This essay assesses sustainability concerns in food production in Australia and explores various responses to achieve sustainability. It discusses the environmental, social, and economic impacts of food production and highlights the need for sustainable agricultural practices, responsible food processing, and efficient use of resources.
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Running Head: FOOD PRODUCTION Sustainability in Food Production Name Institutional affiliation
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2 FOOD PRODUCTION This essay seeks to assess the major sustainability concerns from an economic social, and environmental point of view and various responses to the concern which could assist in attaining sustainability. The selected scenario for this essay is food production in Australia. Sustainable food production in Australia involves attaining the textile and food requirements in the country without affecting the capability of the next generation to fulfil their own need. There is a growing concern about the consistency and future of food production in the country and organizations such as Australian Conservation Foundation (ACT) calls for strong effective action and leadership from industry and government to ensure sustainable food production(Lee, 2013). Sustainability can be defined as the process of maintaining change in a balanced environment, in which institutional change, orientation of technological development, investment direction, and exploitation of resources are all in harmony and promote both future and present potential to attain human aspirations and needs(Wood, 2011). The history of sustainability can be traced during the period of Western industrial revolution of between 18thand 19thcentury which led to growth energy potential. By mid-20thcentury, environmental movements indicated numerous environmental costs related to the material benefits which are currently being used. The life cycle of food products entails disposal, use, distribution, packaging, manufacturing, and agriculture. Agricultural activities are the largest source of environmental impacts from beverage and food and are approximated to be responsible for about a third of the greenhouse gas emissions induced by humans(Bielek, 2018).As the Australian population increases, the demand for food increases resulting in pressure on land resources. Presently, the increased land degradation in some sections of the country may be connected with unsustainably agriculture activities. It is approximated that 70% of stream and rivers pollution in Australia is as a result of
3 agricultural silts and chemicals(Whittinghill, Rowe, & Cregg, 2013).These chemical affect organisms in the soil and in some cases cause negative effects on humans when consumed. The major component of chemical fertilizers is phosphate and is involved in the improvement of crop yields and soil fertility. Phosphorus is involved in primary processes of metabolism such as respiration, macromolecular biosynthesis, signal transduction, energy transfer, and photosynthesis. The long-term use of phosphorus in the soil during crop production results in depleting of soil fertility and eutrophication(Chisti, 2010).Therefore, the excessive use of agricultural chemicals affects the environment through pollution of the soil and death of aquatic life, and also result in advanced health-related complications hence affecting the human population and workforces in the country. With the greater part of population suffering from health-related issues, the population will be reduced resulting in dependency and the economy will be affected when the workforce and employees fail to effectively perform their duties. Soil erosion is also becoming one of the severe issues in Australia. Experts predict that the agricultural yield will be halved within 30 to 50 years in case erosion continues at the current rate(Masuda & Yamamoto, 2013).These impacts related to agricultural production can be reduced by focusing on the responsible way of cultivation. The government is currently spending a lot of capital to control the health-related issues such as cancer. Additionally, agricultural activities are the largest users of water globally and only 45% of the water for irrigation is used effectively(Bielek, 2018). In some regions in the country, there is the availability of rainfall from crop cultivation, but many regions need irrigation. The wastage of water has greatly reduced water supply to the industrial sectors and for domestic purposes. This is the reason why some parts of Australia have an inadequate supply of water for domestic use since large quantity is being wastage in
4 agriculture. Inadequate supply of water in industrial sectors negatively affects the economy through low production of goods and services and also poor hygiene and diseases in residential areas(Mengual, Orsini, & Gianquinto, 2018). Agricultural practices that may result in long-term damage to soil include excessive tilling of the soil resulting in depletion of the nutrients in the soil and even soil erosion. The use of fertilizers to improve the productivity of the soil negatively affect the properties of the soil and in the long run, the soil will completely depend on the fertilizers. With seasonal planting and harvesting of food crops, the nutrients in the soil are removed(Saltiel, Bauder, & Palakovich, 2010). The land is expected to suffer from depletion of nutrients and suffers from reduced yield or unusable in case the nutrients are not replenished.The microorganisms in the soil will be destroyed and the land will require more capital to cultivate. The processing of food products are generally the second largest source of advanced environmental impacts from beverage and food products and is normally the section in which the food industry has dedicated its efforts towards sustainability. The processing of food products involves 25% of the consumption of water in Australia and between 50% and 80% of all the water consumed in the industrial sector(Azzurra, Massimiliano, & Angela, 2019). Additionally, it is approximated that 7% of the water in the industrial section is wasted during food processing. The packaging of food products assist in delivering safe food and has had low contributions to the total environmental impacts during food production. However, it is estimated that more than 95% of the environmental impacts of packaging is from the manufacturing of the packages. The remaining 5% is in the disposal of the package materials. The use and distribution of food products also contribute the environmental impacts. The major considerations are the mode of transport used in the transportation, the distance to be covered
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5 during transportation of food products, and the amount of energy required to prepare and store the food products before consumption(Chisti, 2010). There are numerous responses that have been implemented or that are yet to be implemented in Australia to promote sustainability in agricultural production. The major principles associated with sustainability in food production include solving the problems of natural and agricultural resources through collaboration and incorporation of individuals and organization, using the expertise of farmers to both self-sufficiency and self-reliance, using decreased quantity of unstainable and non-renewable inputs, and also incorporating ecological and biological processes into food production(Bielek, 2018).Sustainable agricultural practices depend on replenishing the soil while reducing the need or use of non-renewable resources like mineral ores and natural gas. The possible nitrogen sources may be acquired for agriculture include genetically engineering crops to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses, industrial production of nitrogen by the Haber process, and also recycling treated human or livestock manure and crop waste. Other agricultural practices that are more realistic include use of crop landraces that are adapted to lack of nutrients, drought or pests and also the long-term crop rotation. Those crops that need a high level of soil nutrients can be planted in a more sustainable way with suitable fertilizer management methods(Gándara, 2017).The techniques of soil management include protecting soil from water run-off, reducing chemical fertilizers, incorporating carbon-containing organic matter backing into the soil, windbreaks to reduce wind erosion and no till-farming. Soil amendment and crop rotation can also be practised to ensure sustainability in crop production. Soil amendment entails the use of compost available locally from the recycling centres situated across the country. The irrigation system can be made more sustainable through
6 suitable management and not using water from sources more than it is being replenished naturally(Bielek, 2018).There is a need for improvements in submersible pumps and water well drilling technology combined with the development of low-pressure pivots and drip irrigation. Various steps should be taken to establish faring systems that are drought resistant in dry seasons with low rainfall. These steps include crops management to minimize water loss, using reduced volume irrigation systems, using drought-tolerant crop species, and improving water storage and conservation measures. The phosphorus fertilizers should be replaced with rock phosphate which is naturally occurring in the soil. The major challenge of the rick phosphorus is that it is a non-renewable resource and can be depleted through the mining process. The rock phosphorus can be made efficient through recycling animal and human wastes and then added to the soil before cultivation. Soil steaming may also be used as an ecological alternative to chemical fertilizers for sterilization of soil (Azzurra, Massimiliano, & Angela, 2019).The food processing should be carried out with low inputs such as energy, raw materials, and water to make the process sustainable. The packing of food products should focus on minimizing the use of materials and using content that can be recycled. For the case of animal-based products, it is best to use raising and feeding sources that are less intensive. This can be attained by avoiding overstocking of land and restricting the number of domestic animals that can be kept by farmers in a specific area of land to prevent overgrazing. It is approximated that in Australia, 70% of antibiotics are fed to the domesticated animals to counteract unhealthy living conditions and promote growth artificially(Gándara, 2017). Therefore, companies should procure and support animal products acquired from the less intensive and humane way.
7 CONCLUSION From this easy, it is clear that due to the increase in the Australian population and the demand for food is also increasing. This calls for sustainability in food production so as to meet the demand through reducing food waste, preserving the environment into lowering resource intensity and sensitive ecosystems and also increasing productivity by about 70% of the current pasture land and crops. The major focus in the sustainability of food production includes agricultural activities, food processing, packaging and disposal, distribution and use of food products in a sustainable manner.
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8 REFERENCES Azzurra, A., Massimiliano, A., & Angela, M. (2019). Measuring sustainable food consumption: A case study on organic food.Sustainable Production and Consumption, 17, 95-107. Bielek, P. (2018). Soil use practices for sustainable agricultural land and water management.Ecocycles, 4, 72-79. Chisti, Y. (2010). Sustainable food production needs biotechnology.Biotechnology Advances, 28, 936. Gándara, S. (2017). The Journal “Sustainable Food Production” - An International Scientific Open Access Journal.Sustainable Food Production, 0, 1-2. Lee, H. (2013). Food security in Australia. Challenges and prospects for the future.International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 12, 490-491. Masuda, K., & Yamamoto, Y. (2013). Comparison of Environmental Performance Between Conventional and Organic Roughage Production: Grass and Silage Maize.Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37, 1120-1143. Mengual, S., Orsini, F., & Gianquinto, G. (2018). Revisiting the Sustainability Concept of Urban Food Production from a Stakeholders’ Perspective.Sustainability, 10, 2175. Saltiel, J., Bauder, J., & Palakovich, S. (2010). Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Diffusion, Farm Structure, and Profitability1.Rural Sociology, 59, 333-349. Whittinghill, L., Rowe, B., & Cregg, B. (2013). Evaluation of Vegetable Production on Extensive Green Roofs.Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37, 465-484. Wood, D. (2011). What Is Sustainability Studies?American Literary History, 1-15.