall qualitative analysis and the company is behaving in an advanced manner. Taking the
secondary quantity of data set will definitely help the study to find the details of the financial
reporting and fair values that has taken the initiative to increase the development of activities
that will increase the improvement in the business. The study will be looking to incorporate
the data regarding the improvement in the overall resources to be accustomed with the
generic process of financial reporting and fair value.
Data Analysis
In order to make an analysis of the financial reporting and fair values and financial
report and fair value the study has highlighted the importance of the resources development
and taken the examples of economic variables in the form of better financial reporting and
fair values will definitely increase the involvement of incorporation of financial reporting and
fair values.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
GDP defl ator for Australia
GDP deflator for Australia
Figure 2: GDP deflators as part of financial reporting and fair value
(Source: Data.worldbank.or, 2019)
The above data is claiming the fact that in order to receive the benefit of the GDP
deflator many economists will use various technologies that will be mainly helping in the
development of accounting process. But using the econometrics model, the study will
definitely include better level of prediction power. Through the improvement of economic
models most of the financial data will get a proper reason to determine the causal
relationship. The following trend line will help the countries to incorporate better amount of
technologies to be used. The incorporation of the financial aspects will underline the
importance of better resolutions for the economic activities and the financial variables to
highlight the better development of resources. On the other hand, using the overall
involvement of resources will indulge the improvement in the effective policies that will
definitely increase the level of the policies.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
-50000000
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000
300000000
350000000
net financial flow of Bolivia
Figure 3: Net financial flow of Bolivia
(Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2019)
The net financial flow of Bolivia is showing the importance of resource investigation
and the financial reporting and fair value that are giving better results after incorporating the
statistical modelling. Through the incorporation of better use of net financial flow and the
econometrics model, the companies as well as government will be able to identify the gaps in
their resources based on the performances of the net financial flow. Through the development
of better accessibility in the accounting process will definitely indulge the improvement in
the economic activities as well as the financial flow of the variables in the form of capital,
investment will look to increase their resources. On the other hand, using the better model
will definitely indulge the process of accounting to improve so that the companies and
economy will be able to perform better.
This is an important aspects in the sense that though the involvement of better
effective and causal relationship with one or more variables will definitely help the
development of financial reporting and fair values. In order to predict the future the financial
reporting and fair values will be boosting to use the current level of crisis that has enabled the

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
development of financial reporting and fair values. Through the incorporation of business
efficiency the indulgent of resources utilisation the economy will be mainly dealing of to
increase the resource utilisation. Through the Improvement in the data, the economic
activities are aiming to increase the overall resource development that will definitely indulge
the incorporation of financial reporting and fair value.
Another benefit that the companies will be dealing off while using better financial
reporting and fair value will be to use high class resources distribution that will definitely
increase the overall resources classification to increase the overall development of resources,
in bringing more amount of FDI in the improvement in the net capital inflow. On the other
hand, using the developed net income the countries will be able to identify the resources that
will be highly important for both the government auditors and private auditors to induce
better amount of activities that will induce the economy to bring out effectiveness in the
financial stability. It is highly important for the study to bring in effective amount of financial
understanding that has enabled the importance of resource protection.
Qualitative analysis
Question 1: Do you believe that better amount of accounting purpose will indulge the
development of investment?
Manager 1 Manager 2 Manager 3 Manager 4 Manager 5
“I believe that
bringing better
financial
reporting and
fair value will
obviously allow
“Through the
use of better
amount of
financial
reporting and
fair value the
“The
incorporation of
better &
effective
amount of
accounting will
“Using better
and effective
level of
financial
reporting and
fair value is
“The use of
effective
amount of
resources will
definitely
indulge the

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
the economy
and company to
incorporate
better resource
distribution that
will definitely
increase the
development of
future amount
of investment.”
country and the
economy is
mainly helping
the
development of
resource
activities but
will also use the
benefit of the
company to
increase the
resource
development.
in
understanding
the gaps that are
present within
the
stakeholders.
This will help
the economic
activities and
other
stakeholders to
indulge better
improvement in
the overall
economy.
going to
identify the
resources
distribution will
obviously bring
in better level of
improvement in
the proper level
of
communication
that has enabled
the
development of
investment
activities”.
improvisation
of effective
level of
technologies so
that the
economic
activities can be
done in order to
include the
development.”
From the responses that has been collected from the managers has claimed the fact
that in order to increase the level of stakeholders to prepare for the improvement in the
overall resources distribution and the financial reporting and fair value will definitely
increase the overall communication level among the stakeholders will increase the level of
investment that is enabling the improvement in the overall development. The second manager
claims the fact in order to indulge the development of net flow and financial aspects the
companies are involving the development of economic activities. The gaps in the investment
in going to incorporate the development of resources. On the other hand, using the
information technique and use of big data is basically helping most of the companies to

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
increase the overall resource distribution. On the other hand, using the improved level of
information technology and big data will help the improvement in the technologies that will
definitely increase the communication level that will indulge the improvement in the overall
economic activities. The development of resources and the improvement in the financial
reporting and fair value is mainly helping the importance of resource identification process.
Through the incorporation of better activities the overall financial scenario of the country will
improve.
Quantitative analysis
The views of employees will be crucial in the sense that they will be able to identify
the overall resource development and the employees of the company will be able to give their
insight on the increasing the policies that will increase the overall impact of improved level
of economic activities.
Question 1: What is the age of the respondents?
15; 43%
5; 14%
5; 14%
10; 29%
age of responses
21-25 25-30 35-40 45-50
Figure 4: Age of respondents
(Source: Created by author)

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
It has been seen that in order to increase the development of study, about 15% of the
managers claims that in order to increase the development of resources and activities, the
companies will be willing to incorporate the improvement of the business and the strong
communication will be key factor that will have an impact on the overall use of resources.
The economy is going to indulge the development of financial reporting and fair value.
Question 2: Do you believe that financial reporting will help in the development?
yes no
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
10
no of responses
Figure 5: Value of financial reporting and fair value on development
(Source: Created by Author)
Most of the employees have agreed to the fact that most of the financial reporting and
fair value will definitely incorporate the improvement in the communication that will increase
the overall resource development. In order to increase the development of financial reporting
and fair value will automatically increase the level of innovation technologies that will bring
the overall dependency on the improvement in the level of better level of the development.
On the other hand, through the improvement in the accounting purpose will definitely
increase the overall resource development. Financial reporting and fair value will mainly
allow the economy to bring better net financial data. It is important in the sense that through

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
the development of better activities the companies and countries will be playing crucial
factors. Through the incorporation of better and advanced level of financial reporting and fair
value, the economy will be aiming to increase the development of resources so that
stakeholders will be able to increase the overall impact of the financial reporting and fair
value. It is important for the countries to increase the development of financial reporting and
fair value that will automatically increase the overall impact of the financial reporting and fair
value.
Most of the employees have claimed that in order to increase the development of
overall accounting policy is going to increase the development of resources. In order to
increase the overall reaction of the company it is important to increase the overall recession
prediction will increase the future.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
Conclusions
The whole study has come to the conclusion that in order to increase the development
of resources various methods of financial reporting and fair value is important. This is
because in the sense that through the increase in the innovation of resources, it is important to
increase the development of resources and the financial reporting and fair value will help in
the increasing the value of financial activities. Most of the financial reporting and fair values
will be mainly looking to indulge the improvement in the overall resource utilisation.
Through the increase in the improvement in financial reporting and fair values will definitely
increase the overall aspect of financial reporting and fair value. Through the increase in the
policies the countries will be aiming to increase the overall level of economic activities.
Through the increase in the accounting policies, the companies will be aiming to increase the
level of communication with the stakeholders regarding the impact of the customers and it is
an important aspects in the sense that unbiased financial reporting and fair value is going to
definitely increase the overall resource development of the economic as well as financial
institutes to indulge the development of policies.

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Financial reporting: Is fair value plus or minus?
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