Hyperlipidaemia: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Assessment, and Care Plan

This presentation covers important aspects related to Hyperlipidaemia, including its genetic and lifestyle causes, symptoms, risk assessment, care plan, and recommendations. It emphasizes the importance of a healthy diet and exercise in reducing the risk of Hyperlipidaemia.

HYPERLIPIDAEMIA

INTRODUCTION
 Hyperlipidaemia refers to elevated levels of lipids
in the blood of an affected person.
 Lipids are nothing but fat proteins present in the
blood.
 But if present in excess causes serious
cardiovascular diseases like heartattack.
 It is also known as Hypercholesterolemia or high
cholesterol.

Diagrammatic representation of clogged
arteries

Genetics of Hyperlipidaemia
 Phenotype of Hyperlipidaemia :
 It is the most common hereditary disorder.
 Leads to coronary death.
 The affected person has high levels of cholesterol or
triglyceride levels.

Prevalence
 1 in 500 people worldwide has familial
hyperlipidemia.
 UK population has the highest level of cholesterol
levels.
 present in one third of American adults
 1 among three sufferers have hyperlipdemia under
control

Details of mutation
 Mutation in LRP6 gene leads to early onset coronary
artery disease and combined hyperlipidemia,
 It causes a cascade of events in diverse signalling
pathways that results in abnormally elevated levels of
LDL and triglycerides

Family history
 If high cholesterol runs in family, then the person
is likely to have it.
 If one parent is affected with the condition that
children are at major risk.
 Mutated genes are passed down from one
generation to the next.

Advanced physical assessment
Symptoms and when they arise
 In the early years there may be no symptoms.
 When symptoms occur in case of high triglyceride
level these include,
 High cholesterol with yellowish fatty growths
(xanthomas) around the eyes or the joints
formation of nodules on the elbows or knees

Symptoms...
 Appearance of multiple, pimple-sized, yellowish skin
eruptions.
 The skin deposits fats or xanthomas
 Swelling of organs such as the liver, spleen, or
pancreas
 Blockage of blood vessels in brain and heart

Risk assessment
 People with following symptoms should assess the
risk for Hyperlipidaemia:
 Person whose family members are suffering from the
condition.
 People above 40 years of age.
 Individuals who follow inactive lifestyle.
 People who regularly consume diet rich in bad
cholesterol such as fried food

Probability and prediction of genetic outcomes
The probability of an individual of developing
hyperlipidaemia is
1 in 2 (50 percent) chance to pass on that altered gene
to each of his or her offspring

Clinical judgment and decision
making
Interventions
 Minimise intake of fast food rich in saturated fats.
 Diet rich in dietary fibers such as legumes, fruits,
vegetables should be included.
 Intake of trans fats should be avoided.
 Dieticians should be consulted frequently to design
a proper diet plan.

Contd...
Referrals
Lipid specialist should be referred if:
 A person is diagnosed with familial hyperlipidaemia.
 A young person who is investigated for heterozygous
familial hyperlipidaemia

Contd...
 A child whose one of the parent is suffering from
coronary disorder.
 People who eat food that is rich in Low Density
Lipoproteins or bad cholesterol are at risk.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Intake of diet rich in fatty food should be avoided.
 Fruits, vegetables and nuts should be encouraged.
 Nuts rich in omega 3 fatty acids should be added to
diet such as almonds and walnuts.
 Regular workout for thirty minutes should be
added to increase good cholesterol.
 Dieticians can be consulted for designing a diet
plan.

Healthy diet and exercising reduces risk
of hyperlipidaemia

Contd...
Care plan
1.Explain the rationale for a diet restricting sodium,
saturated fat, and cholesterol intake.
 Saturated fats coupled with high sodium level in body
assist in formation of plaque a sticky substance that clog
arteries.
 Therefore diet that control the bad cholesterol levels
should be included
 Fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains help in reducing
LDL and promote good cholesterol.

Contd...
2. Provide the following information about decreasing
sodium intake:
 read labels on foods/fluids and calculate sodium
content of items;
 avoid those products that tend to have a high sodium
content (e.g. canned soups and vegetables, tomato
juice, commercial baked goods, commercially
prepared frozen or canned entrees and sauces)

Contd...
 do not add salt when cooking foods or to prepared
foods; use low-sodium herbs and spices if desired
 avoid cured and smoked foods
 avoid salty snack foods (e.g. crackers, nuts, pretzels,
potato chips)

Contd...
 avoid commercially prepared fast foods
 Avoid routine use of over-the-counter medications
with high sodium content (e.g. Alka-Seltzer, some
antacids).

Contd...
3.Provide instructions on ways the client can reduce
intake of saturated fat and cholesterol:
 reduce intake of meat fat (e.g. trim visible fat off
meat; replace fatty meats such as fatty cuts of steak,
hamburger, and processed meats with leaner
products)
 reduce intake of milk fat (avoid dairy products
containing more than 1% fat)

 reduce intake of trans fatty acids (e.g. avoid stick
margarine and shortening and foods such as
commercial baked goods that are prepared with these
products)
 reduce intake of trans fatty acids (e.g. avoid stick
margarine and shortening and foods such as
commercial baked goods that are prepared with these
products)

Contd...
 use vegetable oil rather than coconut or palm oil in
cooking and food preparation
 use cooking methods such as steaming, baking,
broiling, poaching, microwaving, and grilling rather
than frying
 Restrict intake of eggs (recommendations about the
number of whole eggs allowed per week vary
depending on the client's lipid levels).

 Obtain a dietary consult to assist client in planning
meals that will meet the prescribed restrictions of
sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol

CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the presentation features important aspects
related to Hyperlipidaemia.
 It is learned that it a genetic disorder that occurs due to
inheritance of mutated genes from one generation to the
next.
 Other than genetic, bad lifestyle habits and unhealthy food
habits results into Hyperlipidaemia.
 In addition to this the report also include risk assessment,
care plan and recommendations involved in the condition.

REFERENCES
 Futema, M. and et. al., 2015. Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic
risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and
replication in samples from 6 countries. Clinical chemistry. 61(1). pp.231-238.
 Chen, S. and et. al., 2014. Hyperlipidaemia impairs the circadian clock and physiological
homeostasis of vascular smooth muscle cells via the suppression of Smarcd1. The Journal of
pathology. 233(2). pp. 159-169.
 Abliz, A. and et. al., 2014. Effect of Cydonia oblonga Mill. leaf extract on serum lipids and
liver function in a rat model of hyperlipidaemia. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 151(2). pp.
970-974.
 Saha, S. A. and Arora, R. R., 2011. Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease: do fibrates
have a role?. Current opinion in lipidology. 22(4). pp.270-276.
 Peter, R., Bajwa, H. and Anthony, S., 2013. Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease–
Newer antihyperglycaemic agents and cardiovascular disease. Current opinion in lipidology.
24(2). pp.189-190.

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