Sustainable Development Using Solar Energy in India

This assignment delves into the potential of solar energy to drive sustainable development in India. It examines various applications of solar technology across sectors like transportation, construction, and everyday utilities. The paper analyzes current trends, challenges, and solutions for expanding solar energy adoption in the country. It also highlights successful implementations and future prospects for a sustainable energy future in India.

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GENERATION OF SOLAR ENERGY AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY IN
INDIA
LITERATURE REVIEW & CONCEPT MODEL
SBM 1300
By
Mahboob Khan
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Unit SBM-1300

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Contents
Research Approach:................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2: Literature Review...................................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction:......................................................................................................................................5
Significance:............................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 3: Research Design.......................................................................................................................10
3.1 Research Design..................................................................................................................................10
3.3 Theoretical Orientation:.......................................................................................................................13
3.4 Research Question...............................................................................................................................13
3.5 Findings, Application:.........................................................................................................................14
Chapter 4: Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................16
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................16
Thermodynamic cycle.......................................................................................................................21
HTF (heat transfer fluid)....................................................................................................................24
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………27
References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

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Introduction
Despite the tremendous advancements in technological knowhow as deployed in solving the
different problem faced in the modern society, India still remains heavily relying on coal as an
energy source. Other than the United States if America and china, India tops the lists of the
largest world’s producers and consumers of coal energy. It is estimated that up to 193, 426. 5
MW of the total amount of energy produced in India which is about 58.7% is generated from
coal (Reddy, 2012). The greatest coal steam fires in the world have been found to be in India.
Following the rising need to conserve the environment and the associated pollution effects of
burying coal, the government of India finds it important to come up with alternative mechanism
that are environmental friendly as well as reliable. A team of scholars has been set up to help the
country with identify the number existing solar plat fives.
Overview of current research:
Reason For research:
The current research project is an important aspect that provides an opportunity of exploration of
my past and present capabilities of the fields of study I have pursued and currently am. My
engineering degree will help me understand the engineering and physical functioning of the
project.
Research Objective:
The research objective of the current project will be as follows:
Establish how much solar energy is generated in India
The variations in the amount of energy produced at various places in the country

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Methodology of choice:
The proposed research project will be purely based on an elaborate descriptive methodology.
Data from previous case studies and current trends of energy required will be studied upon. The
research will take into consideration various aspects such as financials, weather and possible
stigmas using present findings or secondary data procured through various official sites.
Research Criteria:
A small quantity of first hand data procured directly through interaction with people directly
affecting it will help us analyze the current situation. The current research project will mainly
focus on secondary quantitative data extracted from official statistics as provided the government
of India. These two data would be used in the analysis of the solar energy availability and
generation as well as making any necessary recommendation.
Research Approach:
The research project identifies the different regions and places across India in which generation
of solar energy is possible and the amount producible at each of the regions. generation of solar
energy would be important in seeing India drop the outdated technology in energy production
thereby improving the quality of her agricultural produce.
Scope of Project:
The current project focuses on mitigating traditional methods of energy production in developing
nation like India and simultaneously moves towards rapid modernization through renewable
energy sources such as solar power.
Advantages of the project:

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The current project may present the following benefits:
Produce a more cost efficient and sustainable source of energy generation in India.
Identify the various factors influencing production of energy in different places
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction:
All forms of energy point back to solar energy as their source. The energy is usable as either
through the photovoltaic or the thermal route. Thermal route involves such activities as cooking,
drying or heating while photovoltaic route encompasses conversion of the solar energy to
electricity. Solar energy gains an upper hand among the other energy forms due to its pollution
free nature as well as inability to be exhausted. The factors include economic value, frequent
power losses and geographical positioning of India makes her in a good position to find it
necessary producing solar energy (Mallik, 2015). The goals of this investigation are condensed
underneath:
• To examine the execution of sun oriented power plants at different places in the country
• To recommend future work in the field of sun oriented vitality
• To have a look at the sources of information of radiation and program projects
• To review outline criteria for better execution of energy plants
Solar power has been a key focus from the past few years in India. Various government
initiatives such as National Action Plan on Climate Change and the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission were launched to promote solar technologies.

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Government bodies that were initiated to support solar power is shown in the below figure:
Figure 2.1.1:
Despite multiple government initiatives, India is one of the largest consumers of coal and similar
fossil fuel for energy generation purposes. Thermal power plants of huge operative scale thrive
amongst various states in India.
Solar Photovoltaic Market Dynamics identified the targets and achieved goals of the Jawaharlal
Nehru scheme and clearly studies the growing market and it nature for renewable source of
energy.
This included checking on of India's INDC submitted to the UNFCCC with an emphasis on
sustainable power source targets and furthermore articles and diaries expounded on the vitality
neediness, the vitality progress towards sustainable power source and the usage of current
sustainable power source strategy in India. Writing study will likewise incorporate concentrate
the conspicuous speculations relating to vitality destitution and vitality progress including
Energy Ladder, Energy Transition and Transition Management Model (Singh & Banerjee, 2015).
The hypotheses will help in making a system to examine the outcomes from the reviews and
meetings led in the later piece of the exploration and furthermore including the optional
investigation on the vitality arrangement of India.

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Figure 2.2.2:
The current research project thus simulates an alternative method through solar power as a
source of power generation to facilitate various activities carried across India.
Significance:
Self-sustained renewable sources of energy such as Solar, wind and hydro have been sources for
renewable energy technologies. India currently generates 233 GW of grid power through various
sources, primarily fossil fuel combustion based (Reddy, 2012). Thus, a need to bridge the gap
and move to a more sustainable source of energy is necessary.
Presently, solar power has so far played a practically not existing in the Indian vitality blend. The
framework associated limit (all PV) in India now stagnates at 481.48 MW starting at 31st
January 2012. Be that as it may, the market is projected to expand considerably in the next ten
years, driven chiefly by rising force request and costs for non-renewable energy sources, the
aggressive National Solar Mission (NSM), different state level activities, sustainable power
source portions including sun based vitality shares for utilities and in addition by falling
universal innovation costs.

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Promoting the expansion of sun based power era (both CSP and PV) and going for network
equality (right now at around RS.5/kWh) by 2022 and equality with coal control era (presently at
around RS.4/kWh) by 2030, is a enter component in India's extensive, long haul vitality supply
methodology. Keeping in see the sun powered yearly insolation, sun oriented power could along
these lines effortlessly address India's long haul control prerequisites. Be that as it may, it needs
to be taken a toll focused. As of December 2011, sun oriented power era in India costs around
RS.10/kWh, or over 2.5 fold the amount of as power from coal. Significantly, it is pivotal that
the business gets the correct approach support to guarantee that activities are executed and
performed up to the check.
To move towards renewable sources various methods have been proposed, however solar energy
remained the most cost efficient and viable solution financially. The energy generated through
solar power is termed as Photovoltaic electricity. The photovoltaic energy was estimated to cost
about 4 or 6 cents for 1kWh of energy (Mallik, 2015).
The current cost of solar generated power stands at about 32 rupees per kWh which is predicted
to fall as the markets expand. The scope of solar project seems high for the initial capital to the
marginally fair output ratio, thus increasing the scope to transit and test solar as a major source of
power generation.
Figure 2.3.1:

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The above figure shows elaborately the various methods of renewable and sustainable power
sources in India and their energy generating capacity.
Framework associated inexhaustible power (there is yet next to no off-network sustainable)
represented as much as 29.463 GW—or 12.6%—of the nation's 233.939 GW of introduced
control limit, as of December 31, 2013 (Figure 1). The offer of wind was 20.150 GW (68.4%)
and sun based photovoltaic (PV), 2.2 GW (7.5%).

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Chapter 3: Research Design
3.1 Research Design
The current research project will identify various methods to procure data from different sources
and ideate on how to present it as a credible project. Since the project mainly presents a case
study the research group will heavily rely on previously executed case studies and calculations.
This study of considering past data would help us understand the timeline and various sets of
stigmas perceived in reaching the current state. This data will not only provide empirical
evidence about the need to transit into solar power rather help forecast future trends and
extended scope on a real-time basis.
The major set of quantitative data would be collated through case studies of past reports and
surveys conducted on grass root level. Secondary or Meta data would be accessed through
official statistics provided by the Government of India.
Since the major portion of the research project relies on a descriptive methodology, practical
numerical forecasts will be presented as per the generated case study. This would give us a brief
picture of the possible scenario thus helping us simulate a self-sustainable model for solar power
generation.
Below are the few key approaches of the current research design:
A majorly descriptive methodology including previous case studies will be presented.
Simulation modelling using latest software will be used to present the case in a real time
scenario.

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Data through first hand methods of surveys and questioners will be collated.
Multiple approaches to compare the transition on a global platform will be checked.
Proportionate Circuit:
The Solar based PV framework can be displayed as appeared in Fig. 3. The photovoltaic (PV)
board/cell goes about as a current (Ramanan1 & Sridharan2, 2013).
source. The perfect Current (I) – Voltage (V) and Power (P) – Voltage (V) attributes are
appeared in Fig 4 and 5 individually. The present coursing through the diode (Id) is little when
contrasted with the short out current (I).
Henceforth, it is expected that the greater part of the present I is accessible at the yield. Presently,
the power conveyed at the heap is
P = V*I
I-V and P-V qualities:
The I-V qualities of the housetop board modules introduced in the ETAS working of UALR is
appeared.
With the expanding interest of vitality through greener strategies and the steady exhaustion of
non-renewable energy sources, sunlight based vitality change has recaptured the spotlight of the

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worldwide vitality exercises. Our planet gets 160,000TW sun powered vitality, while the present
worldwide vitality request is about 16TW. While the sun powered asset is for all intents and
purposes boundless, change of sun based vitality to promptly usable shape is as well costly to be
financially effective at show. Moreover, dependable sun oriented innovation must be
supplemented by vitality stockpiling framework to oblige the every day and regular varieties in
the sun oriented radiation. From this point of view, numerous nations have detailed their long
term sun based vitality use guide.
3.2 Research Methodology:
The research methodology of the current research project takes into consideration various aspects
such as the current power scenario and the level of production of solar energy currently inclusive
of the expected projection.
Current Scenarios:

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India currently has a cumulative capacity of 16.20 GW as of 2017 and has constantly doubled the
capacity of solar grid power. They are expected to aim 20 GW by the end of 2018 (BTI, 20017).
The southern states of India contribute to 57% of the solar power. The utility solar scale capacity
is expected to increase as the demand rises and produces up to 5GW per annum.
The Indian government has targeted a foreign investment of 100Billion USD for solar roof top
power. The International Solar alliance has setup a headquarters in India. The government has
initiated multiple schemes to transit towards solar power and entirely transfer to a fossil fuel free
power generating country.
3.3 Theoretical Orientation:
The theoretical orientation of the current research tries to identify the various stigmas the current
research project might succumb to. While every growing nation and economy has it fair bit of
stigmas pertaining to development and a sustainable future. The current case study will try to
identify these stigmas during transiting to solar power as a major source of power necessity.
To develop a robust and clear case study the theoretical orientation of the current project will
take in consideration previous coursework and project reports conducted on same or similar solar
power projects. This would not only help us understand the scenario in the past but develop
various trends of how it mitigated various hurdles, thus helping us forecast and avoid these
hurdles.
3.4 Research Question
 Can India increase her solar energy production levels to serve her total population?
 Energy conversion to solar energy across the households in India?

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 Pre-conceived idea about rooftop solar energy in rural and urban areas of India?
 Problems experienced with the connection of rooftop solar energy in rural and urban
areas?
 What are the policy initiatives taken by the Central/Federal Government to promote
uptake of grid-connected rooftop solar energy?
These are few questions which came across and have been looked.
3.5 Findings, Application:
The following aspects are expected to be covered under the current research topic:
 Need to move towards solar power as a major source.
 Extent of environmental boon the new source of energy would bring forth.
 Case studies of previous conducted research and the findings
 Need for stringent environmental safe methods of energy generation.
 Financial viability of the research product.
 Initial financial investment to output ratio.

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The execution of 10 MWp matrix associated sun oriented photovoltaic power plant is completed
in this work with the accompanying goals.
(1) To ponder the regular varieties in PV plant yield from the observed SCADA information
framework.
(2) To assess the specialized execution through estimation of yearly vitality yield, exhibit yield,
reference yield and framework misfortunes.
(3) To contrast the genuine execution information and the re-enacted information of PVSYST
and Solar GIS.

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis
4.1 Introduction
This chapter gives an in-depth analysis of both the primary and secondary data collection during
this research. Primary data was collected quantitatively through survey and in questions in
questionnaires. Secondary data analysis is done through analysis of from information on solar
energy from sources, for example, the Handbook of Solar Radiation for India (Anna Mani,
Allied Publishers) India Meteorological Department (IMD), National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) and Metronome.
Questions in the questionnaires included asking the respondents if they have heard of solar
energy, in the case of industries or companies the challenges experienced in the generation of
energy through solar panel and photovoltaic cells.
Factor Diagram of the Solar system

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The diagram shows the solar powered drip irrigation system. The setting chart of the SPDI
framework is the most astounding representation review of the framework. Elements (performing
artists), outside impacts and disturbances are portrayed in the setting graph as appeared context
diagram. The dialect of the setting diagram should be clear to be comprehended by all partners.
There are two types of pieces used in the venture. These are substances and relationships. As
appeared in from Fig. 4, the framework comprises of one main substance obstruct: the sun based
fuelled trickle water system framework. The external performing artists, which influence the
conduct of the water system, are associated with the principle on-screen character by
connections.

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An use case graph is utilized to portray the collaborations among the framework and clients. A
utilization case chart is the least difficult way to graphically speak to the frameworks real
conduct and objectives. The client is a standout amongst the most essential performers that must
be considered when planning such frameworks. The design concentrates on the best level of
usefulness. As delineated in Fig, the principle goals are the operation and support of the system.
The primary on-screen character, an agriculturist, oversees performing three main destinations:
modifying the water system hours, working the system and checking the framework for any
disappointments (Mallik, 2015). Alternate performers take part in the framework as indicated by
their parts. The framework constructing agent is responsible for gathering the framework toward
the starting and establishing the day by day water system hours. The maintainer has two

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responsibilities: performing periodical upkeep of the system and fixing the disappointments
perceived by the client
4.2 Analysis
Solar based power introduced limit is exceedingly packed in few states in India. This is generally
the consequence of proactive activities taken by a few expresses that are additionally blessed
with plentiful sun based radiation asset and surplus land.
Only five states — Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu — have
over 67% of the aggregate sunlight based power limit operation in India. Three of these states
(Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh) have been driving as far as new limit included this
money related year, information up to the 31st of October 2016 discharged by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy.

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A usage case chart is used to depict the coordinated efforts among the system and customers. A
use case diagram is the minimum troublesome way to graphically address the systems genuine
lead and objectives. The customer is a champion among the most basic entertainers that must be
considered when arranging such structures. The design focuses on the best level of helpfulness.
The guideline objectives are the operation and support of the system. The essential on-screen
character, an agriculturist, is accountable for performing three main goals:
changing the water framework hours,
working the system and
checking the structure for any mistake.
Exchange entertainers take part in the structure as showed by their parts. The structure
developing specialist is responsible for social affair the system toward the beginning and
establishing the step by step water framework hours. The maintainer has two responsibilities:
performing periodical upkeep of the system and fixing the mistake saw by the customer.

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4.5 Descriptive methodology
Thermodynamic cycle
Schematics of solar ORC are presented in Fig. 1. The organic Rankine cycle process is shown in
T–S diagram in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of Linear Fresnel Solar Thermal Power Plant.

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Fig. 2. T-S Diagram of a Rankine Cycle.
There are four procedures in the Rankine cycle. These states are distinguished by numbers (in
shading) in the T-s chart. Procedures 1– 2 and 3– 4 would be spoken to by vertical lines on the
T-s chart.
Process 1– 2: The working liquid (HITEC Solar Salt) is pumped from low to high weight.
Process 2– 3: The high-weight fluid enters to the evaporator, where it is warmed at steady weight
by an outside warmth source to end up plainly a dry immersed vapor. The info vitality required
can be effectively figured utilizing an enthalpy– entropy outline (h-s graph or Mollier chart), or
numerically, utilizing steam tables (Reddy, 2012).
Process 3– 4: The dry soaked vapor extends through a turbine, producing electrical power. This
procedure in the turbine diminishes the temperature and weight of the vapour, and some build-up
may happen.

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Process 4-1: The wet vapour at that point enters to the condenser where it is dense at a steady
strain to wind up plainly a soaked fluid. The condenser is associated with the cooling tower for
cooling the hot fluid HTF liquid.
Continuously in a perfect Rankine cycle, both the pump and turbine would be isentropic, i.e., the
pump and turbine would create no entropy and subsequently amplify the network yield. The
Rankine cycle appeared here keeps the vapour winding up in the superheat district after the
development in the turbine, which diminishes the vitality expelled by the condensers. The real
vapour control cycle varies from the perfect Rankine cycle due to irreversibility’s.

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HTF (heat transfer fluid)
Out of all the diverse sorts of HTF liquid, Therminaol VP-1 and HITEC sun based salt give
preferable warm execution over other liquid because of their high particular warmth. It likewise
has great warmth conveying limit. It is a high thickness and low consistency liquid which can

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without much of a stretch go through the tube. Properties of different HTF are appeared in Table
below.
HITEC solar salt is extremely stable and free from contamination. It offers a few years of
wonderful service at temperatures up to concerning 454 °C. Between 454 and 538 °C (the most
suggested in operation temperature of HITEC), the salt, when utilized in a closed system,
undergoes a slow thermal breakdown of the radical to nitrate, metal compound, and nitrogen:

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Nitrogen gas advances gradually and progressively rises the point of solidification of the salt
blend. Past 816°C, nitrogen develops so quickly that the liquid salt appears to bubble. Decay
stops when the wellspring of warmth is expelled, which shows the deterioration response is
endothermic (Mallik, 2015). At the point when HITEC Solar Salt is utilized as a part of an open
framework, in contact with the air, and inside the higher working extent in the vicinity of 350°C
and 454– 538°C, the nitrite is gradually oxidized by climatic oxygen:
4.7 Summary
By and large, we found a general absence of training and comprehension about sustainable
power source; however the general population studied were extremely energetic about
sustainable power source ideas. Overview respondents were more mindful of Solar than other
sustainable power source advances; however this was fundamentally because of consciousness of
sun based water radiators. Consciousness of wind vitality was shockingly low. Attention to
vitality proficiency and the BEE Star name were particularly low. Our overview uncovered a
shockingly high acknowledgment to paying more for power, if control cuts could be maintained
a strategic distance from. This is an exceptionally positive finding for utilities that are losing cash
each year because of low power costs.
Chapter 5: Finding and Conclusion

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5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the only thing will be covering is the research question and their results are they
possible to achieve or what are the ways to improve it. This paper manages the new inventive
uses of solar based application for reasonable advancement of India. Sun oriented application in
transportation, design; auto stopping, eateries, lighting, portable charging and so forth are
depicted for manageable improvement. The paper incorporates the current utilizations of solar
oriented application; the present status of sun based vitality in India, challenges in the advance of
sun oriented vitality and finishes up with a few answers for advance solar based system.
5.2 Status of India with Solar Energy
The introduced limit in India can be comprehended by breaking down the sun based vitality
delivered in later past years in different conditions of the nation. The measure of sunlight based
vitality created in 2007 was under 1% of the aggregate vitality request of India. The lattice
intuitive sun oriented power as on December 2010 was 10 MW. Add up to introduced limit of
Solar tasks under different plans as on December 2014 was around 3.062 GW.

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Challenges in Advancement of Solar Energy
The high cost of Solar power generation. For such cases, the higher productivity gadgets may
take a critical part in raising to the vitality focuses in India. The sun oriented vitality costs in
Indian market has come down to 7/kWh from 18/kWh while the warm power costs is pushing to
4.5/kWh including sponsorships
Solar tasks are the capital driven, so the inadequate financing foundation for such activities will
be the impediment for the development in this area.
The difference of sun powered potential crosswise over various states.
Lack of shopper mindfulness
Gap between Industry-Government co-operations
The absence of measures which prompts the disintegration of the market among the provider and
the maker
5.3 Conclusion
Solar based energy is the best arrangement in connecting India's energy request supply hole later.
The cost of sunlight based power in India has descended from 18/kWh in 2011 to 7/kWh, while
the cost of warm power is pushing 4.5/kWh with endowments. Unmistakably the options of
sunlight based vitality will be enormously more exorbitant. The key discoveries of the
investigation are finished up underneath: - Targets accomplished in various area of sunlight
based vitality are 39%, 88.3% and 100% individually in Grid intelligent sun based power, off

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network sun oriented power and sun oriented water warming framework. - In transportation
industry sun based vehicles like sun oriented auto, sun powered transport, sun based rail, sun
oriented vessel, sun oriented flying machine and sunlight based roadways are applications for
practical advancement in India. - Solar lighting, sunlight based versatile charger, sun based auto
stopping, sun oriented kitchen eatery, sun based announcement, sun based waterway, sun
oriented space control station, sun based in design are some other inventive application for
economic advancement of India.
References
Mallik, A. (2015). Renewable Energy Technologies: Special Focus on Distributed Power
Generation : Potential for Applications to Rural Sector in India. New York: Academic
Foundation.
Reddy, P. J. (2012). Solar Power Generation: Technology, New Concepts & Policy. New Drlhi:
CRC Press.

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