Global Health Threats and Vaccine Strategies

Running head: MASTERS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
Masters for public health
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Background and rationale:.........................................................................................................2
Hypotheses and research:...........................................................................................................5
Objectives:..................................................................................................................................5
Methods:.....................................................................................................................................5
Dissemination plan:....................................................................................................................5
Collaboration:.............................................................................................................................5
Time frame:................................................................................................................................5
References:.................................................................................................................................6

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Background and rationale:
Commonwealth games provide the most substantial and clear expression of the
Commonwealth citizens to the meaning of belonging to the global family. These games thus
build the potential manifestations with respect to Commonwealth (Groom & Taylor (Eds.),
2016). By spreading global awareness about Commonwealth along with its value, is
important to advance the cumulative importance of respecting the diversity, development and
democracy. Commonwealth Federation works in collaborate ways to bring out creative and
imaginative ways through which the citizens are brought together by enhancing the profile of
Commonwealth. These games display the hallmarks of participation and unity (Pamment,
2014). There are examples of witnessing the determination of human and their outstanding
sporting spirits through these games. The citizens of the commonwealth watch the games
with utmost keen and support their respective teams competing. At present the modern
technology has made the games easily accessible through news and covering images. In order
to experience the excitement, uncountable spectators attend the games. Every sense of the
participation let it be competitor, spectators, supporter or official authority should be
treasured. With this mind, special tributes should be paid to the achievers with disability who
are in athletics are completely integrated into the sports program. This inclusion was first
noted in 2002 Manchester Games within multi-sport events throughout the world. Standards
of the games are set high by including the core values, humanity, equality and destiny that not
only increase the perception and performance of the game but also of the Commonwealth
(Horne & Whannel, 2016).
After successfully hosting the Commonwealth games in Glasgow and Scotland in
2014 and selling tickets more than 1.2 million with sporting records of more than 100, the

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next Commonwealth games are planned to be held on Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia in
the year 2018 from 4 to 15th April, commonly known as the XXI Commonwealth games.
Gold Coast is situated in the south Brisbane and north of New South Wales and is a
popular destination of the tourists. It is also considered as the paradise for the Surfer’s
(Dredge & Jamal, 2013). These games will be the largest cultural and sporting event ever to
be held in the Gold Coast city. It has been recorded that more than 6500 athletes and team
officials coming from 71 nations and territories will be competing in 18 sports including 7
para-sports during the duration of 11 days of spectacular event. Nearly 2 million spectators
are estimated to attend the events. The athletic events will be conducted at the Carrara
Stadium in Gold Coast, the swimming event will be held at the Aquatic Centre of the Gold
Coast, a marathon or triathlon event at Southport Broadwater Parklands, or the road cycling
event at hinterland region of Currumbin Valley in the Gold Coast. Other events such as
shooting will be held in Brisbane, basketball event will be in the tropics of
Townsville and Cairns.
All total 70 countries are listed to participate in the XXI commonwealth games in
2018 (Carlini & O’Neil, 2017). Among the countries participating, we will consider some
countries on the basis of communicable disease prevalence. The countries are selected from
Africa, America, South East Asia, Europe, East Mediterranean and West Pacific. These
countries are reported with number of reported cases of communicable diseases. The diseases
that we will take into consideration are Influenza, Measles, Meningitis, Pertussis, Gastro
infections, Malaria, Dengue and Zika virus. The underlying causes behind the prevalence of
the diseases can be the status of socio-economic condition of population in the countries
mentioned. This status usually leads the environmental conditions to be conducive to the
proliferations of the vector and thereby enhance the transmission of the disease (Fletcher,
Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). To cite an example, the rapid urbanizations build in Africa had

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led to the formation of water reservoirs that are unprotected with poor housing condition and
improper sanitation that had impact on the transmission and epidemiology of various
communicable diseases (Kumpel & Nelson, 2016). But the urban regions were found to be
less effected in comparison to its counterparts. Another reason for the prevalence of the
communicable diseases can be the climatic variation in the countries due to their
geographical variation. The climatic factors play a key role in the distribution spatially and
seasonally based on inter-annual variation and potential of epidemics (Lowe, Chirombo &
Tompkins, 2013). The climatic factors that influence are the rainfall affecting the breeding
patterns of the vectors, followed by the distribution and the sites for resting (Dhimalet al.,
2015). The varied temperature among the different countries influence the development rates
of the immature and the survival rate of the adults, the frequency of biting and the extrinsic
periods of incubation also gets affected (Mordecai et al., 2017). Literacy levels in the
different countries also affect the prevalence of the diseases. Usually the region with high
levels of literacy gets more access to preventive interventions in comparison to the rural area
(Bhutta et al., 2014). As the poor population do not get any interventional methods they are
prone to get more affected to the various air-borne and water-borne diseases. The urban
regions facilitated with advanced educational system are reported to be less influenced (Bisen
& Raghuvanshi, 2013). Education is one of the socio-economic components that might
impact the disease prevalence. The status of education tends to influence the knowledge
about the preventive measures and controlling the disease within the population of the
regions. Thus, the different countries mentioned above with different geographical location
and varied economic and climatic factors influence the active prevalence of the different
communicable diseases. The major concern for the organisers of the commonwealth games to
be held on 2018 at Gold Coast in Australia is that, some of the countries that will participate
in the games had some history of communicable disease outbreaks and there can be high

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chances that the diseases can spread into the region where the commonwealth games will be
held. Thus in order to build some appropriate preventive measures and to control the
transmission of the diseases locally, study of the disease distribution reported from the
different regions of the Commonwealth is important to assess the participants and the visitors
who have high chances of carrying them. This required need was also warranted by the staffs
of the Gold Coast Health that deals with the control of communicable disease and preventive
measures to be taken in the Gold Coast Commonwealth games to be held in 2018.
Hypotheses and research:
In this study we will hypothesize the importation and local transmission of the
communicable diseases that are endemic in the participating countries but are not so common
in Australia. We will also hypothesize to understand the temporal trend of disease occurrence
within the countries participating in the month of March and April based on the last few years
starting from 2012 to 2016.These studies will provide the Australian health system about
their underlying importation and local transmission during the Commonwealth games and
thus assist them to prepare the preventive and control measures.
Objectives:
 The first objective of the study would be to determine various communicable diseases
that are not common in Australia but are prevalent in different Commonwealth
countries and have substantial amount of risk of local transmission followed by
significant consequences to the health system in Australia.
 The second objective of the study would be to summarize and represent the temporal
trend of the selected communicable diseases in between the month of March and
April from 2012-2016 in Commonwealth countries.