Gender Inequality in Turkey, USA and Hungary

This paper discusses the issue of gender inequality and the perpetration of the glass ceiling in Turkey, USA, and Hungary. It explores the root causes, impact, and possible solutions to reduce gender inequality. The paper also provides a comparative analysis of the three countries and highlights the role of patriarchy in perpetuating gender inequality. Find study material, solved assignments, and essays on Desklib.

Running head: GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
Gender Inequality in Turkey, USA and Hungary
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1GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Gender Inequality and the perpetration of the Glass Ceiling..........................................................2
Criticism..........................................................................................................................................4
Gender Inequality in Turkey, USA and Hungary........................................................................4
Gender Inequality and glass ceiling as the result of patriarchy...................................................5
The connection of the current study with other studies...............................................................7
Literature Gap..............................................................................................................................8
Research Objectives.........................................................................................................................9
Expected Outcome...........................................................................................................................9
References......................................................................................................................................10

2GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
Introduction
One of the most raging issues of 21st century is the rampant development and surge in
gender inequality and the perpetration of the glass ceiling for women all over the world
(Williams 2013). Despite the innumerable technological advancements, women continue to face
various oppressive incidents, which contribute in enhancing the factor of inequality. Aiming to
identify and trace the presence of rampant inequality and the looming idea of the glass ceiling,
this paper strives to provide an over-view of the measures that need to be adopted for reducing
the cases of gender inequality. In order to exemplify the stance, this paper will also look into the
cases of gender inequality and glass ceiling in three countries, namely, Turkey, USA and
Hungary. The paper will also try to argue for the fact that inequality depends on patriarchy and
the rampant cases of inequality among the countries can be mitigated by incorporating certain
strict measures by the government and by educating the citizens regarding the dignity and rights
of women. Providing a concrete literature review of the topic, this paper strives to generate a
comparative approach among the three countries. This paper will also strive to state the
objectives and generate a hypothesis to reach at a possible outcome. The following paragraphs
shall try to throw light on the various aspects of literature review related to gender inequality and
the development of glass ceiling in the three countries.
Gender Inequality and the perpetration of the Glass Ceiling
In many places of the world, women have always been relegated to the background,
especially, to the kitchen (Makama 2013). Throughout the ages, women have always acquired
the position of a caterer and the fulfiller of the wishes of others. Women have been relegated to
the background. Gender inequality refers to the phenomenon of treating women in an in-equal

3GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
manner as compared to men. This is one of the most pressing issues that need to be addressed in
this apparently modern age. Gender inequality is a direct result of the misrepresentation and
misinterpretation of women, be it in the family or in the workplace. Gender inequality is also the
result of the exercise of dominant male authority over the other gender. The idea of gender
inequality can occur in various forms. In some cases, it is seen that gender inequality is
manifested in the form of wage inequality in developing countries lacking proper supply of
skilled labor (Yang and Aldrich 2014). Wage inequality refers to the phenomenon of unequal
distribution of wages to men and women. On the other hand, it is also detected that gender
inequality manifests itself and stems from the idea that the girl child is often deprived of the
basic right to education and well-being.
Women have always been ill-treated by the sexist norms of society. Due to various
reasons, developing countries face the problem of gender inequality. Despite the reality that USA
falls under the category of developed countries, cases of genthe der inequality is prevalent in this
country as well. Turkey and Hungary suffer from innumerable instances of gender inequality
and. Often it is found that male domination over the female leads to devastating cases of
inequality and deletion of the dignity of women.
Gender inequality and glass ceiling often are simultaneous occurring that prevent women
to proceed further. Glass ceiling refers to the barriers that hamper the progression and
development of women. When the cases of gender inequality increases, the various barriers to
success also increases in an equal manner. Unequal distribution of wage or unequal recognition
leads to the creation of invincible barriers. In this era of omnipotent and omnipresent inequality,
women should be encouraged to shatter the glass ceiling that inhibits their success rate.

4GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
Criticism
Gender Inequality in Turkey, USA and Hungary
In the case of Turkey, gender inequality and the glass ceiling is a major issue of
contention. Studies show that the employment ratio of women in Turkey is directly proportionate
to the output and export level of the manufactured goods. This reflects the reality of women who
are not valued as they should be. Recent studies have projected Turkey as harboring a high
Gender Inequality Index of .515 (Nivette et al. 2014). Hungary exhibits a gender inequality
index of 0.259 and USA exhibits an index of 0.189 which are lesser than Turkey (Hdr.undp.org
2019). As compared to Turkey and USA, women in Hungary have reported that men contribute
in sharing the household chores (Aassve, Fuochi and Mencarini 2014). Further, women fail to
break the glass ceiling in Turkey because there is high gender inequality in the participation of
school going children. This has led to the perpetration of further inequality and discrimination.
Some of the Turkish girls are deprived of the basic right to education and well-being. Studies
have also presented that gender is a political issue in Turkey and the concept of violence against
women (Kandiyoti 2016). As against this, the present condition of women in America and the
aspect of gender inequality shows a relative improvement over the decades. In Turkey, women
are not allowed to even access the basic right of education. On the other hand, women in
America can exercise the freedom of accessing the basic facilities of education. Recent studies
project women in America as being conversant of the ways to break the glass ceiling. In fact,
some of them have organized protests to make their voices heard by the masses.
Even advanced nations such as America harbors cases of gender inequality. Recent
studies prove that America has always believed in depriving women off their rights under the
pretext of labelling women as incapable and incompetent. These studies prove the existence of

5GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
inequality and gender based discriminations in the developed nation. Gender based
discrimination and inequality are far from being eradicated. In America, women face gender
inequality in the form of inequality in the professional space. According to the opinion of
(Mandel and Semyonov 2014), the gender pay gap in America is higher in the public than in the
private sector and that gender pay gap depends on the profession and the working hours. Though
the gender pay gap is reducing in the recent years, it remains a pressing issue for the women of
America. According to the opinion of Lutter (2015), with the development of the entertainment
industry of Hollywood, more male performers started overthrowing the female enthusiasts.
A closer look at the gender inequality and the invincible glass ceiling in Hungary can
reveal the condition of women in Hungary. Hungary offers gender inequality in the form of
comparative low employment rates of women as compared to men and women in Hungary have
even complained of refrained from participating in public activities (Szikra 2014). Further,
Hungary even has a lower representation of women in the European Union. Hence, women
hardly break the glass ceiling. There are cases of gender inequality in Hungary related to the
labor market and workforce and the labor protection laws seem to benefit men more than they
seem to benefit women in Hungary (Dieckhoff, Gash and Steiber 2015). Studies have also
presented that various institutional factors contribute in the perpetration of gender inequality in
Hungary (Moen 2015).
Gender Inequality and glass ceiling as the result of patriarchy.
Patriarchy has always demoralized and subjugated the very existence of women
throughout the world. It can be said that patriarchy is present in every country (Zhao and Wry
2016).The ancient culture of patriarchy has exerted its influence in a very systematic manner
(Baldry and Cunneeen 2014). There are innumerable patriarchal practices, which have

6GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
contributed in ruining the future prospects of women and have accentuated the glass ceiling.
Patriarchy refers to the system of imposing certain laws and impositions upon women to curb
their freedom and myriad rights to lead a progressive life. Throughout history, the male has been
supposed and accepted to rule over the inferior or the female. The staunch belief in these
hackneyed ideas lead to the perpetration of gender inequality and the development of the
invincible glass ceiling for women. men should be treated in a superior manner leads to the
disruption in the process of equality. The perpetration of the staunch belief has paved the way for
myriad cases of unequal distribution between the two sexes in countries such as Turkey, USA
and Hungary. The idea of dominating and silencing women has been prevalent since the
beginning of time. The practice of silencing women’s collective voice gives birth to the
unbreakable glass ceiling for women. Owing to the rampant patriarchy and gender inequality,
women have also been the victim of violence (García-Moreno et al. 2015).
Patriarchal beliefs and ideas have captured an intrinsic place in the Turkish society and
understanding. Women in Turkish society have been the victims of misogynist and patriarchal
conventions. The author also mentions that Turkish women find it difficult to shatter the glass
ceiling due to the inherent nature of the patriarchal ideals that demand a woman to subjugate
herself. The practice of silencing Turkish women has given birth to the intense gender inequality
in the country. In addition to this, recent studies have also discovered that employed mothers and
women in USA need extra support from the policy makers because there are some citizens who
believe in the resurgence of patriarchal notions related to women in USA (Donnelley et al.
2016). It can be said that patriarchy serves to inhibit the progress even in developed nations such
as USA. In addition to this, researchers have also traced the looming presence of patriarchal
presence in Hungary. Recent studies have projected that the hackneyed and rigid practices

7GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
imposed by the religious institution in Hungary serves to harbor patriarchy and its related
practices (Scridon 2018). Further, it is also to be noted that patriarchy is a deep-rooted practice in
Hungary that refuses to partake off its victims. Women in Hungary, especially, disabled women
in rural areas, experience disadvantages related to the exercise of their basic rights. Owing to the
patriarchal notions, women are deprived of their rights (Timar 2017).
The connection of the current study with other studies
Existing and previous studies have projected and enumerated various solutions to resolve
the issue of gender inequality and the perpetration of the concept of glass ceiling for women.
This study is related to other studies in the manner that it tries to enlist the root cause of the
above-mentioned occurring and tries to trace a concrete and comprehensive remedy to the
surging problem related to women in Turkey, USA and Hungary.
Many studies present the importance of the education of women. Education is one of the
most important aspects that serve to shape the lives of women. An educated woman can
understand her rights and the manner in which she can exercise her inherent rights and exert
influence over the ‘male dominated world’. Women need to be educated to comprehend their
actual position in society and to understand rights related to economic and social strata.
Researches have projected that education among Turkish women can create awareness and
reduce the chances of cervical cancer among women of every age. It was also seen that educated
Turkish women were conscious of participating in the test for the detection of cancer
(Karabulutlu 2013). Thus, it can be mentioned that education level of women determines their
ability to identify and ascertain facts about their own selves. Without proper education, some of
the Turkish women even fail to recognize their own problems. It is to be noted that women in
developed nations such as USA need to be educated about their inherent right to claim equal

8GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
position in society, workplace and other areas. In order to exercise their right to equality in
economic spheres and household enterprises, it is important for women in USA to improve their
educational awareness (Sen and Mukherjee 2015). The authors have stressed upon the idea that
even in advanced countries, the cases of violence meted to women are quite prevalent. In
addition to this, it is also to be noted that women residing in Hungary also need to be educated in
order to eradicate the rigorous patriarchal practices. Educating the oppressed women of Hungary
can lead to the creation of mass awareness among women to improve their position and status in
the society and in the country. Recent studies have thrown light upon the participation rate of
Hungarian women in educational and employment pursuits are lower than the participating rates
of women all over Europe (Gilmore et al. 2017). Therefore, in order to understand the various
workings and to achieve future progress, it is extremely essential for the women in Hungary to
match to the educational standards set by other countries. Thus, it can be said that the previous
studies have discussed and emphasized upon the need for women to be educated and conscious
about their rights in order to delete the cases of gender inequality and glass ceiling.
Literature Gap
After considering the myriad points mentioned by the existing researches, it is found that
most of the studies focused on the aspect of educating women to erase inequality and glass
ceiling. The need of the hour is to focus on educating the citizens about the value of dignity and
respect for women. To remove inequality, it is important to educate the entire population about
the existence of patriarchy and barriers. Once the citizens are educated about the consequences
of impending the progress of women, inequality can reduce.
Research Objectives
The question this research will answer are

9GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
How inequality is related to patriarchy and how educating women as well as citizens can
help in reducing the gender inequality?
The hypothesis developed after a primary analysis is:
These three countries harbor cases of gender inequalities, glass ceiling, and recognizes
the presence of these factors. The need of the hour is to devise ways to reduce the impact of these
factors on women by educating women and citizens about the need for respecting women.
The objectives of the research are as follows:
1. To relate the manner in which gender inequality and glass ceiling depends
on patriarchy in Turkey, USA and Hungary.
2. To relate the manner in which educating the every citizen about women
empowerment can help in deleting inequality.
3. To educate the citizens of the three countries by organizing regular
seminars and workshops teaching about the dignity and importance of
respecting women.
Expected Outcome
After analyzing all the ideas, the expected outcome that can be reached is that inequalities
are based on patriarchy. Expected outcome can reach at the conclusion that educating women
and citizens alike can help in reducing cases of inequality and glass ceiling. In addition to this, it
can also be expected that the outcome will enlist measures to educate the mass.

10GENDER INEQUALITY IN TURKEY, USA AND HUNGARY
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