Fuel, Fuel Consumption and Electrification

This collection of research papers covers topics such as fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, and electrification in the transportation industry. The papers discuss the impact of altitude on fuel consumption, the usage of natural gas as a major source of energy, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in railway operations, among other topics.

Fuel, Fuel Consumption and Electrification
Fritz, SG 2004, Evaluation of biodiesel fuel in an EMD GP38-2 locomotive Southwest
Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, Accessed February 2007
In the reference paper deals the fuel consumptions result and dissipate emission tests which is
donned on 2000 horsepower Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation GP38-2
locomotive functioning on four various fuels. In any test fuels, Swirl was verified in operational
problems. Locomotive engine can produce 1% to 2% with full power when biodiesel blends was
operating. In October 2000, a test center named as Swirl Locomotive Exhaust Emissions was
conducting Locomotive tests.
This reference paper deals with the fuel consumption and exhaust emission can be tested with the
help of locomotive test. This locomotive test can be done by using biodiesel fuel blends. With
the help of this work we can measure fuel consumption using flow mass meter. Four types of
fuels can be tested with the help of baseline test. This study shows that the locomotive engine
when operates on biodiesel blends can produce 2 percentage of rated power.
This work does not satisfy reliability and long term durability. In the fuel test results there is a
lack in PM response that contributes to most of the emission from test result obtained by
southwest research institute tells that no operational problems were observed.
Anon, (2018). A RETROFIT SYSTEM TO CONVERT A LOCOMOTIVE TO NATURAL
GAS OPERATION. [online] Available at:
https://www.energyconversions.com/ASMEpaperconversion.pdf [Accessed 29 Apr. 2018].
In this reference paper says about the Canadian railways. They are doing better to get their
Greenhouse gas reduction targets by their management of fuel and their policies. From 64772.83
kt was down into 6367.68 kt in Canada for all Railway operations in Greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions helps to maintaining the traffic as moderate.
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This report deals with the reduction of greenhouse gas with the help of fuel management
technologies and fuel efficient locomotives. In this work fuel the reduction of fuel consumption
data is analyzed that shows the fuel consumption is reduced by 1.6 percentage. This work also
shows the roadmap to reduce railway emission by reducing greenhouse gas emission.
This work entitle that with the help of Locomotive Emission Monitoring 2013 shows that by
2015 Canadian railway can meet their greenhouse gas reduction target. The green gas house is
reduced to 1.6 percentage. Although the implementation of locomotive emission monitoring
program, the Canada government and Canadian railways takes other efforts to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions in various sectors.
Scott, P & Jensen A [19??] A retrofit system to convert a locomotive to natural gas
operation energy conversions, Inc.Tacoma, WA, Accessed February 2007
This reference paper explains the operation and equipment of a system and the system is used for
convert EMD diesel locomotive engine into operate with the help of natural gas. The natural gas
is act as a major energy source. Electronic controls, actuators and sensors for system variable can
be developed by retrofit system. The required controls are rate and control of diesel pilot.
This paper deals with the usage of natural gas as a major source of energy to reduce fuel
consumption. Hence it is used to convert electromotive diesel locomotive engine to engine that
uses natural gas. With the help of this natural gas emission control is achieved.
In this work hardware and concepts of the project has proved to be operational and functional.
The natural gas is used to reduce fuel consumption is analyzed. Retrofit system is used to control
locomotive engine dual fuel is described.
Schreiner, K, von Bischopinck, R Harrison, J & Mayer J 2000, Consideration on exhaust
emission optimisation of diesel engines for rail traction, Railway Energy Efficiency
Conference, Paris, France 10-11 May 2000 Accessed February 2007,
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In this reference paper, Reliable source like Diesel engines is explained. Transport is depends
upon diesel engine. Low emission values for rail transport is not an easy task compared to ship
and road transport. The rail transport has cost low, time low and environmental aspects compared
to ship and road transport.
This works deals with the reduction of exhaust emission from the locomotives that works under
diesel. Exhaust emission can be reduced by designing a specific engine for rail traction. The
power and energy is coupled with the help of landscape. Various engine testing principles are
used to reduce emission from the diesel engines.
In this work combustion engines are designed to meet the traditional requirements such as
investment cost, reliability and fuel economy. Emission control is achieved by keeping certain
parameter in mind such as market size did not allow the creation of optimized engineers.
Akbarnia, A. and Farhani, F. (2014). Study of fuel consumption in three tillage
methods. Research in Agricultural Engineering, 60(No. 4), pp.142-147.
In this paper, Multi-task machine is used for identifying fuel consumption per hectare for tilled
land. Time and total count of tractor machine is a major deal for the fuel consumption. Dry
cultivated, multi-task machinery and traditionally irrigated farms are the types of irrigation
systems. Movement of tractors, soil results in soil compactness.
This paper deals with the three tillage methods that is used for fuel consumption. The tillage
methods includes maximum tillage that uses consumption of fuel per hectare of tilled land, no
tillage can be achieved by direct drill planter and multitask machine is used for reduced tillage.
Measurements like number of tractors and time taken for the trips.
Three tillage methods have been compared and studied. The crop yield per hectare is studied.
The results of three tillage methods such as reduced tillage, no tillage and maximum tillage is
compared for fuel compared. In addition to fuel consumption, factors like irrigation method and
land conditions that affects the crop yield per hectare.
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Chen, Z., Yang, C. and Chen, A. (2012). Estimating fuel consumption and emissions based
on reconstructed vehicle trajectories. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 48(6), pp.627-
641.
In this paper, environmental evaluation and emission calculation was used in microscopic
emission model. There are two types of inputs. They are probe vehicles and microscopic traffic
simulation models. Real activities data are used an input for the reconstructed vehicle
trajectories. The main work for vehicle is rebuild trajectory. Comprehensive modal emission and
next generation training dataset are used to study calculation and analyzing of emission output.
The emission from the vehicle can be estimated with the help of microscopic emission models.
The input for these models are probe vehicles and microscopic simulation traffic models.
Detectors can be used to detect the vehicle speed and these can be used to estimate vehicle fuel
emission and consumption.
Vehicle emission models are effective to estimate fuel consumption is analyzed. An improved
model is described to calculate vehicle acceleration data and vehicle speed to estimate fuel
consumption is studied. Vehicle emission at both link and lane level is analyzed and calculated.
Jimenez-Octavio, J., Sanchez-Rebollo, C. and Carnicero, A. (2013). The Dependance on
Mechanical Design in Railway Electrification: Focusing on the ac Perspective. IEEE
Electrification Magazine, 1(1), pp.4-10.
When designing overhead contact lines, electrification of railway is the trickiest topic. The
railway electrification's mechanical design is highlighted in an article. This paper explains the
toughest design of the already available railway lines.
This work describes the alternating current electrification in high speed lines. Electrification of
the railway system tells us the charging of the system.
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The trickiest topic is described. An electrification of railway is explained. The overhead contact
line in railway is designed. The railway electrification mechanical design is calculated. The
toughest design of the railway line is described. This paper describes the electrification of the
railway system. The strong dependence of railway electrification mechanical design is studied
with the help of overhead contact lines.
Kim, D. and Park, S. (2012). Optimization of injection strategy to reduce fuel consumption
for stoichiometric diesel combustion. Fuel, 93, pp.229-237.
In diesel combustion, to reduce fuel consumption was performed by engine operating conditions.
Algorithms of micro genetic was used here. Three-dimensional CFD modeling was used in
chemistry solver. Against pressure, KIVA code is used. It includes 50% of split injection and
reduced spray.
In this work fuel consumption is reduced by optimizing operating conditions of the engines for
stoichiometric combustion diesel. In this micro genetic algorithms, reduced n-heptane
mechanism, KIVA code and chemokine chemistry solver were used for combustion and ignition
process.
The fuel consumption for engine operating conditions are performed. The algorithms for micro
genetic was studied. CFD modeling in chemistry is solved. KIVA code is performed. The split
injection and spray reduction is verified.
Nwachukwu, M. and Mba, H. (2012). Analysis of consumption pattern of highway
transportation fuel in Nigeria. OPEC Energy Review, 36(1), pp.25-34.
The fuel scarcity in Nigeria is main reason of highway transportation. This is one the most
problematic challenged in Nigeria. Compare to other part of fuel consumption highway
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transportation fuel consumption is large need. Various techniques are tested for research
hypothesis. The consumption of highway transportation fuel is maximum compare to other parts.
This study deals with the consumption pattern of fuel in highway transportation in Nigeria. But
the consumption pattern do not vary much when compared to other parts of country. In this four
major cities like keno, Abuja, Lagos and Enugu were chosen and the consumption pattern is
analyzed. The outcomes helps in elimination of scarcity of fuel in Nigeria city.
The fuel scarcity in Nigeria is explained. The main challenge for Nigerian people can be
described. The Comparison of Other part of country and highway transportation is done. The
techniques for research hypothesis is analyzed. The maximum fuel consumption in highway is
explained.
Reisinger, R. and Emadi, A. (2013). Sensible Transportation Electrification : Get rid of
inefficient powertrain designs. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 1(2), pp.6-12..
In the propelled automobile the average consumption of fuel into forward motion is 10-20%. The
remaining energy is heat and it is not fully banned. Assume a person can fill fuel to tank 1-2 gal.
Then then remaining 8-9 gal is on the ground.
This work deals with internal combustion engine is 10-19% efficient at convert the energy in
gasoline form to forward motion. Then the remaining energy is dissipated as heat which leads to
wastage of 90% of fuel.
The population of an automobile is explained. The consumption of fuel amount is also described.
The remaining energy of heat is calculated. The calculation of filling the fuel into the tank is
done. The remaining fuel is which place is also verified.
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Uzun, A. (2012). A parametric study for specific fuel consumption of an intercooled diesel
engine using a neural network. Fuel, 93, pp.189-199.
In combustion reaction the oxygen amount is used which is helped to increase output and
decrease consumption of fuel. For all engine, thermal efficiency and fuel is important.
Intercooler is used to decrease temperature intake in engine.
This paper describes to reduce fuel consumption with the help of turbocharging. It is the process
in which the oxygen amount is increased thereby decreases the fuel consumption. Then for the
investigation parametric study is executed.
The combustion reaction is explained. The oxygen amount is used for increase output is
calculated. The output incrimination is analyzed. The thermal efficiency is studied. The
importance of fuel is analyzed. Intercoolers described. The engine taking decreasing temperature
is calculated with the help of intercooler.
Zervas, E. (2011). Impact of altitude on fuel consumption of a gasoline passenger car. Fuel,
90(6), pp.2340-2342.
On fuel consumption, air density make a huge impact. For gasoline engine, the high level leads
to lower fuel consumption due to throttle opening. The changing of aerodynamics of higher
level, the declaration times will change on fuel consumption.
This paper deals with the gasoline car fuel consumption. In general new passenger car engines
are at tuned sea level. But most of the operation is performed at higher attitudes other than sea
level.
The air density calculation for fuel consumption is calculated. The explanation of higher level
and lower level with the help of throttle opening is done. The aerodynamics of higher level and
declaration times can change the fuel consumption is explained.
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Zhuang, Y. and Hong, G. (2013). Primary investigation to leveraging effect of using ethanol
fuel on reducing gasoline fuel consumption. Fuel, 105, pp.425-431.
Alternative fuel is used as ethanol. Compare with gasoline, ethanol fuel have greater octave
number. Ethanol fuel have greater combustion velocity to increase combustion efficiency and
energy loss. The starting investigation is leveraging effect of ethanol.
This works describes the usage of ethanol fuel which possesses latent heat vaporization and
greater octane number that allow increased thermal efficiency and higher compression. Gasoline
fuel can be advantaged by ethanol fuel with the help of injecting ethanol and gasoline port.
Ethanol fuel is analyzed very well. Comparison of gasoline and ethanol fuel is done. The greater
combustion velocity of Ethanol is very helpful for getting more equivalent result. The effect of
ethanol is also covered.
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