Project Management Fundamentals

This project report examines the fundamentals of project management using the example of a 'Power Saver for Industries & Commercial Establishments'. It analyzes the triple constraint of project management (scope, budget, and schedule), the difference between leadership and management, and their roles in project success. The report also includes a case study of a project failure and discusses the reasons behind it.

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
FUNDAMENTALS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART A...........................................................................................................................................1
Identification of great project and also project management failure...........................................1
PART B............................................................................................................................................5
Defining the scope, budget and schedule and the concept of project management triangle.......5
PART C..........................................................................................................................................10
Difference between leadership ad management and their relation with the project
management..............................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
In this report he projects management of the particular project” power saver for industries
and commercial establishment is taken and various factors which are required to accomplish this
project. The report also includes the different three constraints that is cost, schedule/ time, scope
which are essential part of the project management and which help the project mangers to
achieve their task and goals effectively and efficiently. the explanation of the reasons for the
failure of the second project will also be discussed in the given report. The present developed
project will focuses on minimizing the energy consumption which is thus leads the industries and
commercial establishment to reduce the power loss by making the use of number of shunt
capacitors and which substantially reduce the electricity bills of the industries and commercial
establishments. Leadership is the setting of new direction or vision for a group which they follow
or it can be defined as the ability of the individual to direct the group to influence and guide the
followers or other members of the organisation.
Project leadership is basically Project organisation. It represented by the individual
project manager in small projects . Mangers are the person who ultimately responsible for all the
activities and functions which are first planned and leads towards the controlling of all the
activities so that activities can be directed in direction of the achievement of the goal.
Furthermore, the report will depict about the leadership and management and how these
approaches are used in the project management which will help to understand the basic
difference between these and their application in the project management. The present study
based on the electrical engineering project which is essential for the industries to reduce their
power consumption by effective mode and how this project helping them will also be explained
in this project report.
PART A
Identification of great project and also project management failure
The electric engineering project which is chosen in the report is “power saver for
industries and commercial establishments” this project is basically designed to reduce the power
consumption and power loss in the in industries and other commercial establishments by the
people by power factor compensation through using number of shunt capacitors(Badewi, 2016).
As it will result in reduction in amount of the electric bill for industries and commercial
establishment. In this system the time lag between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse
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are duly generated by the suitable operational amplifier circuits in comparator mode are fed two
interrupt pins of the microcontroller.
Industries and big organisation functions and operates on inductive loads such as the
transformers, induction motors, heavy plant and machinery, ballast type lighting which as low
power factor and it draws more reactive power from the supply, this reactive power is measured
s used power and it inefficient and not used by the industry, this power is considered to be
useless drawn from the supply and measured causing industries and commercial establishments
to spend more on the electricity bills(Bush, Belland Middlewood, 2019).
The use of the commercial power saver hep the industries to reduce the consumption of
electric power by enhancing different power factors of inductive loads which do no make the use
of this power saver by use of coupling capacitors, phase advancers and synchronous condensers
leads to end up to industries spending to huge amount on the power by increasing the
manufacturing cost of the products and also the management cost of the different establishment.
The major problem which can be solved by this project are the issue of low power factor
which directly affects the bills of the industries and it also provide the capacitors bank which
allow the inclusion of loads by auto switching through different relays and relay rivers
accordingly to the rating of the load added (Fewings and Henjewele, 2019). This project also
helps in solving different problems which includes:
 Increasing the harmony distortion which is caused by the saturation of inductive loads as
like transformers.
 Decreased efficiency in the outputs of industries and other commercial establishment
which did not make the use of these enhancers and compensator.
The aim and focus of the project is to design and construct a micro controller based
power saving system by power factors connection wit LCD display so to regularly monitor the
function and controlling of the power can be possible(Fleming, and Koppelman, 2016). This
project provides the feasible solution for the improvement of the power quality and saving the
power in inductive loading system. The initial motivation for the work is directly base d on the
ability of the system to reduce the electric bills of the industries and also to save the power and
energy which is drawn from the electricity utilities for the inductive loads of the in industries and
commercial establishments.
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This project focusing on achieving the apparent reduction in current drawn by making the
connection between the induction load and capacitors(Gruber and et.al., 2015). This system is
designed for the power factor improvement and enhancement of improving the power quality in
closed loop operations. This also leads to the reduction of voltage drop in cables and also
contribute towards the extending the equipment life.
In this project the Microcontroller is being used which is a small computer on a single
integrated circuit which contains a processor core, memory and a programmable input and output
peripherals. Program memory is in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM as
concluded on chip as well as the typically small amount of the Ram. In the automatic power
factor controller, current transformer is basically used to get current wave form from of load
current and current transformer also leads to step down the ac current(Harrison, and Lock, 2017).
n this project microprocessor send high signal to rely driver IC as and when the power factors
alls less than the 0.9 ULN2003 turned on the relays and which in return connects capacitor banks
with the load. initially on all the phases the difference between the voltage and current
waveforms are completely measured and then the power factor is been calculated. In case of the
low power factors capacitors are generally added to improve it. The basic picture for the power
saver for industries and commercial establishment is given below:
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There are some project failures also which are nt able to accomplished effectively by the
project mangers due to many factors . The failure of the project Apple lisa is also because of the
many reasons which might includes the following:
 Poor preparation and planning is the most prioritize reason for the project failure
 Inadequate documentation and tracking leads the mangers to be unknown regarding the
meeting expectations(Heagney, 2016).
 Bad leadership that is the lead is not having the clear vision towards which they can guide
the complete project
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Illustration 1: power saver for industries & commercial establishments
(Source:- POWER SAVER FOR INDUSTRIES & COMMERCIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS, 2019)

 Failure to define the parameters and enforce them mean that leader does not set the plans
and standard according to which actual plan ned to implement them in most cases there is
chance of leaving the project over or under budget
Hence, there can be many reasons through which project can lead to huge failure which includes
heavy destruction and wastage of the resources.
PART B
Defining the scope, budget and schedule and the concept of project management triangle
The scope, budget and schedule that is the triple constraint of the project which help to
know the entire structure of the project in the way thy are guiding and controlling the project.
The triple constraint is basically the combination of the three significant restrictions of any
project that is scope, schedule and the cost of the project. This triple constraint is referred as the
project management triangle or also called as the iron triangle. It is the model of the constraints
which is inherent in managing the project(Kerzner, 2018).
Scope of the project:
The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays as it output is to bring
the shunt capacitors into the load circuit so to get the zero power loss. the key factor in
managing and establishing the scope of the project is to handle the stakeholders expectations and
stakeholders are often to the new demands that may arise during the project which are required to
be fulfilled(Larson. and Gray, 2017). This is generally done in the long term projects where there
may be new stakeholders in the middle of the project which may causes the problem of raising
the new demand or expectations.
This project will help the industries in their increasing the energy saving in industry
which also a contribution towards the sustainability if the natural resources and great
contribution towards the corporate social responsibility policies of the companies and
commercial establishment. This help on controlling the power line of the industries using the
power factors.
Cost
The financial commitment of the project depends on the several; variables in which
different resources are available starting from the materials to people which includes the labour
costs and in addition to this material costs(Mullerand Turner, 2017). There are some outside
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project which have direct impact on the projects which are required to be considered into the cost
of the project.
Cost process generally includes the costs of estimating and figuring out the commitment
of all the resources which is necessary to complete the activities of the project . Cost budgeting
basically creates the cost baseline . And cost control works to mange the changes and fluctuation
of the costs through the complete project which help the producer to mange and control the cost
in the given budget for efficient and effective production .thee are different methods which can
be used to estimate the cost of the project which involved: historic data, resources costs, bottom
up, parametric, vendor bid, Reserve, and quality analysts (Papke-Shieds and Boyer-Wrigh,
2017).
To calculate the accurate costs it is also required by the project manager to consider
project management tools to calculate the cots variances. In the project of power saver for
industries and commercial establishments the cost is decided on the basis of Reserve method
which includes the aggregate cost of the all activities performed under the completion of the
electric engineering project(Podsakoff and Podsakoff, 2019). They consider all the resources
costs, material costs, labour cost, economic cost, and then the final cost is being decided which is
around the $25000 of the power saver which can be used in the industry to save the power and to
reduce the electrical bills of the industrial and commercial establishments because of the in
induction load.
Time/ schedule
Schedule is basically the estimated amount of the time which is allotted to complete the
project. this scheduled is figuring out all the necessary tasks which are required to move the
project from start to end(.Renz, 2016). A work breakdown structure that is complete work is
breakdown in different tasks ans by analysing the time required for completing the each task is
computed and accordingly complete time period can e calculated which is required for the
completion of the project in case of the large projects. these tasks are generally prioritized,
dependencies are than linked and then places on the timelines.
According to the (PMBOK) principle that is project management body of knowledge. the
schedule of the entire project can be managed through an effective process of time management.
These includes some steps which are :
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Plan schedule management- this includes creation of appropriate policies, procedure and
documentation plaining, exception and monitoring the project(Rich, Singleton and Wadhwa,
2018).
Defining activities identification and documenting actions and tasks which are need to be
undertake in the project
Sequencing the activities documenting the logical order in which sequence they need to
performs
Estimating the activity resources what and how many resources are required that is men,
material, equipment, supplies etc.
Estimating the activity duration time which project and its task will take to complete
each of the activity associated with the project
Developing the schedules analysing the activities, duration and resources to develop
schedule
Controlling the schedules comparing the planned scheduled with actual one to determine
that project will work on the track and corrective and timely measures ca be taken in order to
eliminate any deviations(Schwalbe, 2015).
the triangle concept depicts the quality of project is constrained by t project budget that is
availability of fund will make it possible to use efficient resources and material which will
further improve the quality .
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Power saver for industries and commercial establishment project required 3 months of the
duration to compete entire project as time management is also important at the team member
level as they also need support from their team through collaborative time management tools and
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Illustration 2: Three Constraints of Project Management
(Source:The Triple Constraint: The Project Management Triangle of Scope,
Time, and Cost, 2019)

processes so that project can be effectively and efficiently accomplished in order to help the
industries to reduce their electricity bills and to save their energy and power.
PART C
Difference between leadership ad management and their relation with the project management
Project management is basically the application of the knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to the different activities sf the project to meet the requirements and goals of the
project. These set of the knowledge, skills, tools and techniques is not absolute and t is
completely based on the stakeholders, project type, life cycle of the project and many other
variables. Involvement of proper project management helps in Inexperience project mangers are
the most crucial reason of the project failure as these mangers having no experience and also
leads to the wastage of the resources.Inaccurate cost estimations can bring the severe loss or
damage to the entire project as it completely mismanagement the budget pf the project and loss
might be suffered by the team associate with the project(Fund, Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017).
The proper project management will lead in efficient cost control, which includes the
financial constraints of the project ad also known as the project budget, scope includes the tasks
required to fulfil the projects goal and time is the schedule for the project to reach its completion.
Management is basically the process of administering and controlling the affairs of the
organisation and the function of the management includes planning, organising staffing,
directing and controlling the activities and function of the organisation in order to achieve the
goals effectively and efficiently( Shin,and et.al., 2015). In accomplishing and leading the project
towards the success requires the manger to get the work done by the team member effectively
and efficiently. It requires the clear vision, clarity in reason s that work can be directed
accordingly( Svejvig and Andersen 2015).
In completing any project leadership and management plays crucial role for successfully
implementation of the project in the project management there are some skills which are required
by the leaders to add in the project that is :
 Excellent communication and interpersonal skills as this will help the team members to
communicate with etch others effectively and also leads to the clarification the roles and
responsibilities which will avoid the chaos, confusion and wastage of resources.
 Ability to share clear vision and inspire others so that the wok with the full potential and
will lead towards the achievement of the completion of the project goal.
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 Positive attitude towards the unfavourable situations and ability to accept and mange the
situations accordingly and actively.
 Problem solver
 Team builder which brings the unity and project can be complete with unity of the team
members that is utilising the resources optimally.
In the project management it is the responsibility of the managers to lay down the
structure and delegate the authority and responsibility to each member involved in the project,
leaders provides the direction by developing the vision and communicating it to the team
members and to improve them to achieve it. project mangers are basically the managers which
consist of leadership and management skills. Leadership skills are not the same as the
management skills( Turner, 2016) . But the strong management skills can be gained through
experiencing and practice (Papke- Shieds and Boyer- Wrigh, 2017).
Project manager can trade between the constraints and change in one constraint
necessitate changes in another tom compensate or quality Wil suffer and all the constraints are
completely interlinked and dependent on each other. say for example any project can be
completed faster by increasing the budget or cutting scope and similarly increasing scope may
require equivalent increase in the budget and schedule as cutting budget without adjusting
schedule or scope will ultimately lead to the lower the quality.
The project will help the industries in improving their overall efficiency for operation's as
they can save the time, money and energy and hence leads to the optimum utilisation of all the
resources which ultimately benefit the industries and commercial establishment in effective and
efficient operations of their industries (Pkivilä, Martinsuo and Vuorinen, 2017).
Effective leaders needs to integrate the leadership skills wit the project management
skills which leads to develop the new skills to compliment their project management skills.
leaders generally focus on accomplishing the vision of the project and once the vision are set
than the mangers are responsible to implement the tasks and activities in the direction of the
achievement of accomplishing the project. mangers take care of the project , program delivery
and ensure that things are some in the right way that is utilizing the project management to
implement the plan so that project is able to benefit the ultimate customers of the particular
project(Kerzner, 2018).
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CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that there are various electrical engineering
projects which are established foe the different reasons but the study has covered the 'Power
saver for industries and commercial establishment “ as project in the study. The above report
also conclude different constrains that is time, cost, schedule and scope of the project which are
very essential elements and constraints for the accomplishment of the project effectively.
Project management and leadership are two different things but being a successful project
manager , it is necessary for the project manager to deliver the successful projects consistently
and continuously developing the leadership skills in addition with management skills. There are
basically two types of costs that is fixed and variable cost related to the complete project. such as
the economic costs often varying on different and specialised silks and productivity which need
to calculated.
They ned to develop the project management skills though effective knowledge of the
standard project management framework and through experiencing in the utilisation of the best
practices in implementing the project management methodologies . Leader s are the person who
will guide the complete project towards achievement of something by following the policies and
guidelines given by the so that effectively project accomplishment can be achieved. Furthermore,
the study concluded about the difference between the leadership and management and also their
applications in the project management and how they are helping in accomplishment of the
project.
These are some different methods and on the basis of which the cost of the project can be
estimate or can be evaluated. The above study has also explained the role of the leaders and
manger in the project management who are the contributors in accomplishment of the project
efficiently and effectively.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Badewi, A., 2016. The impact of project management (PM) and benefits management (BM)
practices on project success: Towards developing a project benefits governance
framework. International Journal of Project Management. 34(4) pp.761-778.
Bush, T., Bell, L. and Middlewood, D. eds., 2019. Principles of Educational Leadership &
Management. SAGE Publications Limited.
Fewings, P. and Henjewele, C., 2019. Construction project management: an integrated
approach. Routledge.
Fleming, Q. W. and Koppelman, J. M., 2016, December. Earned value project management.
Project Management Institute.
Gruber, D. A and et.al., 2015. The real-time power of Twitter: Crisis management and
leadership in an age of social media. Business Horizons. 58(2). pp.163-172.
Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017. Advanced project management: a structured approach.
Routledge.
Heagney, J., 2016. Fundamentals of project management. Amacom.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H. R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Kerzner, H., 2018. Project management best practices: Achieving global excellence. John Wiley
& Sons.
Kivilä, J., Martinsuo, M. and Vuorinen, L., 2017. Sustainable project management through
project control in infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management.
35(6). pp.1167-1183.
Larson, E. W. and Gray, C. F., 2017. Project management: The managerial process. McGraw-
Hill Education.
Muller, R. and Turner, J. R., 2017. Project-oriented leadership. Routledge.
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Papke-Shields, K. E. and Boyer-Wright, K. M., 2017. Strategic planning characteristics applied
to project management. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), pp.169-179.
Kliem, R.L. and Ludin, I.S., 2019. Reducing project risk. Routledge.
Podsakoff, P. M. and Podsakoff, N. P., 2019. Experimental designs in management and
leadership research: Strengths, limitations, and recommendations for improving
publishability. The Leadership Quarterly. 30(1). pp.11-33.
Renz, D. O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Rich, C. R., Singleton, J. K. and Wadhwa, S. S., 2018. Sustainability for healthcare
management: a leadership imperative. Routledge.
Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Shin, Y and et.al., 2015. Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating
role of ethical and procedural justice climate. Journal of Business Ethics. 129(1). pp.43-57.
Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature
review with a critical look at the brave new world. International Journal of Project
Management. 33(2). pp.278-290.
Turner, R., 2016. Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.
Online
POWER SAVER FOR INDUSTRIES & COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 2019. [Online].
Available through <http://www.sciencentechnology.com/eshop/project-kits/51-power-
saver-for-industries-commercial-establishments>.
The Triple Constraint: The Project Management Triangle of Scope, Time, and Cost. 2019)
[Online]. Available through <https://www.smartsheet.com/triple-constraint-triangle-
theory>.
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