Comparison of Forest Policy of British Columbia and Ontario

This report compares the forest policy of British Columbia and Ontario, highlighting the complexity, major differences, and public participation. It includes a table of contents, introduction, and references.

Running head: COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND
ONTARIO
Comparison of Forest Policy of British Columbia and Ontario
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:

1COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Complexity......................................................................................................................................2
Major difference..............................................................................................................................4
Public Participation..........................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11

2COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
Introduction
British Columbia is considered to be on the Western Canada, located in the border of
Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most biologically and ecologically diverse province in Canada.
The forest in the province compose 91% of softwood thereby providing BC almost half of
softwood industry of Canada. The forest governance in BC encompasses about 95% of 55
million hectares of diverse forests which are publicly owned and prioritised for resource
management planning. The foundation of sustainable forest management in BC is considered for
timber supply which is reviewed through independent chief forester for determining the quantity
of wood which may be harvested from the individual province of 70 management units1.
The forest laws and policies of Ontario are directed for sustainable management and
usage of crown forests. This regulation is able to ensure that the forests remain healthy and
provide the adequate benefits to “present and future generations”. The forest sustainability act is
able to outline the way forest management planning, licenses, resources and revenue collection
are maintained. In addition to this, Crown Forest Sustainability Act includes information
management, forest operations, compliance, remedies and enforcement mechanisms. The report
aims to show the difference between the forest policy of British Columbia and Ontario. Some of
the main comparison areas of the report is included with the complexity of the reporting and state
the major differences and public participation2.
Complexity
The main reason for the complexity for British Columbia is due to the political stripe of
the government. Despite of the growth and “sophistication of the forestry, bureaucracy and
capitalists”, forest industry was able to assert their “short-term private economic priorities” over
the longer-term resources management goals of the professional foresters. During the early
stages of forest industry of BC’s, forest industry development was discerned with very limited
1 St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Emergence and influence of a new
policy regime: The case of forest carbon offsets in British Columbia." Land Use Policy 60 (2017): 169-180.
2 Yung, Yu Ki. "State of Urban Forest Policy and By-laws across Ontario Municipalities." (2018).

3COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
political or economic scope for the advancement in the forestry pertaining to “people’s share”,
which is allegedly a highly competitive and unstable enterprise3.
In the starting of the twentieth century, BC was considered as one of the last timber
frontiers in North America. Much of the timber was in private hands which got alienated with the
railway land grants and the early crown giants. The timberlands were able to return small amount
of annual revenue to the government which has kept the industry well supplied. To capture large
amount of revenue of timber, the government had to adopt policy of allocating millions of acres
for future cutting at low rental charges for this purpose. Some of the other complexities were
evident with licenses changing hands more than once at a price approaching real market value of
the timber, thereby ending up in the possession of large American timber holding firms. The
important concern for the stability of tenure of more than fifteen thousand cutting licenses placed
in private hands by 19074.
Ontario has recognised the process of climate change as a challenge requiring
government action. The climate change strategy is committed to contributing to the global
greenhouse gas emission reductions by the preparation of changing climate policy and
continuing with the research to help assisting for the same and its implications on the
environment. The existence of ecologically functional growth is considered to be an “indicator of
healthy forest ecosystem” and its importance for the wellbeing of future generations5.
A composite forest stand structure such as planting old trees for the ecosite, large trees
along with “wide spacing” and “multiple canopy layers” and rates of the changes in the species
composition is considered to be difficult. It is also difficult to understand the ecosystem
functions such as “stand productivity, nutrient cycling and wildlife habitat” which are considered
to be dissimilar from the early stages of the forest development. In addition to this, the presence
of variability among the living organism from different foundations including the “inter alia
3 Hoberg, George, et al. "Forest carbon mitigation policy: a policy gap analysis for British Columbia." Forest Policy
and Economics 69 (2016): 73-82.
4 Furness, Ella, Howard Harshaw, and Harry Nelson. "Community forestry in British Columbia: policy progression
and public participation." Forest Policy and Economics 58 (2015): 85-91.
5 Zurba, Melanie, Alan P. Diduck, and A. John Sinclair. "First Nations and industry collaboration for forest
governance in northwestern Ontario, Canada." Forest Policy and Economics69 (2016): 1-10.

4COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexities which are discerned to
bring diversity among the species in the ecosystems”. The condition of the of forest ecosystem
is also discerned as one of the main complexity of providing the required needs to the people of
Ontario. This includes changing rate of composition of the species and forest stand structure. The
“sub-divided units of ecoregions” are based on the subregions landform pattern, physical
geography, climate trends and complexity of the landscape6.
The aforementioned nature of the changing landscape pattern is affecting the various
types of the policies which are seen to be related to the adaptation of the same for Ontario forest
policy. The condition of the forest ecosystem is based on the several complexities which are
associated in providing the needs of the people. The complexity of the forest department is
discerned in terms for the various types of types of the measures which is directly related to the
sustainability issues which is defined as per the “long term Crown forest health [which is] the
condition of a forest ecosystem which sustains the ecosystem’s complexity while providing for
the needs of the people of Ontario”. The functional conditions are mainly seen to be affected by
old growth functional conditions which is associated with complex forest stand structure. For
instance, old trees and wide spacing relies on complex structuring system which are often viewed
to cause trouble to the overall composition of the species. Henceforth, setting the standards for
these species is often viewed as a major problem7.
Major difference
The Ontario Forestry policies is dedicated for managing the forests in a manner which
secures the feasibility in the long-term of the business and enhances the shareholder value
thereby maintaining the environmental planning. The forest policy is committed to meet the
requirement for the applicable environmental and social laws which is able to regulate the
requirements for Resolution the Forest Products including pollution prevention. The policy
enforcement is not related to prevent purchase of wood from illegal sources. This further aims to
6 Legaard, Kasey R., Steven A. Sader, and Erin M. Simons-Legaard. "Evaluating the impact of abrupt changes in
forest policy and management practices on landscape dynamics: analysis of a Landsat image time series in the
Atlantic Northern Forest." PloS one 10.6 (2015): e0130428.
7 Golden, Denise M., Carol Audet, and M. A. Smith. "“Blue-ice”: framing climate change and reframing climate
change adaptation from the indigenous peoples' perspective in the northern boreal forest of Ontario,
Canada." Climate and Development 7.5 (2015): 401-413.

5COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
develop supportable forest management policies which takes into account the “timber and non-
timber” values for ensuring the conservation of the “biological diversity” aimed at sound
scientific principles. The active engagement of the first nations communities is seen with the
goal to have a positive working relationship8.
The policy considers active engagement of the “first nations communities” with the goal
of maintaining an optimistic working relations and active involvement of forest stakeholders for
the expansion and application of forest management plans. The policies seek support from the
native contractors and local workers. There has been a significant encouragement of the
contractor’s “non-resident forest workers” to stay in “local communities” at the time of working
on the forests. In addition to this, they don’t value for procurement of local goods and services.
Some of the other commitments to the policy is considered with providing appropriate training to
the employees of the company and contractors engaged in operations associated to forestry and
producing wood fibre for the mills9. At times the worker supports the encouragement of research
and development which progresses with “understanding of forest science”, climate change,
“management practices and sustainable forest management”. The policies of forest certification
in all the phases includes provisions for prompt reforestation, maintenance of soil productivity of
forest, production of water quality, riparian zones and water bodies. In addition to this, the forest
certifications also aim to ensure efficient use of forest resources thereby protecting the special
sites10.
Some of the other important consideration for forest policy includes monitoring,
measuring and good assessment of the performance for openly available, “third-party processes
of auditing and management” to improve the overall operations. The forest certification ensures
risk management practices among the external fibre “suppliers including private woodlot
owners”.
8 Griffith, Jodi, Alan P. Diduck, and Jacques Tardif. "Manitoba's forest policy regime: Incremental change, concepts,
actors and relationships." The Forestry Chronicle 91.1 (2015): 71-83.
9 Richardson, Andrew David. "Peer review report 1 On “Trends of carbon fluxes and climate over a mixed
temperate-boreal transition forest in southern Ontario, Canada”." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 217 (2016):
17-18.
10 Teitelbaum, Sara, ed. Community Forestry in Canada: Lessons from Policy and Practice. UBC Press, 2016.

6COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
The forest policy maintained in British Columbia had been through several international
scrutinies from US, transnational environmental group and European environmental group which
was able to protect and preserve the undistinguished ecological characteristics. Comparison of
the British Columbia forest policy with forest policy in Ontario clearly shows that, British
Columbia has a more stringent regulation in compare to the later11. The policy adopted by BC
mainly focused on riparian zone management, clearcutting and maintenance of protected areas.
The overall analysis was able to depict that British Columbia’s environmental forestry rules had
a tendency of being lax than government harvesting in United States. The exploration of this
claim was for the nursing to be important due to the assertions of bolster efforts. Several reviews
have been able to review that BC’s strategy of clearcutting, riparian zones, and protected sections
were either following stringent or a more comparable approach by five soft food harvesting
states. The important empirical evidence of a study is able to depict that the clearcutting and
riparian rules by the government are more stringent in British Columbia than in any other
jurisdiction12.
The main depictions have further revealed that the review does not address on the unique
environment qualities of British Columbia forest department which has made its forest resource
management efficient in nature13. The individuals wishing to preserve the voters remaining intact
with ancient forests needs for British Columbia however, these types of revelations were not
observed in forest policy in Ontario14. The research believed that, on moving toward mutual
understanding and sustainable forest management, it needs to be depicted that Canada and the
United States will be doing better in terms of developing binational North American forestry
11 Rempel, Robert S., et al. "An indicator system to assess ecological integrity of managed forests." Ecological
indicators60 (2016): 860-869.
12 Klenk, Nicole L. "The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of
composing future forests." Land Use Policy 44 (2015): 101-109.
13 Smiley, B. P., J. A. Trofymow, and K. O. Niemann. "Spatially-explicit reconstruction of 100 years of forest land
use and disturbance on a coastal British Columbia Douglas-fir-dominated landscape: implications for future
watershed-scale carbon stock recovery." Applied Geography 74 (2016): 109-122.
14 Anderson, William, and David MacLean. "Public forest policy development in New Brunswick, Canada: multiple
streams approach, advocacy coalition framework, and the role of science." Ecology and Society 20.4 (2015).

7COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
commission which should be able to become the centre for binational collaborative research
program15.
Public Participation
The public participation is considered as the political principle or the practice which is
associated to the concept of stakeholder engagement. The general public participation aims to
seek involvement from the individuals who are potentially affected by the interests in decisions.
The “Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR)” seeks to recognise the “work of the members” who
have been appointed for the “Old Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee and the scientific
advisory committee”. The old growth policy is prepared in terms of the responses to the final
report which is seen to be associated to “the Old Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee and
the scientific advisory committee”. MNR desires to recognizes “Norm Iles from Colin Hewitt
and Domtar Inc. from Abitibi-Consolidated Company of Canada” who were seen to participate
in the testing methodology of the forest management planning process. In addition to this, the
aboriginal stakeholders, people, government, industries and people is seen to having the
opportunity for developmental activities in landscape level planning strategies. The various types
of the planned investments are taken into consideration with the integration of ecological
provincial policies. The district manager of MNRF has the opportunity for LCC to recommend
one of its members for participating in the planning team. Moreover, MNRF district manager is
able to invite person who are collectively able to represent the overlapping licensees and the
beneficiary of the MNRF wood supply assurances which does not have the ownership in the
company for sustainable forest license policy16.
In the first stage the MNRF district manager is seen to offer occasions for a
representative of each “Métis community” and First Nation whose interests or the traditional
uses including the credible and established aboriginal treaties may get affected to participate on
the FMP planning team. The individuals representing MNRF are invited to join as advisors for
15 Xu, Zhen, et al. "Climate change mitigation strategies in the forest sector: biophysical impacts and economic
implications in British Columbia, Canada." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 23.2 (2018):
257-290.
16 St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Barriers to the development of forest
carbon offsetting: Insights from British Columbia, Canada." Journal of environmental management 203 (2017):
208-217.

8COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
the overall planning process which is related to the reviews given by the planning team or the
reviewers. As per the recommendation given by the MNRF district manager, the government
ministries or the agencies determine the organisations having specific interests which need to be
addressed in the FMP. In case the ministries express their concern, they are invited for
participating on the planning team. The participation by LCC is considered as an essential
component of the preparation and implementation process of the FMP which consists of the
representative from the different committees who are seen to participate in the planning team, in
case it is desired by the committee. The various types of the other committee member may also
express their concern on the attending the planning team meetings and the observers17.
In the last few decades the tendency of the incorporating has considered the forest polices
for the planning process of the people’s participation. However, the researchers are able to
develop the influential lists of the criteria for the evaluation of the public participation which is
able to consider the theoretical conjecture in the collection of empirical process. The provincial
land-use planning for BC forest management is done by Brenneis. The significant consideration
of the public participation is further seen to take into consideration to include the various types of
the legal mandate which is able to include the comprehensive public participation along with
“access to information, adequate resources for participation”18.
The public participation of the “BC forest management” has been able to take into
consideration the different types of the forest polices which is seen to related “democratic
theory” and within the historical context of “BC forest management”. As per the recent
complaints associated to the inadequate involvement of participating occasions reviewed at the
“Forest Practices Board” there is a decrease the extent of public participation of land-in-use as
per the discussed planning process. The main problem concerning forest policy was depicted
with inadequate participatory opportunities which reduced the overall land-use planning. As per
the latest public participation policy BC is able to link the various types of the public
17 Thiffault, Evelyne, et al., eds. Mobilisation of forest bioenergy in the boreal and temperate biomes: Challenges,
opportunities and case studies. Academic Press, 2016.
18 Nie, Yuhao, and Xiaotao Bi. "Life-cycle assessment of transportation biofuels from hydrothermal liquefaction of
forest residues in British Columbia." Biotechnology for biofuels 11.1 (2018): 23.

9COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
participation with the democratic theory. This approach offers the rationale of public use as per
the reasons which explains the rationality in acclaiming such procedures19.
The forest policy issued by BC is has involved the various facets of the ecological culture
which is seen to be associated to the assessment of the “public participation and environmental
stewardship of forests”. However, the various types of the consideration for the environmental
stewardship has little contribution to the economic diversification. Several types of the
collaborative studies have further able to suggest that the different type the consideration for the
participation is not based on a sustainable effort diversifying the conventional forestry from the
usually achievable involvement of the communities20.
19 Prescott, Cindy E., and Kristine Weese. "Crossing the divide: engaging scientists and policy-makers in adapting
forest management to climate change in British Columbia." The Forestry Chronicle 90.1 (2014): 89-95.
20 Gilani, Haris R., Robert A. Kozak, and John L. Innes. "The state of innovation in the British Columbia value-
added wood products sector: the example of chain of custody certification." Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 46.8 (2016): 1067-1075.

10COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
Conclusion
The various depictions made in the report is able to discuss on different aspects of the
complexity which are seen to be taken into consideration with the growth in size and the
complexity of the forestry, “bureaucracy and capitalists” of the forest industry thereby asserting
“short-term private economic priorities” over the longer-term resources management goals for
the professional foresters. The main differentiating aspects between the Ontario forest policy and
BC forest policy is taken into consideration with several international scrutinies. It needs to be
understood that the Ontario Forestry policies is dedicated for dealing the forests in a manner
which secures the long-term viability of the business and able to enhance the shareholder value
thereby upholding the “environmental planning”. However, British Columbia has a more
stringent regulation in compare to the later. The policy adopted by BC mainly focused on
riparian zone management, clearcutting and maintenance of protected areas. The overall analysis
was able to depict that British Columbia’s environmental forestry rules had a tendency of being
lax than government harvesting in United States.

11COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
References
Anderson, William, and David MacLean. "Public forest policy development in New Brunswick,
Canada: multiple streams approach, advocacy coalition framework, and the role of
science." Ecology and Society 20.4 (2015).
Furness, Ella, Howard Harshaw, and Harry Nelson. "Community forestry in British Columbia:
policy progression and public participation." Forest Policy and Economics 58 (2015): 85-91.
Gilani, Haris R., Robert A. Kozak, and John L. Innes. "The state of innovation in the British
Columbia value-added wood products sector: the example of chain of custody
certification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46.8 (2016): 1067-1075.
Golden, Denise M., Carol Audet, and M. A. Smith. "“Blue-ice”: framing climate change and
reframing climate change adaptation from the indigenous peoples' perspective in the northern
boreal forest of Ontario, Canada." Climate and Development 7.5 (2015): 401-413.
Griffith, Jodi, Alan P. Diduck, and Jacques Tardif. "Manitoba's forest policy regime: Incremental
change, concepts, actors and relationships." The Forestry Chronicle 91.1 (2015): 71-83.
Hoberg, George, et al. "Forest carbon mitigation policy: a policy gap analysis for British
Columbia." Forest Policy and Economics 69 (2016): 73-82.
Klenk, Nicole L. "The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the
politics of composing future forests." Land Use Policy 44 (2015): 101-109.
Legaard, Kasey R., Steven A. Sader, and Erin M. Simons-Legaard. "Evaluating the impact of
abrupt changes in forest policy and management practices on landscape dynamics: analysis of a
Landsat image time series in the Atlantic Northern Forest." PloS one 10.6 (2015): e0130428.
Nie, Yuhao, and Xiaotao Bi. "Life-cycle assessment of transportation biofuels from
hydrothermal liquefaction of forest residues in British Columbia." Biotechnology for
biofuels 11.1 (2018): 23.

12COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
Prescott, Cindy E., and Kristine Weese. "Crossing the divide: engaging scientists and policy-
makers in adapting forest management to climate change in British Columbia." The Forestry
Chronicle 90.1 (2014): 89-95.
Rempel, Robert S., et al. "An indicator system to assess ecological integrity of managed
forests." Ecological indicators60 (2016): 860-869.
Richardson, Andrew David. "Peer review report 1 On “Trends of carbon fluxes and climate over
a mixed temperate-boreal transition forest in southern Ontario, Canada”." Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 217 (2016): 17-18.
Smiley, B. P., J. A. Trofymow, and K. O. Niemann. "Spatially-explicit reconstruction of 100
years of forest land use and disturbance on a coastal British Columbia Douglas-fir-dominated
landscape: implications for future watershed-scale carbon stock recovery." Applied
Geography 74 (2016): 109-122.
St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Emergence and
influence of a new policy regime: The case of forest carbon offsets in British Columbia." Land
Use Policy 60 (2017): 169-180.
St-Laurent, Guillaume Peterson, Shannon Hagerman, and George Hoberg. "Barriers to the
development of forest carbon offsetting: Insights from British Columbia, Canada." Journal of
environmental management 203 (2017): 208-217.
Teitelbaum, Sara, ed. Community Forestry in Canada: Lessons from Policy and Practice. UBC
Press, 2016.
Thiffault, Evelyne, et al., eds. Mobilisation of forest bioenergy in the boreal and temperate
biomes: Challenges, opportunities and case studies. Academic Press, 2016.
Xu, Zhen, et al. "Climate change mitigation strategies in the forest sector: biophysical impacts
and economic implications in British Columbia, Canada." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
for Global Change 23.2 (2018): 257-290.
Yung, Yu Ki. "State of Urban Forest Policy and By-laws across Ontario Municipalities." (2018).

13COMPARISON OF FOREST POLICY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ONTARIO
Zurba, Melanie, Alan P. Diduck, and A. John Sinclair. "First Nations and industry collaboration
for forest governance in northwestern Ontario, Canada." Forest Policy and Economics69 (2016):
1-10.