In-Depth Literature Review: Willis Todorova's First Impressions Study

This literature review examines Willis Todorova's study on first impressions, focusing on how individuals make trait inferences from facial appearances within minimal exposure times. The review highlights Todorova's experiments, which investigated the impact of vulnerability time on judgments ...Read More

First impressions by Willis Todorova.

Table of Contents
SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................1
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................4

SUMMARY
The concept of social psychology is generally the scientific study of the human behaviours
as well as the mental processes as it can link to how the human can interact with others. In this,
the social psychologist can believe that the behaviours of the humans can be identified by both
the person's feature as well as the social conditions in which they live. It is generally the study of
the social conditions also. From the article, it is identified that, as a reduced vulnerability time as
a 10th of a second is adequate for an individual to make a important trait inference from the facial
appearance. An extra vulnerability time enhances the confidence in the judgements as well as can
enable for more distinguished impressions of traits. The author conducted the study to effectively
know about the first impression that can make up the mind after many exposures to face. In this
discussion, people more frequently draw the inferences of traits from their facial appearance of
the other people’s. The author generally identified the negligible conditions under which an
individual can make such inferences. The author generally conducted the five experiments, and
each of them is concentrating on the particular trait opinion. The author generally influence the
vulnerability time of strange faces. The judgements can be made after a 100ms vulnerability
correlated highly with judgements that has been made in the absence of time confinement,
declare that the vulnerability time was generally sufficient for the participants in order to form an
impression (First Impressions
, Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face, 2006).
The author says, for every judgement such as likeability, attractiveness, trustworthy,
aggressiveness as well as competence can enhanced the vulnerability time did not specifically
enhance the connections. While doing the research, the author started the research with the basic
three trail practices in order to inform the engaged participants with the activities. The author
conducted trails and for this, the author takes 66 faces in which 33 are male and 33 are the
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female. These were generally categorised into 3 sets of each 22 people in a group. In this, each of
the engaged participants that is 22 of the faces were generally presented for the 100ms and
remaining 22 participants among them were present for 500ms and rest of the engaged
participants were generally presented for 1000ms. The author did this because, they were more
interested in the first impression and every face was presented only for once. The author can
have randomized the trail orders for every engaged participant by the computer system such that
the vulnerability time levels were specifically intermixed randomly. In addition to this, the author
generally conducted the principle factors analyses with the varimax rotation in order to test
whether the person impressions become more differentiated as a function of enhanced
vulnerability towards the face impressions. Through the experiments, the analysis for both
500ms and the 100ms vulnerability time period can determine only one of the component,
signifying an abrasive of positive or negative discrimination. In this, it is identified that all the
positive traits generally had high positive loadings on the component as well as the
aggressiveness generally had some increased negative loadings. The author found that the
components have been accounted for 62.5% of the variance in the judgements made after 100ms
vulnerability and about 58.3% of all the variance in the judgements made after 500ms
vulnerability. It is determined from the differences in the explained variance suggests that the
judgements made after 100ms vulnerability were more correlated than the judgements are
generally made after 500ms vulnerability (Shtudiner & Klein, 2020).
From the article, it is identified that the minimal vulnerability as 100ms is quite sufficient for
the people to make a specific trait inference from the face of stranger. In this, for every 5 traits,
the conclusions are made after 100ms vulnerability to the face were greatly associated with the
decisions that are particularly made in the absence of time limitations. In this, an additional
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vulnerability the time did not enhances these such associations. The author found that the
response time has been reduced when the vulnerability time has been enhanced from 1000 to
500ms. Moreover, the response times are generally measured from the counterbalance of the
faces to the response. Therefore, in the very 500ms conditions, the participants generally had an
extra 400ms to figure out their conclusions. In addition to this, if the engaged participants figure
out the conclusions much faster in the 500ms conditions than in the 100ms circumstances, the
reaction times must have been reduced by more than 400ms in the former conditions. And from
overall article, it is analysed that the extra vulnerability time enhances the confidence among the
conclusions as well as can enable for more distinguished traits affects. It is also determined from
the study that inferences from the facial occurrence can be difficult, from the discussion, the
traits illation from the facial occurrence can be identified as a self-generated, fast as well as a
system I processes (Theodorou & Kosic, 2021).
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Shtudiner, Z., & Klein, G. (2020). Gender, attractiveness, and judgment of impropriety: The case
of accountants. European Journal of Political Economy, 64, 101916.
Clément, F. (2020). Trust: Perspectives in Psychology. In The Routledge Handbook of Trust and
Philosophy (pp. 205-213). Routledge.
Theodorou, A., & Kosic, A. (2021). Need for Closure, Morality, and Prejudice. Social
Psychology.
Abendschein, R., Pauli, S., Schmid, L., & Huber, S. (2021, February). Impressions at First
Touch: Insights on how visually impaired persons form their first impressions of
technology. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible,
Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (pp. 1-8).
Peng, L., Cui, G., Chung, Y., & Zheng, W. (2020). The faces of success: Beauty and ugliness
premiums in e-commerce platforms. Journal of Marketing, 84(4), 67-85.
Brown, M., Bauer, B. W., Sacco, D. F., & Capron, D. W. (2021). Functional inferences of
formidability bias perceptions of mental distress. Evolutionary Psychological
Science, 7(4), 401-410.
Lowman, G. H., Harms, P. D., & Mills, M. J. (2019). The influence of job candidates’ physical
appearance on interview evaluations. Journal of Personnel Psychology.
Online:
First Impressions
, Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face, 2006 [Online] Available through:
<file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$DIa6400.18502/KTmu15JQXlug0pQY
RHkIM6Zv.pdf>
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