Chain of Infection and Mode of Transmission for Tuberculosis

This document discusses the chain of infection and mode of transmission for tuberculosis in relation to Mrs Smith. It explains the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible hosts. The document also covers standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, and falls prevention strategies for Mrs Smith.

HNB1102 Assessment 1
Mrs Smith was diagnosed with active tuberculosis.
1. In relation to Mrs Smith, complete the following chain of infection below and discuss in detail the
mode of transmission for the infectious agent. (200 words)
Infectious agent Mrs. Smith is dealing with Tuberculosis. A conceivably
genuine irresistible bacterial infection that primarily
influences the lungs. Specifically, if it is talked about the
bacteria that cause TB are spread when a tainted individual
hacks or sniffles. Therefore, the infectious agent is bacteria.
Reservoir Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It's spread when an individual
with dynamic TB ailment in their lungs hacks or sniffles and
another person breathes in droplets which contain TB
microscopic organisms1.
Portal of exit Sneezing is considered to be one of the crucial portal of exit
that can spread tuberculosis quickly to other human bodies.
Including this, coughing is another crucial portal of exit which
may spread the microscopic organism of tuberculosis. Away
with this, saliva which may also contain bacteria of
tuberculosis. Therefore, these are said to be some of the
crucial elements that may be considered as portal of exit for
TB.
Mode of transmission Specifically, the mode of transmission that came in front of
tuberculosis are both direct and indirect contact with the
1 Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., & Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary
foundations in nursing. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, 33(2).

other person. Along with this, inhalation of the water droplets
that comes out of mouth at the time of sneezing or coughing.
On the other hand, if it is talk about the spread of
tuberculosis then droplets that comes out of a person's
mouth who already has TB and if these droplets reaches to
respiratory system of other person then it can directly
transfer the bacteria or microorganism of tuberculosis and
make the other person deal with it.
Portal of entry Respiratory tract can be considered as one of the crucial
portal of entry for microorganisms tuberculosis in order to
enter in other person’s body.
Susceptible hosts People with ineffective immune system can be considered as
susceptible hosts.
2. Define standard precautions. Identify and discuss two principles of standard precautions that should
be applied to Mrs Smith’s care, with rationale. (200 words)
In the case given for Mrs Smith's care, there are two principal of standard precautions that can be
undertaken for applied are:
1. Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette: Cough Etiquette and Respiratory cleanliness would help in
reducing the spread of disease avoidance measures are intended to restrict the transmission of
respiratory pathogens spread by bead or airborne courses2. The procedures target fundamentally
Mrs Smith and people going with patients to the health care setting who may have undiscovered
transmissible respiratory contaminations, yet additionally apply to anybody with indications of
disease including coughing, runny nose, blockage, or expanded creation of respiratory emissions.
2. Personal protective equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) alludes to wearable gear
that is intended to shield DHCP from introduction to or contact with irresistible specialists. PPE
that is suitable for different sorts of patient cooperation and successfully covers individual apparel
and skin prone to be grimy with blood, salivation, or other possibly irresistible materials (OPIM)
ought to be accessible. These incorporate gloves, face covers, defensive eye wear, face shields,
and defensive garments (example: coat, lab coat, reusable or expendable outfit).
Reason behind adopting these two principles of standard precautions is that tuberculosis can be spread
through sneezing, which may lead the other individual to get contaminated with the microorganisms of
tuberculosis.
3. Define transmission-based precautions. Identify and discuss two principles of transmission-based
precautions that should be applied to Mrs Smith’s care, with rationale. (200 words)
2 Potter, P. A & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier health sciences.

Transmission based precautions can be defined as extra estimates centered around the specific method of
transmission and are consistently notwithstanding standard precautionary measures. They are assembled
into classes as per the course of transmission of the irresistible specialist. On the other hand, if it is talk
about the two principles of transmission based precautions (According to that can be applied in the case
of Mrs Smith’s care are:
 Contact safety measures: Contact safety measures expect to forestall the spread of an irresistible
operator by immediate or roundabout contact with patients or administration clients and human
services laborers who are giving consideration related exercises3. A case of microscopic organisms
that may be spread by contact transmission like in the case of Mrs Smith who was dealing with
tuberculosis (TB).
 Droplet safety measures: Droplet safety measures identify with irresistible specialists that might
be spread from the respiratory tract by hacking, sniffling or in any event, talking. Their capacity to
spread is restricted, as they just stay noticeable all around for brief timeframes and can't travel
farther than a meter in the case of Mrs Smith who has tuberculosis. This implies the spread is
restricted to close contact. Instances of irresistible illnesses that would require bead
precautionary measures incorporate flu and bacterial meningitis).
Using the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standard (NSQHS) for preventing falls and injury in
a healthcare setting, answer the following questions.
Web-link: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/assessment-to-the-nsqhs-standards/nsqhs-
standards-second-edition/
4. Refer to the NSQHS for comprehensive care and discuss the importance of this standard, in relation to
Mrs Smith’s current falls risk situation. (300 words)
3 Morse, J. M. (2016). Analyzing and conceptualizing the theoretical foundations of nursing. Springer
Publishing Company.

By considering the past medical conditions of Mrs. Smith describe that she is suffering from hypertension,
tuberculosis, macular degeneration and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. At the present time she is fallen on the
floor at the last night that is dangerous for her if she travel and go outside from her house. In terms of her
instincts and relatives need to be taken care offer her health and for this few prominent standards are
important that are evaluated below:
 Clinical government standard as its purpose is to make sure that the clinical governance is
executed properly in order to make sure that patient get safe and prominent Healthcare. This is
standard is important as it make sure that there is a proper system in NSQHS in order to maintain
and enhance the reliability quality and safety of the Healthcare conditions that are provided to
their patients. Along with this it is important for the NSQHS as it easily recognise the significance
of leadership culture chemical performance governance and the safety system of patients within
the environment to deliver their significant quality of care4
 By considering the present situation of Mrs. Smith, Partnering with customers’ standard is
important for the NSQHS as it leads to develop implement and maintain the significant quality of
relation with patients add their partnership relates with the planning designing delivering
measuring and evaluating the care of the health of their patients. Moreover the purpose of this
standard is to develop suitable beneficial outcomes by making sure that patients taking care of
their own health as well to the extent choose.
 Another one is meditation safety standard as it is important for NSQHS by considering the
present conditions of Mrs. Smith in order to make sure that the clinicians prominently prescribe
administer the suitable medicines and also monitor its uses. It is important in order to make sure
that the patients are prominently informed and knowledgeable regarding the medicines and also
understand the requirement and risk of their own medicines5.
5. Using the NSQHS standards as a guide, identify and discuss two falls prevention strategies that can be
implemented for Mrs Smith during her hospital stay to prevent further falls. (300 words)
Mrs. Smith have a history of hypertension, tuberculosis diabetes and macular degeneration with mild
Visual impairment and tuberculosis. These are few diseases from which Mrs. Smith is suffering and out of
it hypertension and macular degeneration with mild Visual impairment is the reason behind her fall at the
night. Due to hypertension there are several problems which a patient have to face and one of which is
regular dizziness due to fluctuations and regular rising in blood pressure of the patient. NSQHS has bin
working with the Australian government and other responsible parties for developing effective standards
and guidelines for the people in relation with management of their health and providing them appropriate
healthcare systems.
According to the standards and communication provided by NSQHS the two specific strategies which are
helpful for Mrs. Smith and which can prevent from falling are presented underneath:
 Reducing alcohol and smoking practices- The first guideline which is provided for the patients of
hypertension is to reduce their alcohol consumption and smoking habits which will help them in
keeping their blood pressure normal and stopping regular fluctuations taken place. Mrs. means is
a non smoker and alcohol on a very occasional bases which is one is the best practice she can
adopt for managing her blood pressure and controlling hypertension. This practice will also help
4 Lin, Y. T., & Lin, Y. C. (2016). Effects of mental process integrated nursing training using mobile device on
students’ cognitive load, learning attitudes, acceptance, and achievements. Computers in Human Behavior,
55, 1213-1221.
5 Halter, M. J. (2017). Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing-E-Book: A Clinical
Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.

her in in keeping herself stable in serious situations when high blood pressure is fluctuating and
rising and also provide her the ability to stable herself if she feels any dizziness and uses her
chances of falling in preventing any e severe damages due to it6.
 Healthy diet and regular checkup- It is suggested and very beneficial for the patient like to Mrs.
Smith to keep check on her diet as she has type 2 diabetes from last 15 years which is another
factor that is causing issues in managing her blood pressure. Healthy diet will help in managing
sugar level and regular checkups of blood sugar levels and blood pressure will prevent her to
reach to a following stage as she will be aware about her condition and proper measures can be
taken on time7.
6 Nazarenko, M. A., & Khronusova, T. V. (2017, September). Big data in modern higher education. Benefits
and criticism. In 2017 International Conference" Quality Management, Transport and Information Security,
Information Technologies"(IT&QM&IS) (pp. 676-679). IEEE.
7 Twigg, D. E & Myers, H. (2016). Foundations of a nursing-sensitive outcome indicator suite for monitoring
public patient safety in Western Australia. Collegian, 23(2), 167-181.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Halter, M. J. (2017). Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing-E-Book: A Clinical
Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Lin, Y. T., & Lin, Y. C. (2016). Effects of mental process integrated nursing training using mobile device on
students’ cognitive load, learning attitudes, acceptance, and achievements. Computers in Human Behavior,
55, 1213-1221.
Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., & Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary
foundations in nursing. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, 33(2).
Morse, J. M. (2016). Analyzing and conceptualizing the theoretical foundations of nursing. Springer
Publishing Company.
Nazarenko, M. A., & Khronusova, T. V. (2017, September). Big data in modern higher education. Benefits and
criticism. In 2017 International Conference" Quality Management, Transport and Information Security,
Information Technologies"(IT&QM&IS) (pp. 676-679). IEEE.
Potter, P. A & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier health sciences.
Twigg, D. E & Myers, H. (2016). Foundations of a nursing-sensitive outcome indicator suite for monitoring
public patient safety in Western Australia. Collegian, 23(2), 167-181.