Floodwater Development Assignment PDF

Running head: COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 1
Coastal reservoirs for floodwater development and flood disaster mitigation
Name
Institution

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 2
Table of Contents
Mind Map....................................................................................................................................................3
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................6
Research Question.......................................................................................................................................7
Literature Planner........................................................................................................................................8
Literature Review........................................................................................................................................9
Concept of Coastal Reservoir for Floodwater Development....................................................................9
Coastal Reservoir...................................................................................................................................12
Research Design........................................................................................................................................18
References.................................................................................................................................................20

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 3
Mind Map
Mind map gives the freedom for roaming as well as expansion of the brain in an
application of every aspects of life for improved understanding and performance. In an
hierarchical representation of relationship of logics in a system. In this paper, mind mapping
research methods follows after the problem, design, and sampling technique of the research
methods. They also involve the ethical matters, data and appraisal collection as well as report
findings.
Mind Map
Research
Problem
Research
Design
Sampling
Technique
Data
Collection
Analysis
Report
Findings
Research
Methods
Ethical
Matters

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 4
Abstract
The increase in population in the coastal zones is one of the many reasons why water is
scarce and eventually causing unprecedented consequences. Every natural resource requires a
proper and sustainable management, and any form of inefficient management of the received
precipitation stands as the major cause of various effects such as floodwater, erosion, among
many others. Although the natural imbalances that have been caused by unstable climatic
changes, the extreme rainfall events in diverse places are significantly increasing, there is a
spatial non-uniformity in the rainfall events that occur in the wake of increasing demand for
water. From economic point of view, demand increasing in the face of short supply of any
natural resource. Therefore, while some regions exhibit shortage of drinking water, their regions
in the various corners of the world are experiencing excessive rains resulting in floods. The drive
to develop coastal reservoirs as well as the floodwater mitigation is orchestrated through the
variance of location and time in the accessibility of water that is natural in terms of the annual
irrigation demand as well as the demand for water for the domestic and industrial usage.
Flood disaster mitigation refers to the methods that are used by the government or any
authority to reduce or prevent the detrimental effect of flood waters. Most of the common
techniques follow after the situation at hand from expansion, construction and development of
dams, drainage channels among others. In all these, the two primal main objective of the
management of excess water is avoiding losses that are economical and improve public safety
against the flood water. Secondly, it involves preservation and restoration of the natural and
useful roles and resource within the flood zones, especially the coastal plains. Today, most
nations are increasingly becoming aware of the importance of increasing their budgetary

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 5
allocations of their scare resources on the flood management. These resources are allocated
among the competing economic, social, and environmental needs of the public.
In most cases, like in countries like India, the water problem solution involves conserving
the bounty of water that is kept in the coastal reservoirs. The water is to be used in the areas that
have scarce rainfall or notorious for being dry or used in the periods when the supply of water is
rare. It is therefore, estimated that an approximate volume of 4,400 thousand millions of cubic
metric of rainwater is stored in the reservoir. This paper focuses on the concept of Coastal
Reservoir. This basically means building a storage structure near the mouth of river. In this way,
the amount of water that is wasted as run-off can be stored. The construction of a coastal
reservoir does not involve many risk factors and disadvantages like relocation which would
occur in an inland dam construction.

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 6
Introduction
There are various strategies that are always adopted to manage floodwater as well as
flood disaster mitigation. These decisions are very critical in decision making are the prerequisite
in coastal reservoirs for floodwater development and flood disaster mitigation. The policies
involved are informed by formed engineering assumptions about the developments and
constructions, considering the environmental tenets, of the area and region as well as staying
sensitive to the impending consequences or impacts.
This study involves an integration of methods that are suitable in a sustainable
development planning as far as conservation of excess water resource is concerned. In dealing
with such sustainable methods, it is prudent to note that the system takes advantage of the known
geographical information in strengthening the management in the flood impacts. Therefore, the
study follows the dual process of flood water development and flood disaster mitigation. For this
dual purpose, the study looks at; first, the means and ways of reducing the hazard of water
running down the hill in great high speed as well as being used for food production in agriculture
through irrigation.
The established incorporated all the procedural works through the system of making
decisions that are selective for the overall coastal reservoir construction. Thus, the outcome
regarding the probable locations for coastal reservoir goes hand in hand with the site determined
through the analysis that is done as far as storage capacity, coastal works, and lengths of canals
from reservoirs to agricultural land are concerned. This study examined the tools of geographical

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 7
information that have the possibility to resolve the challenges of engineering that are aimed at
controlling flood hazards (Birkland, et al. 2003). It is apparent from the study that critical aspects
of the future ensure that the research is an important informational tool that can be used to
mitigate flood. More importantly, there are various legislative and administrative policies
frequently informing the approaches structural and nonstructural for the development of the
flood hazard.
In this way, for the construction processes, it is important to acknowledge the structural
policies involved whereby the intended alterations that change the movement of the flood using
dams, levees, and channel modifications. The nonstructural implications involved the other
adjustments or modifications like the land-use regulations as well as the flood insurance, and this
hastens the society ways of acting when either occupying or modifying a floodplain area. These
factors are crucial in development of the floodwater coastal reservoirs as well as the flood water
disaster mitigation.
Dealing with the floodwater in this way involves assessment of the future result that is
desired in the floodplain conditions that is controllable based on three strategies. These strategies
include that through reservoir construction will be used to harvest the excess water for storage to
be used in times when water is sparse or assisting the areas or regions with inadequate rainfall.
They include modification of the proneness of the damages and disruptions caused by the flood,
the changes on the reduction of the hostile floods effects on the individual and the community,
and the modification of the floods themselves (Billa, et al. 2006).
Research Question
The general research questions which formed the basis of the analysis were based on the
issues involved coastal reservoir for floodwater development and the flood disaster mitigation.

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 8
However, in order to provide effective exploration to the study topic, the following specific
research questions were addressed:
1. What are some of the examples of the coastal reservoir for floodwater development?
2. What are the strategies involved in the construction of the coastal reservoirs in
comparison with the in land reservoir?
3. What are the mitigating factors for flood disaster?
4. What are the engineering bases for construction of the coastal reservoir?
Literature Planner
1. Increased demand for water in a steady manner - Hilton, M. J., & Manning, S. S.
(2005)
2. Protecting River Banks - Arefiev, N., Badenko, V., Nikonorov, A., Terleev, V., &
Volkova, Y. (2015).
3. Fresh water reservoir Marina dam - Messner & Meyer (2006)
4. Barrage as well as other flood-alleviation projects - Galelli, et al. (2012)
5. National water sources and taps .- Jonkman & Kelman (2005)
6. coastal reservoir- Hilton & Manning (2005)
7. water supply concerns - Lai, et al. (2015)
8. constructed two reservoirs, the in-land reservoir and the coastal reservoir share -
Douglas, et al. (2018)
9. Concept of Coastal Reservoir for Floodwater Development- Liu andYang (2013)
10. Groundwater , chemical components, physical and biological quality and surface
waters comparison - Plate (2002)
11. quality of water - Siegrist & Gutscher (2008)

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12. Dam site, construction, and requirements such as topography as well as geology -
Thomas (2005)
13. construction of a coastal reservoir - Wong (2010)
14. existing coastal reservoirs - Zhang, at al. (2002)
15. protection of water from contamination - Stewart, et al. (2018)
16. on-land reservoirs - Wang (2018)
17. trapping water for the purposes of the coastal reservoir - Weichselgartner (2001)
18. people mainly enclosed to the sea areas and natural benefits- Yang, et al (2013)
19. Dam site analysis - (Yang and Lin, 2011).
20. Model of the Marina Barrage design - (Tran, & Shaw, 2007).
Literature Review
The need for water keeps on increasing its demand day by day. Despite this increase, the
average rainfall has remained constant and sometimes it is plentiful in most of the coastal
regions. The review of literature in the study included the theoretical and empirical review of
existing studies, articles, and information concerning the floodwater disaster mitigation as well
as the coastal reservoirs for floodwater development. While the theoretical aspects of the review
looked into the existing factors of coastal reservoirs for rainwater development and the
mitigating factors of flood disaster, the empirical review concentrated more on the geographical,
environmental, and the social concerns of the flood water disaster mitigations. While examining
the theoretical literature review, the study identified the gaps, which it sought to fill in the
existing literature.

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 10
Concept of Coastal Reservoir for Floodwater Development
Water accessibility and use is a vital aspect which not only plays a critical role in the
hastening of environmental equity but also enhances human development. Liu andYang (2013)
noted that water scarcity is a fundamental problem which results in various implications and the
impacts of the water scarcity are not only felt at the local level but also at the international level.
Some of the elements and problems associated to water scarcity may include hunger, poverty,
degradation of soil, ecosystem desertification, climate change, food insecurity as well as world
peace. The growing demand and increasing population day by day is the contributor the
depreciation of water level and the slanting points which are imminently recorded on a daily
basis. Hence, a number of project proposal have been prepared which aims at evaluating and
appraising the effective water usage and hastening sustainability. Mostly, there is suggeation of
utilizing the rainfall water or flood in more decisive and scientific manner which will not
threaten both human and aquatic lives. In discussing the ways and means of controlling,
preserving, and managing the flood water through the development of the coastal reservoir, it is
important to acknowledge the water sources. While some regions depend on both the rainwater
and the groundwater in equal contributions, some regions either get one more than the other or
all being low.
On the other hand, Plate (2002) argues that groundwater tends record higher chemical
components, physical as well as biological quality as opposed to the surface waters. Therefore,
the analogy depicts that groundwater has minimal costs of treatment and maintenance in terms of
water treatment as well as processing as compared to the surface water and this makes it
preferable.

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 11
Contrary, groundwater is often harder in line with the as compared to surface water and
also requires complex equipment for the exploration and maintenance. However, most scenarios
indicate the groundwater is either fully developed or overdeveloped. Thus, exploration of
groundwater worldwide is economically not viable as the expected outputs will not measure
potential benefits in terms of returns. Thus, the other preferable water sources which records
potential benefits need to be taken into consideration.
Siegrist & Gutscher (2008) argues that the quality of water, especially in the on-land
dams (in this case reservoirs) are usually higher in comparison to the one coming from all the
alternative sources part from the groundwater. However, among the disadvantage of such means
of water production, the greatest is that the ground is less prone to the pollution as opposed to
surface water which is more susceptible in line with the pollution. Stewart, et al. (2018) argues
protecting the surface water from contamination is not easy and the key contaminations which
are not easy to control include waterborne diseases as well as the chemicals which flow into the
surface water either through the discharge or via surface runoff. The consistency in the eminence
of water is mostly questionable for the on-land water dams. The fluctuations of temperature, the
turbidity as well as the amount of precipitation are closely linked when it comes of surface water.
Thus, there are many factors required in the treatment of groundwater that makes it very
expensive to utilize.
In terms of the reservoirs, whose content relies on the rainfall as the supply source, Thomas
(2005) notes that the number of dam sites available mainly results because of the dam
construction requirements which includes both the correct geologic and topographical
characteristics combination. Also soil erosion is another essential factor which influences the
construction of dam and therefore, it retards the dam construction process more so in erosion

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prone areas by reducing the overall carrying capacities of the dams. According to Wang (2018)
records the on-land reservoirs may be subjected to very high siltation rates and this may affect
the performance and efficiency of the dams. These effects may be compared to the overall
extreme siltation rates such as the Australia dam construction standards.
Changing the natural direction of flow of water from the remote source to the coastal
reservoirs does not necessarily depend on the amount of the local rainfall or its quality. However,
depending on the sources of water and the factors involved, the construction cost involved is
poised to be very high. Most of these construction costs are felt socially, environmentally, as
well as economically. The reuse of wastewater on the other hand does not also depend on rainfall
quantity directly. However, this level of the contaminant may usually be greater than the other
sources of water. In this way, Weichselgartner (2001) argues that the best option left in trapping
water for the purposes of the coastal reservoir involves storm water harvesting that might later on
be used in the house yards, parks, as well as other domestic and industrial uses.
Coastal Reservoir
According to Liu and Yang (2013) defined Coastal Reservoir as a freshwater reservoir
which may be located in the sea and annually recharged by a river which recharges it via the
river mouth. Also, coastal reservoir needs to be effective by having an impermeable barrier
between two points which include the fresh river water alongside the salty sea water. According
to Wong (2010), there are three guidelines that are outlined for the thriving edifice of a coastal
reservoir. These three guidelines include separation, protection, and prevention. The first
guideline, which is disjointing, involves a successful clean river separation between the polluted
water as well as salt water through the various process of water cleaning such as sedimentation,
distilling among others. Protection on the other hand, as the second guideline, involves the

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 13
protecting the collected fresh water from the polluted river water as well as external pollution.
The last aspect to consider is the prevention element, and it outlined guidelines for successful
prevention of the overall salt water intrusion as it enters the stored fresh water.
In dire comparison of water coming from the overall desalination of seawater processes,
then it evidential that catchment runoff forms the fundamental natural resource. In fact, the
catchment runoff indicates cost saving as well as guaranteeing the quality of water and thus,
making it absolutely safer for human consumption. As opposed to the on-land catchment runoff,
coastal reservoir often receives and harvests the runoff catchment water in the sea. In essence,
the sources of the coastal reservoirs are mainly the river sources and evaluations have shown that
the reservoirs have potentiality of catching the water from the rivers. Thus, there are various
classes of coastal reservoirs and the classifications mainly based on the location, water quality as
well as the barrage. The natural reservoirs like the freshwater lakes are sometimes considered the
natural coastal reservoirs existing.
According to Zhang, at al. (2002) among the existing coastal reservoirs include Zuider
Zee, in Netherlands that was built in 1932 that has a water area of 1240km2. During this period,
Yang, et al (2013) argues that the people were mainly enclosed to the sea areas and did set the
land with getting water for their natural benefits. However, later on, some of these coastal
reservoirs became examples of the man-made coastal reservoirs that predominantly accelerated
the dilution of the salt water and forming sustainable water storage as well as water potable
catchment.
There are various types of coastal reservoir with their respective functions. The
classification of these coastal reservoirs considers the location, barrage, as well as water quality.
As far as location is concerned, the geographical outlook of the coastal reservoirs comes to view

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through divisions of estuary reservoir, intertidal, as well as gulf reservoir. Based on the quality of
water, the perspective of the outlook involves division of the water quality into consumption
water reservoir wit good eminence, freshwater that are significant for farming purposes, as well
as industrial purpose that requires moderate quality (Douglas, et al. 2018). Lastly, there are areas
where the water quality is determined for sewerage and the ballast water basin among others.
According to Douglas, et al. 2018, dams can also be classified as earth dam, concrete dam as
well as soft dam reservoirs. Moreover, theses classification primarily divided into two categories
such as natural as well as artificial. In a comparison mode, there are two types of reservoir: the
on-land reservoir and the coastal reservoir. They exhibit the following differences:
Dam-site: while the on-land reservoir uses a limited area, usually a valley, the dam site
for the Coastal Reservoir is usually the coastal region, inside or outside the mouth of a river
(Yang and Lin, 2011).
Water height: The water altitude of the on-land reservoir is usually above the sea level
while the water level of the coastal basin is at the sea level. In the same way, while the pressure
at the on-land reservoir is very high, the coastal reservoir pressure is low but have wave surge.
The pollutant of the on-land reservoir is land based while the pollutant at the coastal reservoir is
both land based and seawater based. Finally, while the land acquisition and water supply is high
and by gravity respectively in on land reservoir, the land acquisition and water supply are low
and by pump respectively in the coastal reservoir.
Obtaining the basis from the table above, Douglas, et al. (2018), states that when
constructed the two reservoirs, the in-land reservoir and the coastal reservoir share many
similarities with reference to the presence of water. These similarities are either on the side

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 15
which has the same density or the sides hard barrier which do not need strong construction
material and costs for the inland reservoir.
According to Hilton & Manning (2005) the coastal reservoir is used to provide water for
three distinctively important functions: domestic water using, irrigation, as well as industrial
water use. The Chenhang reservoir in China is an example of the reservoir providing water for
drinking, i.e. for domestic water usage in Shanghai. Located at the Yangtze River entrance
estuary in China, the reservoir depicts a fundamental role in providing not only the overall
domestic water usage, but also provide the industrial water that keeps the steel industry in
Baoshan the becomes sustainable and continuous in production of steel in Shanghai China, in a
twin contribution with Baogang Reservoir. This is shown in the picture below:
Figure 1: The picture of Baogang alongside Chenhang Reservoir

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The Marina Dam in Singapore was constructed across the Marina channel with a width of 50
metres to retain the seawater. The Marina, the Punggol as well as Serangoon basins in Singapore,
has increased the water sourcing area for the country making it about two thirds of the land since
2011. According to the information by Messner & Meyer (2006), the Marina dam has created the
fresh water basin while acting as the makeable tidal barrier between the low lying area and the
sea water bodies that may cause flooding in the areas.
The rapid growth of the economy and population in Singapore in the past decades has
necessitated he increased demand for water in a steady manner. In fact, based on the study done
by Hartmann, et al. (2007), the former means of water production in Singapore before building
the Marina barrage could not be sufficient for water production and usage in the country.
Therefore, Singapore built the Marina barrage, as shown in the picture below to augment the
water supply with the rainfall.
The Marina Barrage
The Marina reservoir was deigned to carefully blend with the environment in a perfect
manner. The main function was to operate as the tidal barricade for flood run, to maintain the

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 17
freshwater body that was deemed new at a constant level at the center of attraction in the city and
a major lifestyle attraction. More than that, it was created to create new reservoir that would
complement the supply of water in the country (Tran, & Shaw, 2007). The figure below
indicates the analysis Marina Barrage design model
The marina reservoir model design
The working principle
of the Marina barrage design
According to the records of Lai et al. (2015), the Marina Barrage was designed to enhance the
supply of water in Singapore as far as water supply is concerned. Moreover, the Four National
Singapore Taps water supply mainly designed as imminent plan for diversifying water

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 18
sources. Jonkman & Kelman (2005) states that the four National Taps included the reclaimed
water, local catchment, desalted water alongside the imported water in Singapore. As a result,
the Marina water source has become the largest modern catchment in the city with
approximately 10,000 ha. This indicates that when compared with other existing reservoirs its
about 60% of the country’s catchment area.
Galelli, et al. (2012) records that as far as flood control is concerned, the Marina
Barrage has formed part of the in-depth flood control scheme which is used to raise the level
of management. This management mainly entails existing floods in the low-lying areas within
the city such as Chinatown, Jalan Besar, Boat Quay, and Geylang. It was realized that there were
series of heavy rainfall along the coastal zones of the country. In this way, series of nine crest gates
will help during the heavy downpour of rainfall in the activation and releasing excess storm water
when the tide is low into the sea. Contrary, high tide and the giant pumps have the capability of
pumping a large volume of water as well as hasten the draining of the excess storm water from
the on-land site into the sea per minute. Galelli, et al. (2012) noted that the use of barricades and
marina barriers Singapore has reduced the overall flood prone margin successfully. In essence,
it has reduced the site area from about 3200 ha-to-150 ha and 150 ha-to 85 –ha in line with
the analysis taken from 1970s.
Research Design
Within the perspective of civil engineering, this study adopted the experimental research
design. This design facilitated the description of the coastal reservoirs for floodwater
development and flood water disaster mitigation. Additionally, the study adopted the use of
quantitative technique to descriptive statistical measures and more importantly measures of

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 19
relationships. The use of experimentally research designs in engineering projects involves the
analysis of results from experimental programs in Civil Engineering such as construction.
The statistical design of experiments not only assists in the refining of the analysis data
but also hastens the modeling of the obtained response variables. Subsequently, the study used
the fractional designs such as the control variables, at different levels, to evaluate the project and
this assist in achieving the goals and objectives of the project without actually incurring extra
cost. Some of the experiment examples used design in the field such as the construction materials
and the technology are described and thus, ascertaining that the main benefits has been achieved.
Overly, the appraisal of the obtained data from the field indicates that the same information
obtained from the overall complete experiments can also be achieved when fractional
experiments are used in the statistical criteria.
The study ensured that the definition and updating of technical, regulatory, economic
and contractual standards in line with the design, edifice, maintenance and construction
inspection tracks for all the works conducted at the site. Therefore, the methodology adopted was
suitable in collaborating with all process and construction engineering activities in the coastal
reservoir. Monitors and measures maintenance events that occur during the life cycle of the
infrastructure (consumption, degradation trends, and failures) to periodically determine
improvements in terms of effectiveness of maintenance interventions
The methodology also involved carrying out practical operational installation,
maintenance, inspection of installations and structures, equipment, and rolling stock in the
construction processes. Also carries out commonly used tasks including the related
administrative operations; also carries out the operation.

COASTAL RESERVOIRS AND FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION 20
The collection of data was done from secondary sources in the existing scholarly
materials. The data collected for the purpose of this study has been analyzed by the use of
quantitative data analysis techniques and tools. Generally, quantitative techniques have been
used to address specific research questions and specific objectives of the study (Young, 2012).
These techniques involved descriptive statistical measures of mean and measures of dispersion
such as standard deviations on the respondents’ opinions on a number of issues and more
importantly measures of interrelationships.
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