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Fundamentals of Travel and Tourism: A Comprehensive Guide

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Added on 2024/07/01

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This report delves into the fundamentals of travel and tourism, exploring key historical and current developments, different types of tourism, tourist motivations, destination development, and the organizations involved in the tourism supply chain. It provides a comprehensive overview of the industry, drawing on relevant literature and real-world examples.

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Fundamentals of Travel and Tourism
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Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
LO1 A summary of the key historical and current developments in tourism, identifying the different types
of tourism (Mass and Special Interest tourism) and explaining their characteristics, providing examples
where appropriate........................................................................................................................................4
LO2 A discussion of the reasons why tourists visit a particular destination, with reference to relevant and
extensive literature, particularly in relation to: tourism demand, tourist behavior and tourist motivations. .6
LO3 An examination of the elements that should be considered when developing a new destination,
extensively investigating the 6A’s of a tourist destination...........................................................................8
LO4 Identification and an outline of the key organisations involved in the ‘Tourism Supply Chain’ in the
private, public and voluntary sector of the U.K. travel and tourism industry.............................................10
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................. 12
References.................................................................................................................................................13
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Introduction
The new tour operator of GSM Leisure Travel Ltd has been studying the various factors of a
successful travel and tourism business, for that, they studied the various factors associated with
the travel and tourism. The various kinds of tourism have been discussed along with the
respective roles and responsibilities of each of them. The motivation factors that influence the
decision and need of a travel to opt for tourism has also been discussed. The push and pull
factors and the typology of the tourist have been studied in order to make a successful destination
that has all the facilities and amenities. On the basis of tourism, there has been a different kind of
organizations that have been discussed so as to see the involvement of the public, private and
voluntary organizations in the process of travel and tourism development. There has been some
for the profit while others for the development of the travel industry were discussed below.
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LO1 A summary of the key historical and current developments in tourism, identifying the
different types of tourism (Mass and Special Interest tourism) and explaining their
characteristics, providing examples where appropriate.
A tourism can be explained as an activity done by an individual outside there regular
environment and is thus required to be there for either long time like a year or for leisure and
business activity. The basic characteristics of a tourism include the journey to the destination and
secondly the stay that includes activities to the destination. The important features are the tourist
who is a person who travels outside their native country for one or more nights mainly for
leisure, business and experiencing the different features of that country. The journey of travel
and tourism is old and unique. The tourism is basically divided into domestic, inbound and
outbound tourism.
Key historical and current developments in tourism: The tourism started from 3,000 B.C that
was mainly for business and core activities later by 17th and 19th century the tourism has been
used to spread the culture, religion and build relations. In the 20thcentury, the popular tourism
was done through a ship called Titanic which the British ship which was for both cheap and
luxury tourist. Postwar the other modes of tourism also started they were old military planes and
jets. In Spain and the Mediterranean, there has been massive growth in the mass tourism. From
1950 to 1988 the tourism in the UK increased to 6 times.
GSM Leisure Travel Ltd has observed that in the 21st century the tourism it has moved towards
the family holiday and independent travellers, this has also encouraged youth as well. Today the
transportation is through Airbus and MICE tourism. There are 2nd homes also being very popular
these days.
Types of tourism (characteristics and examples): There are broadly two types of tourism-
mass tourism where everybody goes and special interest tourism which has an exclusive and
special attraction. They both are now discussed individually.
 Mass Tourism- The mass tourism is basically a place such as a resort or a country that
has been hosting something exclusive and special for a particular time of the year, then
this is known as mass tourism. Here there are hundreds and thousands of people
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gathering at one place and enjoying. It is often sold as a package deal to all. The most
common example is the Spanish resorts in Baxia that is famous for its beaches and
accommodations. Mass tourism creates jobs and business for the country but at the same
time damages natural resources and culture.
 Special Interest tourism- There cannot be any particular type or place that can be
explained in special interest tourism thus the list is huge. The special tourism may include
adventure tourism, religious tourism, festival tourism, health tourism, study tourism,
volunteer tourism, medical and MCE tourism, the list is high. For example, in cultural
tourism, the tourist travels to the countries across the globe who are rich in culture and
history and thus they learn their cultures and spread the same to the people around the
world. These are 3 s’s in SIT they are sun, sea and sand, they are most famous for there
spa and beaches.
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LO2 A discussion of the reasons why tourists visit a particular destination, with reference
to relevant and extensive literature, particularly in relation to tourism demand, tourist
behaviour and tourist motivations
GSM Leisure Travel Ltd has been researching in the field of tourism and thus finally concluded
to take an example of one type of tourism that is historical tourism. The historical tourism can be
said to be a sort of tourism that has been influenced by the place and many activities that are
related to people’s past and present. There can be historical monuments and other infrastructures
like buildings, events and a certain area of social significance. There can some famous
organizations for that, they are the national trust and UNESCO. The various factors that motivate
the traveller are described below-
 Demand for tourism– The demand can be actual or it can be deferred. The numbers of
people travelling are recorded in the statistics that can be deferred at times. The demand
is suppressed when the purchasing power of the tourist is low. The lack of supplies in
terms of accommodation and spaces also affect the traveller. There can be other demands
depending upon the economic determinants, social- psychological determinants, the
exogenous determinants. All these demands constitute the travel feature of the tourist.
The demands in the tourism have been based on the previous experiences and the
feedback received on the same. The facilities and the services are then designed on the
basis of the demands placed by the tourists. This helps in adaptation and evaluation of the
tourism in that particular place. The demands can be changed eventually.
 Push Pull factors – The tourist is a consumer of the facilities in a particular place and is
thus the person who brings products, places and experience. The push factors are those
who push the tourist away from the current life they have been leading and motivating
them to take a vacation or to travel, the pull factors are those who attract an individual
towards it and make them travel there. The push factor can be a business trip, social
issues or any family needs. The pull factors could be some business needs, a family
meeting or any long-term desired holiday destination. The factors that motivate or we can
say push or pull the tourist to travel are intrinsic motivation such as the internal needs, the
self-needs, the happiness, the ego, the personal confidence. There are certain extrinsic
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factors who are broader in prospect they are the society, the culture, the friends and
family. The other push factors can be a mix of both like desire to escape the environment
and be social, strengthening family bonds and prestige. Thus it can be said that tourism is
the combination of the diverse experience that has been meeting a diverse range of needs
of the people.
 Tourist Typologies- The motivation factors can be multiple and contradictory at the
same time. Motivation may change from time to time. The tourist typology has been
classified as per the number and kind of tourists that have been visiting the place for a
long time. Thus the typology decides the products, services and facilities that have to be
provided to the tourists. The some of the contemporary tourist typologies are sun lover,
action seeker, archaeologist, thrill seeker, jet-setter, independent tourist, escapist, sports
and educational tourist. The evolution of typologies can be studied as the theories written
by Gray in 1970, Cohen in 1972/2004, Plog 1974, it shows that the tourism industry has
been evolving since then and so is the need to adapt and evolve in future. These
typologies have helped a particular destination to understand the needs better and making
certain facilities as per the needs. This has also helped in the tourism marketing, planning
and development eventually in the particular place.
 Factors influencing tourist motivation-These typologies are based upon the certain
motivational factors that are the age, social and situational influences, the personality of
the traveller, the family influence. Any family life cycle, there are certain legal and
language influencing factors affecting the same. The nature of work and social issues also
motivates an individual to travel. In the future, the motivation has been going toward the
demographic features, the exploration and adventure seeking people, the growth in the
number of independent travellers.
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LO3 An examination of the elements that should be considered when developing a new
destination, extensively investigating the 6A’s of a tourist destination
In order to access and develop a successful tourist destination, it has been observed that the
following features are needed to be covered in the same.
• Access-The access can be understood as the modes and ways by which the destination is
accessible for the travellers, they can be air through the airports, through roads for domestic
there are cars, buses for international there are public transports and rentals. In ports, there
are ferries and cruise ships. Railways for domestic and international. An accessible tourism is
the one that is accessed by all including the disabled also.
• Attractions-The attraction in any place could be the pull factors that are built in like man-
made architectures and the natural sites. The natural attractions are beaches, flora and fauna,
lakes, topography, rivers and mountains. Manmade attractions could be castles, hallways,
galleries, museums, theme parks, water parks, sports and cultural events. There can be some
temporary attractions like Olympics and northern lights of Norway. All these are the pull
factors for the tourists.
• Accommodation- The accommodation is one of the key features of the hospitality industry
and is thus very important to sustain the tourism and attract tourists. There are some serviced
accommodations like hotels. Guesthouses, bread and breakfast, farmhouses based on the
number of travellers and there buying capacity. Apart from that, there is non-serviced
accommodation like apartments, villas, campus accommodation, youth hostels etc. they can
be rented and non-rented, or they can be time to share placements. All these are based upon
the purchasing power and the respective needs of the company that can be seen in the given
scenario. This also tells the facilities they want to incur.
• Activities- The activities can be defined as the entertainment features that have been
provided to the traveller for the purpose of fun and exposure. It can also be categorized as
individual, extreme, indoor and outdoor facilities. The various types of outdoor recreational
activities are mountain activities, forest activities, beach, fresh water, aero activities, desert,
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family activities like trekking, biking and skiing. Indoor activities like castles, museums,
galleries and parks. All these are based on the traveller and the exposure they are seeking.
• Amenities- The amenities can be explained as the elements of comfort and convenience that
the people seek mostly in hotels, houses, vehicles or resorts. The amenities may include some
extra services, government regulations for the same, the destination popularity and size will
also decide the amenities. Some are found in peak season only. Some examples of amenities
are public toilets, signage, shopping centres, restaurants and cafes, telecommunication and
emergency services. Some of the amenities are also provided by the tour operators. The type
of amenities depends upon the traveller. Like the needs of business travellers are different
from family travellers.
• Ancillary services- The ancillary services can be said to be as those that can be included
using the documentation and travelling authentication. Some of them are passport/visa
services, car rental services, parking services, luggage and tour guides. For example, they can
help in hiring car one of such company is enterprise, apart from that there are other services
that are helpful in travel insurance that is used when someone missed their flight or there is
any luggage that is stolen or in case of medical emergency.
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LO4 Identification and an outline of the key organisations involved in the ‘Tourism Supply
Chain’ in the private, public and voluntary sector of the U.K. travel and tourism industry.
The tourism supply chain requires planning and implementations of the various factors that have
been involved in the development and execution of the process. Thus planning is required to
maximize the economic, social and environmental benefits of the tourism. There are many
development policies and frameworks designed in order to maximize the overall work process
and development of the same. There are many features that are involved in the process they can
be public, private, voluntary etc. the government is involved in order to ensure the protection of
local economy, environment and community, taking care of infrastructure. This can be said that
all the goods and services that are required in the delivery of tourism products are directly or
indirectly contacted by the system. The various elements of supply are natural, physical and
human resources, transportation and telecommunication, food, beverage and hotels,
entertainment and sports, tourist information centre and guides. All these components are divided
into 3 parts that are explained below:
Private Sector-All the privately owned companies whose main motive is to earn profit comes
under this category. They are tour operators, travel agents, accommodation, transports etc. they
can further be classified as
 Travel guides- They provide the information about the destination to the tourists.
 Travel insurance and financial services- They provide finance and money exchange
features along with resources in case of emergencies.
 Travel trade press- They are magazines and journals that provide the latest information
about the destination.
 Private education- Provide training to the aspiring tourist professionals
 Private ports-Shipping companies pay to use private ports to load and unload
 Tour operators- Provides tour packages
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Public Sector- They are nonprofit organizations that run for the welfare and providing education
to the public. Their basic work included coordination, planning, legislation, marketing,
entrepreneurship, providing social tourism. It works in 3 ways-
 National- They are funded by the Department of culture and media. They help in
developing England’s tourism and promote it worldwide.
 Regional- They encourages and improves the amenities in order to meet market needs.
They provide supply chain literature and activities.
 Local-They develops tourism by marketing and increasing the tourist base. They watch
over health and hygiene and proper tourism information delivery to the tourists.
Volunteer sector-This includes charity, trust and NGO that sustain the tourism and heritage of
the destination. They engage the youth and create act ivies to spread culture and knowledge.
Regulatory bodies- In order to avoid the misinterpretation and enable the standardization in the
place, the regulatory bodies are designed to reduce the complex nature of travel and tourism on
an international level. There are many bodies such as the International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO), International Air Transport Association (lATA).
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Conclusion
The report has discussed the various fundamentals that have been studied in the travel and
tourism sector by GSM Leisure Travel Ltd. there has been a various development that has been
observed in the need and way to travel as compared to the time from B.C till today. The need to
travel has also changed and so has the different ways to travel. The different kinds of tourism
have also been observed in order to develop the destination to fulfil the amenities and need of the
place. This has been based on the push and pull factors that have been used in order to motivate
the traveller to communicate and then utilize the time and resources to promote the tourism
globally. There has been various public, private and voluntary organizations that have been a part
of various needs to be delivered in order to develop and sustain the tourism.
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References
 Holloway, C.J. and Humphreys, C., 2016. The Business of Tourism (10th Edition)
Pearson Education Limited
 Fletcher, J. Fyall, A. Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, S.,2013. Tourism: Principles and Practice
(5th Edition) Pearson education Limited
 Inkson, C. and Minnaert, L., 2012. Tourism Management ‘An Introduction’ SAGE
Publications Ltd
 Morrison, A.M., 2013. Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations Routledge
 Page, S.J., 2011. Tourism Management ‘An Introduction’ (4th Edition) Routledge
 Page, S.J. and Connell, J., 2014. Tourism: A Modern Synthesis (4th Edition) Cengage
Learning EMEA
 Smith, S.L. J., Robinson, P. and Lück, M., 2013. Tourism CAB International
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Fundamentals of Travel and Tourism: A Comprehensive Guide

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