Practical Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology

This presentation discusses the structure and functions of the gastrointestinal system, appendicitis, appendectomy, coeliac disease, and their impacts on the body. It also provides information on the different components of the system and how they work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. Desklib offers study material and solved assignments on these topics.

Practical Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology

Gastrointestinal system
 The gastrointestinal system is defined the organs that take in food, liquids and break
them down into small substances. In this way, body can use a proper energy, growth
and tissue repair on regular basis. It also performed the task to eliminate or remove
waste materials from outside body.
 Basically, the gastrointestinal system includes mouth, esophagus, small intestine,
rectum, anus and large intestine. It also include salivary gland, liver, pancreas and
gallbladder which make digestive juice, enzymes that help the body digest food &
liquids. This is also known as digestive system.

Cont.
 Secondly, Digestion may occur mainly in the stomach and small intestine where it can
easily convert into protein, fats and carbohydrates. This kind of process will be
completing by chemical process. Therefore, A small molecules are basically absorbed
across epithelium. Afterwards, a large intestine plays an important role in context of re-
absorbing excess large amount of water. Finally, undigested materials and other kind of
secreted waste items are excreted from body via defection.

The overall gastrointestinal system structure
The digestive system is composed of Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal, salivary
glands, exocrine pancreas and livers. The GI tract refers to the series of hollow organs joined
in long, twister tube from mouth to anus. This kind of organ will make up GI tract. Usually,
small intestine can be divided into three parts. Initial part is known duodenum. This is made
of middle position and includes appendix, colon and rectum.
The Appendix is kind of finger-shaped and directly attached to cecum (Brown and et.al.,
2021). Cecum is part of large intestine. The rectum is end of large intestine. Main
components in the overall structure of GI, these are helping to perform the different task in
digestion and absorb ingested nutrients, excrete waste products of digestion.

Cont.
 Mouth- it is the starting phase of GI. In fact, it starts the digestion process before It even take a bite.
The salivary gland get active as soon as possible and convert into small substances. This is helping
to absorb and use. When it allows to pass food into threat and esophagus.
 Esophagus- This is located in throat near trachea, esophagus receives food from mouth when it
swallow. It can be fold over windpipe as swallow to prevent choking. A series of muscular
contractions with esophagus is known as peristalsis which can deliver food to stomach.
 Pancreas- It secretes digestive enzymes and break down into protein, fats and carbohydrates. These
are making an insulin, passing it directly into blood stream. Insulin is also consider as chief
hormone in body for metabolizing sugar level.

Basic Structure

Cont.
The Gastrointestional tract is mascular tube lined by different layer off cells. This type of
tube is mainly attached with external body of human and also represent as continuity with
outside the world at mouth. All kind of processes are representing the functions, basic
structure with multiple variations.
 Mucosa- it is the innermost layer of digestive tract which is mainly specialised
epithelial cells and supported by underlying a connection with lamina propia. The
Lamina propria is contained the blood vessles, lymphoid tissue and glands (Kim, Nam
and Choi, 2020). These are supported the Mucosa. Sometimes, the overall functionality
of digestive tract is depending on the epithelium which may be represented into single
layer.

Cont.
 Muscularis Externa- It is based on the smooth muscle layers which is located in the
inner circular & outer longitudinal layers. These are divided into different ways. Neural
innervations are usually controlled by contraction of muscles. Hence, it may arise as
mechinal break down procedure and maintain a peristalsis of food in the Lumen.

Cont.
 Parotids- it is another kind of gland which is irrelgular shaped and locaed under skin
on side of face. Parotids gland can secrete 25% of saliva. It was situated in lower
cheeck bone and covered lower jaw bone. Due to its shape, it can easily located or felt
when once clenches their teeth. This type of gland produce the secretion which may
contain rich of proteins. As per consideration of Immunoglobins are secreted that help
to fight against micro-organism. Afterwards, it will start to break down into small
carbohydrates.

The microscopic structure
 The Gastrointestinal tract, or digestive, tract extends from mouth to anus. But it can be
categorised into different ways: upper and lower parts. Sometimes, it may arise a
confusion or debate. On the basis of embryologic grounds, GI tract should be divided
into upper level such as mouth to major papilla in the form of Duodenum. Middle face
divide into duodenal papilla to mid-transverse colon. On the other hand, the lower part
can be divided into mid-transverse colon to anus. According to the derivation, these are
considered areas of digestive system and shows as foregut, midgut, and hindgut
respectively.

The functions of the GI system
 In context of Physiological function, Mucin is related to high viscosity which means that
consider as N-acetylneuraminic acid. It is responsible components in the formation of viscous
aqueous solution. Sometimes, it can easily estimate or calculate resistance of mucin to
enzymatic, breakdown. This is because of pressure in the disaccharide residues.
 Main function of gastrointestinal tract system that help in digestion and absorb ingested
nutrients and excrete waste of items in term of digestion. This kind of process can be done by
secrete of enzymes which help to convert materials into soluble forms.
 In some situation. Most of nutrients are ingested in the form, either it’s too complex for
absorption. Therefore, it will be increasing the problem as incapable of being digested. By
using GI, It is much of these substances are solubilized and further degraded enzymatically in
simplest form.

What appendicitis is
 Appendicitis refers to the inflammation of appendix. It may arise a situation of medical
emergency that always requires surgery as soon as possible. Otherwise, it will create a
problematic situation or condition. Luckily, it can live just fine without this thing.
 Appendix is kind of 31/ 2 inch of long tube and made of tissue. That’s why, it can easily
expand from large intestine on the lower side of human body. Usually, Appendix can
strike at any age. It is likely affected the people whose aged between 10 to 30. This kind
of problem can happen when appendix get blocked. Blockage is one of the most
common aspect and develop a infection. Sometimes, it can swell in response to any
infection within body.

What an appendectomy is and how it can be
conducted
 An appendectomy is based on the process which means to remove appendix when it
gets infected. This type of condition is known as appendicitis.
 Appendectomy is one of the common emergency surgery. Because it was located in
lower part of body and made up thin pouch. That’s why, it is very important to remove
through surgical procedure.

Any long term effects or side effects of an
appendectomy
 On the basis of analysis, there are no specific long term consequences of removing the
appendix. However, but some people may have an increased risk or threat of
developing an incisional hernia, stump appendicitis. These possibility are arise because
of the infection which may be developed more pain. Usually, Appendectomy had a low
prevalence of long term surgical complications. Through risk, it may be increased the
long term effect related to Crohn’s disease. This was higher and may affected by
Appendicectomy.

What coeliac disease is
 Coeliac disease is based on the auto-immune disorder that is triggered when someone
can eat a gluten. This is also known as celiac sprue. Gluten is kind of protein which is
mainly exist into wheat, rye, barley. It makes as elastic and give a better aspect in
contest of chewy.

How it impacts on the GI tract
 As per consideration of coeliac disease, it is directly impact on the gastrointestinal tract
because of damage the cells on villi and break down & absorb nutrients in food items.
If a person have already face an issue or problem, Mucosa within small intestine is
damaged. This causes inflammation of villi, referred to as villous atrophy. As result, it
has been identified the major consequences. Generally, A surface areas of small
intestine which enables to absorb high level of nutrients and minerals. These are
consider as serious causes and reduced the pain. But it may arise deficiencies of
nutrient.

Cont.
 For Systematic evaluation of current Symptoms, signs of Gastrointestinal, it can be
validated the overall structure of system in context of Coeliac disease and other kind of
gastric disorder. On the basis of evaluation, The gastrointestinal symptoms: -
Indigestion, Diarrhea, reflux, constipation. These are significant impacts identified. In
order to the examined the patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, a cut off
for significantly. This kind of problem may be identified through evaluation.

How it impacts on the rest of the body
 In Coeliac disease, The immune system can behave as differently, because of the
presence of substance which was found inside gluten. Sometimes, it can be developed a
major threat of human body and attack rest of parts. Its impact on the surface of small
bowel and also disrupting the entire body ability take an enough amount of nutrients
from food. Usually, it can be affected in the different ways.
 In young children, it is often slow down growth and development. This is the most
common effect identified (Watson, Barber and Woodley, 2021). On other hand, there are
kind of complication arise such as chronic Diarrhea, muscle wasting, weakness and
fatigue. This kind of thing will directly affect on the performance of body.

Conclusion
From above discussion, it has been summarised about the gastrointestinal system, analysis
its overall structure, functions. Discuss about the Appendicitis as inflammation and represent
how it has been conducted the procedure to remove appendix within lower body part.
Moreover, it has been analysed the Coeliac disease as auto-immune disorder, measure their
significant impact on the gastrointestinal tract system and rest of body. On the basis of
evaluation, it has concluded that improve the overall system of digestion and examine
components to the handle the complex procedure in step by step manner.

REFERENCES
 Brown, T. and et.al., 2021. 10 Gastrointestinal System. Adult-Gerontology Clinical Nurse
Specialist Certification Review, p.149.
 Hua, Q. and et.al., 2021. Microbiome analysis and predicted relative metabolomic
turnover suggest bacterial heme and selenium metabolism are altered in the
gastrointestinal system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to the organochlorine
dieldrin. Environmental Pollution, 268, p.115715.
 Kim, M., Nam, D.G.. and Choi, A.J., 2020. Optimal conditions for the encapsulation of
Weissella cibaria JW15 using alginate and chicory root and evaluation of capsule stability
in a simulated gastrointestinal system. Journal of food science, 85(2), pp.394-403.

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