Analysis of Forces, Pressure, and Hooke's Law in Fundamental Physics

This report provides a detailed analysis of fundamental physics concepts. It begins by differentiating between contact and non-contact forces, balanced and unbalanced forces, and includes a simple experiment to determine the center of gravity in a uniform body. The report discusses forces acting on the human body during sitting, standing, and collisions, explaining the role of seatbelts. It further elaborates on how the human body uses electrical forces and how gases, solids, and liquids exert pressure. The document also covers hydrostatic pressure and the body's mechanisms for accommodating pressure changes. Finally, it explains Hooke's Law, detailing physical properties like brittleness, stiffness, ductility, elasticity, and plasticity associated with stretching and compressing materials.

Fundamental physics

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
LO1: Understanding forces in action...............................................................................................1
Contact and non-contact forces...................................................................................................1
Balanced and unbalanced forces..................................................................................................1
Discuss a simple experiment to find the position of centre of gravity in a uniform body...........2
Discuss the forces acting on the human body when sitting down and when standing up, and
how does this relate to the stability of the human body?.............................................................2
Discuss the forces acting on a body during collisions when a driver using seat belt suddenly
applies the brake?........................................................................................................................3
Discuss how the human body use electrical forces to control its actions....................................3
LO2: Understand static and hydrostatic pressure............................................................................4
Discuss how gas (air), solid and liquid exert pressure on objects...............................................4
Discuss two ways how the body accommodates pressure changes.............................................4
LO3: Understanding Hooke’s law in relation to stretching and compressing.................................4
State Hooke’s law........................................................................................................................4
The physical properties associated with stretching and compressing materials can be described
in several ways, for example; brittleness, stiffness, ductility, elasticity and plasticity...............5
Compare and contrast how two different materials behave under stress and strain in the human
body.............................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Physics believes that everything happens in the universe have some basic building blocks and
those are called as fundamental particles. All the interactions of these particles are examined by
four types of forces. the four type of forces are electromagnetic force, gravitational force, the
strong force and the weak force (Barausse, and et.al, 2020). This report will highlight the contact
and non-contact forces and balanced and unbalanced forces with examples for better
understanding. The Report also illustrate the Centre of gravity, forces associated with sitting and
standing, collision during driving while wearing a seat belt and how air, liquid and solid exert
pressure. Hooke’s law will also be discussed in the report and all the physical properties of
stretching and compressing will be explained as well.
MAIN BODY
LO1: Understanding forces in action
Contact and non-contact forces
A force can be defined as the process which causes an object with mass to change the velocity
and in other words it also means to accelerate. Force is something used to push and pull any
object. A force is comprised of two components i.e. magnitude and direction. There are two
types of forces in the environment like contact and non-contact forces. Contact forces are those
which act on the bodies when the bodies are in physical state. examples of contact forces are
frictional force, normal reaction force and spring force. Non-contact forces are those in which
force is experienced by bodies even without physical touch. For example, gravitational force,
electrostatic force and magnetic force (Cong, and et.al, 2020). The nature of gravitational force
is attractive while electrostatic and magnetic force have attractive and repulsive type of nature.
The non-contact forces have magnitude which depends upon the distance of separation between
them. They both are inversely proportional to each other as they increase when the separation
gets decrease and it gets decrease when the separation gets increase.
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Balanced force can be defined as the process in which the total resulting forces acting on a body
is equal to zero. The concept of balanced forces can be further understanding by some examples
like when a man is pushing a wall then the force balance each other and therefore the wall does
1

not move and a game of tug of war in which equal number of components are on both the side
therefore the force is balanced. From both the examples one can have a better understanding of
the concept of balanced force. Moreover, the unbalanced force is defined as the process in which
the total force acting on the body is not equals to zero. The body changes its state of motion in
the unbalanced force (Djilali, Sanchez, and Belkheiri, 2019). One of the best example for
understanding the concept of unbalanced war is when a football plays kicks a ball then it moves
from one place to another and other example of unbalanced force is one person having more
weight than other on the seesaw.
Discuss a simple experiment to find the position of centre of gravity in a uniform body
The centre of gravity can be defined as the theoretical point in the body where the total weight of
the body is concentrated.it is very important to know the centre of gravity because it helps in
predicting the behaviour of the moving body when gravity is acted on them. It is also useful in
making the structures and buildings. The weight of any article is focussed on the centre of
gravity. The centre of gravity of a uniform body always lies at the centre of the object. The
centre of gravity is calculated by taking the sum of all the moments divided by the overall
weight of the object (Godage, Webster, and Walker, 2019). One can understand the concept of
finding the position of centre of gravity in a uniform body by making two holes in a uniform
body i.e. an irregular shaped lamina and after this pin the lamina through one of the hole in such
a way that it swings freely suspend a plum line from the pin and mark the point where the plum
line intersects the edge of the lamina opposite that of the hole then remove the plum line and
draw a line joining the whole and point marked now repeat the same process with the other hole
now the point of intersection gives the position of centre of gravity of the lamina.
Discuss the forces acting on the human body when sitting down and when standing up, and how
does this relate to the stability of the human body?
When a person sits down there are two forces acting on the body of the person one of the force
acting is the gravitational force in which the earth is pulling down and the other force is upward
push of the chair which counteracts the force of gravity. Whenever an individual sit on a chair
they are in equilibrium. This is the concept used on the human body when sitting down on a
chair. Similarly standing up also require some force and this concept can be understood by a
2

situation like when a person is sitting on a chair the net force is zero as the body is not moving
but when a person stands up a force is applied in the downward direction which helps in pushing
up when a person stands up legs produces a force more than the force of gravity (Siriphorn, and
et.al, 2022). The force of gravity on the person is the weight multiply by 9.8m/s^2. once the
person is standing the net force will go to zero as the force in up and down direction is equal.
Discuss the forces acting on a body during collisions when a driver using seat belt suddenly
applies the brake?
Modern cars have some safety features in them which helps in absorbing the kinetic energy in
collisions and one of the major safety feature of a car is seat belt. This feature helps in reducing
the deceleration which causes the force involved to be decreased. Seat belts helps in stopping the
tumbling around the car if there is a collision. When a collision takes place in the car which
means when the driver suddenly applies the brakes the seat belts lock in place. When the car
crashes there is no type of unbalanced force acting on the person driving the car so they go in the
forward direction according to the newton’s first law of motion (Mačužić, and Saveljić, 2019).
The person moves against the seat belt and exerting some force on them and then the seat belt
again exert some force on the driver which is the newton’s third law of motion. And therefore
this causes a controlled deceleration of the person.
Discuss how the human body use electrical forces to control its actions
The electrical force can be defined as the repulsive and attractive interaction between any two
charged bodies. The impact and effect of the electrical force is described by the Newton’s law of
motion. Some of the examples of electrical force is charge in a bulb, electric circuits, static
friction between cloth when rubbed and shock felt after touching a doorknob. There are two
types of electrical forces i.e. positive electrical force and negative electric force. Electrical forces
are present in the human body as well. The cells of the human body are specialized in
conducting electrical currents (Sang, and et.al, 2019). Electricity is required for the nervous
system to send signals to the body and to the brain and helps in making the body moving,
thinking and feeling. The elements present in the human body like sodium, calcium, potassium
and magnesium have electrical charges and called as ions which helps in generating electricity.
3

LO2: Understand static and hydrostatic pressure
Discuss how gas (air), solid and liquid exert pressure on objects
For understanding the concept of how air exerts pressure than consider the molecules of a gas
moving in a container. The molecules collide with each other and with the walls. When they
collide with the wall they exert some force on the wall. The pressure exerted by the air is
because of the sum of all the collisions forces. The more the particles hitting the wall the more
pressure will exert. If the air is heated up, then the particles move quickly and hit the walls
harder and sometimes the container gets burst. Similarly, solid exert pressure only on the base
i.e. downwards where as a liquid exerts pressure on the objects at all the points in every
direction (Li, and et.al, 2019). And the pressure of the liquid increases with the increase in depth
and in this way the air, solid and liquid exerts pressure on the objects.
Discuss two ways how the body accommodates pressure changes
The hydrostatic pressure in a human body is defined as a pressure of any liquid inside a space.
Blood hydrostatic pressure is the force which happens in the human body because of many
factors like stress, tension, thinking and many more. The body affects pressure by many factors
like hormones, stress, exercise, eating, sitting, walking and many more but the body helps in
regulating the changes occurring in the human body because of many factors like by the size of
the blood vessels, by the action of the smooth muscle, by one way valves and the last one is by
the pressure of fluid in the blood itself (Canac, and et.al, 2020).
LO3: Understanding Hooke’s law in relation to stretching and compressing
State Hooke’s law
Hooke’s law is defined as the process in which stress and strain are proportional to each other.
One of the main reason behind Hooke’s law is stress and strain take different forms in different
types of situation. Therefore, Hooke’s law states that the strain of any object is directly
proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of the material. Whenever the elastic
objects are stretched then the atoms and molecules of the distort until the stress have been
applied and when the stress gets removed then they come back to their real or initial position
4

(Khoirina, Cari, and Sukarmin, 2018). The formulae for defining Hooke’s law is F= - kx where
F is defined as the force, K is the constant of proportion which is also known as spring constant
in terms of N/m and x is defined as the extension in length.
The physical properties associated with stretching and compressing materials can be described in
several ways, for example; brittleness, stiffness, ductility, elasticity and plasticity.
The physical properties of stretching and compressing can be defined in terms of brittleness,
stiffness, ductility, elasticity and plasticity.at first in terms of stretching and compressing
brittleness can be defined as a process to identify the materials which are easily broken,
damaged, disrupted. Brittleness can be obtained from various aspects like drying, plasticizer
migration and many more. Stiffness is defined as the amount to which a material repels
distortion in answer to an applied force. Ductility is the property of a material by which it can be
drawn or plastically distort without getting fracture it indicated the softness of the material.
Elasticity is the process when the material gets back to its original position when the forces
which are causing the distortion are removed. Plasticity is the ability of being mold or shaped
easily and it provide flexibility to the object. All these are the physical properties which are
associated with stretching and compression.
Compare and contrast how two different materials behave under stress and strain in the human
body
The stress and strain relationship in the human body can simply be defined by understanding
three aspects. The first one is the low stress in which there is an area of relatively low elastic
modules in which large extensions get occurs because of increase in tension. At high stress just
below the ultimate strength of the tissue there is an area of high elastic modules where
extensions are very small for a given stress addition. The properties of elastic in both the aspects
is linear (Huang, and et.al, 2021). And in the middle area there is a constant change in the
relationship of stress strain in a human body.in this way the two different materials behave under
stress and strain in the human body.
5

CONCLUSION
From the above report all the fundamental of physics have been studied in a very descriptive
manner. The contact and non-contact forces and balanced and unbalanced forces are explained
briefly with examples for better understanding. The Report also highlighted the Centre of
gravity, forces associated with sitting and standing, collision during driving while wearing a seat
belt and how air, liquid and solid exert pressure. All the points have been described and
illustrated very briefly for better understanding of the fundamentals of physics. This will also
include Hooke’s law in the report and all the physical properties of stretching and compressing
have been explained too.
6

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Barausse, E., and et.al, 2020. Prospects for fundamental physics with LISA. General Relativity
and Gravitation, 52(8), pp.1-33.
Cong, Z., and et.al, 2020. Contact force estimation method of legged-robot and its application in
impedance control. IEEE Access, 8, pp.161175-161187.
Djilali, L., Sanchez, E.N. and Belkheiri, M., 2019. Real-time neural sliding mode field oriented
control for a DFIG-based wind turbine under balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. IET
Renewable Power Generation, 13(4), pp.618-632.
Godage, I.S., Webster, R.J. and Walker, I.D., 2019. Center-of-gravity-based approach for
modeling dynamics of multisection continuum arms. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 35(5),
pp.1097-1108.
Siriphorn, A.,and et.al, 2022. Effect of optokinetic virtual reality scenes on a sitting-to-stand
movement. Human Movement Science, 83, p.102956.
Mačužić, S. and Saveljić, I., 2019. Three dimensional analyses of seat belt and driver in case of
sudden braking. Vehicle Vozila i, p.45.
Sang, M., and et.al, 2019. A hydrophobic, self-powered, electromagnetic shielding PVDF-based
wearable device for human body monitoring and protection. ACS applied materials &
interfaces, 11(50), pp.47340-47349.
Li, Z., and et.al, 2019. A porous superhydrophobic surface with active air plastron control for
drag reduction and fluid impalement resistance. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7(27),
pp.16387-16396.
Canac, N., and et.al, 2020. pathophysiology of intracranial hypertension and noninvasive
intracranial pressure monitoring. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 17(1), pp.1-21.
Khoirina, M., Cari, C. and Sukarmin, S., 2018. Analysis of Spring's Constantant Value By
Combining the Concepts of Hooke's Law and Archimedes' Law. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan
Fisika), 3(2), pp.55-58.
Huang, S., and et.al, 2021. First principle studies on the structures, electronic properties and
Raman spectrums of monolayer WX2 (X= S, Se, Te) under strain condition. Modern Physics
Letters B, 35(08), p.2150135.
7

Vancouver
8