Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique: Research
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Added on 2020-01-07
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique: Research
Added on 2020-01-07
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Introduction:Cognitive process is the performance of some composite cognitive activities that are the functionwhich has certain impact on person’s thinking and mental content. This can also be known as“process of thinking” or “the process of remembering”. The Functional Magnetic ResonanceImaging (FMRI) is a technique which used to measure and map noninvasive brain activity. Thisadvance research is conducted to evaluate the use of FMRI tool to investigate cognitive process.In the evaluation of the statement determines two categories of functional neuroimaging ofcognition. The first category of functional neuroimaging based on localizing the particularcognitive subsystems in brain regions of individual. So, this research first define theneuroimaging data‘s cognitive subsystems independently. The second category of functionalneuroimaging of cognition uses neuroimaging data to test the cognitive theories. Both theresearch help to evaluate the use of FMRI tool in the cognitive process. The second category isuseful because cognitive theories effectively define and help to determine the relationshipsbetween cognition and brain activities. Investigating previous studies:Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a technique based on functional neuroimaging whichprovide a map of one’s brain functioning in response to their cognitive tasks performed duringthe scanning of fMRI. The data performed or generated through this technique help the cognitiveneuroscientist to infer particular information about the functioning or role of specific brainregion during the cognitive activities. But, the neuroimaging data is continuously used to makeopposite inference which used to infer the engagement of particular cognitive functionsaccording to the activity particular part of brain. The reverse inference analysis helps to evaluatethe fMRI uses for investigating cognitive process. Coltheart (2004) & Levy & Wagne (2013) concluded in their research that FMRI can be used toproduce an activation map that help to indicate that which brain part is involved in a particularmental process. Numbers of studies has been conducted to determine the involvement of brainimaging of individual while performing cognitive tasks (Coltheart, 1999), and it is a crucial taskto identify the studies that provided research and investigation on relationship of FMRI tool andcognition process. The research can be focused on evaluating the neuroimaging contribution
towards our understanding of the cognition process and whether it has restriction to the scope ofevaluation. To underline the evaluation in manageable way, the researchers, (Wixted & Mickes,2013; Rugg & Thompson-Schill, 2013) have restricted their submission in two ways: 1.The research is carried for only one brain imaging method and that was functionalmagnetic resonance imaging (FMRI).2.Authors also searched for the question that if fMRI actually work for individual’scognition process and can it go beyond this and also investigate for the behavioralmethods applied to normal subkest, and neurophysiological work in animals andinvestigating fMRI impact on brain lesion patient. According to Chiao and ImmordinoYang ( 2013) research on neuroimaging informed that thefMRI technique did not tell us anything about the cognitive theory. The articles gathered on thistopic have addressed some explicit facts about the cognitive theory. The first researched articlereviewed here will help us to evaluate the actual meaning of “informs cognitive theory”. Cabeza,R., & Moscovitch discussed about the cross-cultural fMRI studies which main focus onproviding judgements on selves or others. The conclusion made by this research indicated thatself-reported cultural values and cultural group can predict the neural responses during self-judgement (Cabeza, R., & Moscovitch, 2013, p. 59). The second reviews research article is the work performed by Reuter-Lorenz’s. Theseresearchers work determine the mechanisms responsible for declining memory and cognitiveabilities (Reuter-Lorenz, 2013, this issue, p. 68). It state that the cognitive theory has beeninformed with the work if neuroimaging technique. As the technique is about mappingnoninvasive brain activity while cognitive theories based on different brain functions of people.Different processes which concentrate on learning analyzes the mental process. Testing Cognitive Theories With Functional Neuroimaging DataCognitive neuroimaging data can be used to test cognitive theories in two different ways. Itmight include just a single model to verify or disprove the model or it might include competingmodels with the aim of judging between them. A decisive issue here is “consistency fallacy“,term given by Mole and Klein in (2010). According to them, the data which are constant with atheory cannot be proposed as evidence in support of that theory, instead some more additional
elements should be included. For a hypothesis, the data must be consistent with the hypothesisand must also hold back on the contradictions of hypothesis. The articles involving cognitiveneuroimaging generally end up with the statements about equilibrium between cognitive theoryand neuroimaging data. For example, according to Levy and Wagner, (2013),”these two studiessupport that there is possibility of memory reactivation during sleep induced by environmentalfactors. To point out clearly about the patterns of neuroimaging data is the only way to avoidconsistency fallacies that are inconsistent with the theory obtained in the neuroimaging study.When a neuroimaging study is used to evaluate a single cognitive theory, then consistencyfallacy is avoided by identifying at least one possible conclusion of the study, which is, that if ithad been obtained, then it would have been inconsistent with what the theory actually says.Three competing cognitive level hypotheses about the nature of associations and dissociationsbetween performances on direct versus indirect memory tests was discussed by Cabeza andMoscovitch. They argue in support of these hypotheses on the grounds that it is more consistentwhen we compare it with the results of neuroimaging work, moreover only consistency withneuroimaging cannot support any cognitive theory. An experiment could have a possible resultthat would be inconsistent with component process theory, specifically, a result in which ahippocampus is activated by relational memory tasks. This exhibits the potential for distortion oftheory in this way aid in dealing with the consistency fallacy. So, it would be a useful practice toacquire for cognitive neuroimaging researchers.Rugg and Thompson –Schill and Wixted and Mickes also accentuate that the assumptions mustbe strong to get any cognitive theory to predict about the happenings in functional neuroimagingexperiments. The general idea is that if neuroimaging data has to be used like this for testingcognitive theory has to be elaborated in this way that, if cognitive process C is executed only inbrain region X, then Brain region X helps cognitive process C only. Wager and Atlas referred itas combination of sensitivity i.e. only one area of brain is sensitive to a particular cognitiveprocess, and specificity i.e. this area of brain gets activated only by a particular cognitiveprocess. Blumstein and Amso (2013) assert that when we talk about language , there can beabsence of specificity , as there are evidences that explain that a particular area of brain can beused in a specified single way of language processing.
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