This paper reviews The Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) during 2013-2020. It discusses the evidence, lessons learned, key issues, global actors, milestones, principles, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to NCD policy.
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Running head: GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Global Challenge: Non-Communicable Disease Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
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1 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Introduction The following paper will review TheGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) during the tenure of 2013 to 2020 by the World Health Organisation(2013). The review will be done based on the problem and prioritieshighlightedin thepolicy alongwith thepolicyactionframeworkincluding challenges and recommendation. Evidence that underpins the policy making TheGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) during the tenure of 2013 to 2020 by the World Health Organisation(2013) was designed with a vision to free the world from the burden of the non-communicable disease (NCD). This vision is based on the past 10 years of research conducted over the mode development and management of NCD followed by difference in the rate of occurrence of the NCD across difference socio-economic group. The goal of this global health policy is to reduce preventable and avoidable mortality, morbidity and disability of NCD by application of multisectoral collaboration and effective cooperation at local, regional, national and at the global levels. The outcome will be highest attainable standards of the health and wellbeing andproductivityateveryagealongwithrecoveringthebarrierofsocio-economic determinants of health causing the disease burden (World Health Organisation 2013).. The mainover-reachingprinciplesofthispolicyincludelife-courseapproach,effective empowerment of people and the communities, application of the evidence-based practice for the recovery of the NCD, promotion and universal health coverage. Other principle includes universal health coverage, application of human right approach, equity-based approach, multi-sectoral action approach and national action and international cooperation with the promotion of solidarity (World Health Organisation [WHO] 2013).
2 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Lessons learnt from addressing NCD within the last 10 years The main lessons learnt while addressing the NCD management during the last 10 years includes NCD are preventable under the proper application of the healthy lifestyle habits. Unhealthy lifestyle habits like increased level of smoking, consumption of alcohol, lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and consumption of junk food is the main reason behind the development of the non-communicable diseases during the later stages of life like type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Another lesson that has been learnt while addressing NCD includes people who belong from the poor socio-economic background are more prone towards the development of the NCD. This is because lack of proper health literacy, lack of access of proper healthcare and lack of employment. Key issues that need to be addressed The principle issues that needed to be addressed at current moment include reduction in the risk of premature mortality arising from the cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease by the effective implementation of the health lifestyle habits (WHO 2013). Ding et al. (2016) are of the opinion that the reduction in the harmful use of the alcohol and smoking of tobacco must also be addressed in a priority level in order to reduce the chances of the developing NCD. This is because increased consumption of alcohol during the early years of life increases the threat of developing cardiovascular diseases, CPOD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. WHO (2013) also identified reduction in salt and sodium in the diet plan of mass as increased intake of the salt in the diet increase the predisposition of developing chronic hypertension. Apart from healthy lifestyle interventions, WHO also give preference of increase in the health literacy about the NCD diseases and factors affecting the development of NCD so that the community dwelling mass must take part in the health screening programs in order to aid in the process of early identification of the disease . Health
3 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE literacy must also be undertaken in order to increase the therapy adherence along with the increase in the disease self-management skills. Mendenhall et al. (2017) highlighted in their study that increase in the knowledge of the disease self-management skills help in improving the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Initial prevention of the NCD failedtocovertheeffectivepromotionofthehealthliteracyandthushamperinga comprehensive prevention of the NCD. Key global actors and leadership in NCD policy Vaidya (2018) is of the opinion that an ultimate guardian of health of a particular race or population, residing at any particular geographic location is the government. Thus the main global actors for the effective implementation of the NCD prevention policy in respective country are their government. The role of the government is to prove the quality leadership in order to ensure proper institutional, legal, financial and other associated service arrangements for the effective prevention and control of NCD at the grass root level. Diem et al. (2016) further highlighted that the in order to apply evidence-based practice under the public health settings in order to prevent the occurrence of the NCD, it is the duty of the leader to handle both behaviour related factors while managing the underlying social and economic conditions. Thus in order to effectively handle the behaviour related factor of the public and to promote effective health education among the mass, the nurses both the community health nurses and the mental health nurses are regarded as the main leaders behind the comprehensive implementation of the NCD. Beside the nurses, the public health officers in the respective countries must also work in unison to address the challenges in the evidence-based decision making process and thereby helping to implement the capacity building efforts (Diem et al. (2016). WHO (2013) global health policy for the prevention of the NCD thus includes public health leaders from the different countries along with leaders in
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4 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE the nursing profession. The role of these leaders is to conduct effective screening of health for the early identification of the disease development and effective implementation of the early intervention. Key milestones in policy formulation and implementation The key milestones that are undertaken for the effective formulation of the policy is include promotion of the health lifestyle habits through health literacy will help to reduce the chances of occurrence of the NCD or decrease in the severity of the NCD. The study conducted by Hanson and Gluckman (2011) under the United States settings highlighted the effective improvement of the lifestyle interventions will be helpful in reducing the mortality and morbidity of mass arising from cardiovascular disease, T2DM, cancer and COPD. Tuomilehto, Schwarz and Lindström (2011) also reported similar results while conducting study of healthy lifestyle interventions over the Australia population towards the prevention of the T2DM. The main NCDs of choice that are main focus of this global health policy includes COPD, cancer, T2DM and CVD. WHO (2013) global policy was also framed by taking the reference of the milestones highlighted in the Report of the 2010 Global Survey published by the WHO. This survey report highlighted that proper application of the healthy lifestyle interventions can be helpful in improving the overall quality of life of the people residing by reducing the rate of occurrence of the NCDs. This report also laid to the foundation of the policy development of the NCD prevention. Principles and Approaches used in NCD policy First approach used by NCD policy by WHO (2013) is effective control of NCD by strengthening the international cooperation and health advocacy. Increase in the level of health advocacy will help in the promotion of the empowerment of the service users and thereby promotion self-management skills of the disease (Nutbeam 2017). The second
5 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE principle of the policy includes promotion of the leadership governance and multisectoral actions and partnership across several countries in order promote comprehensive prevention of the NCD. The leadership governance helps in the promotion of the health advocacy and thus promoting health awareness. Leadership governance is mainly undertaken by the nursing professionals who play a key role in the promotion of health literacy and at the same time helps in the promotion of the community health interventions for NCD prevention (Haw et al. 2017). The third principle includes reduction of the modifiable risk factors for the NCD development by improving the social determinates of health.This approach is based on the fact that the people who are residing under the poor socio-economic status like the indigenous people are more likely to develop NCD due to their poor life style condition, lack of health literacy, poor healthcare access and lack proper housing structure. Improvement of the social determinants of health will help to reduce the health inequality and thereby helping in comprehensive disease prevention (Walker, Williams and Egede 2016). Fourth principle is re-orientation of the healthcare service by the application of the person centred care plan in order witness effective prevention and control of NCD. This approach is mainly guided by the primary health prevention framework framed by WHO under the name of the Ottawa Charter of Health Prevention. As per the Ottawa Charter of Health prevention, re-orientation ofthehealthcareservicewillhelptoachievenewmilestonesindiseaseprevention. Moreover, use of the person-centred care plan is one of the most cherished evidence-based practicein healthcareprofession (World Health Organization 2019). Fifth principleis promotion of high quality research in the prevention of the NCD. Sixth principle of WHO global NC policy include monitoring of the trends and determinants of the NCD in order to highlight the current trend in the epidemiology and evaluation of the progress in policy in the effective prevention of the disease (WHO 2013).
6 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NCDs in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) According to the WHO (2019), the SDGs for the effective promotion of the NCD include reduction in the premature mortality occurring out of NCD. Second SDGs include strengthening the responses in order to reduce the controllable consumption of alcohol in order to reduce the chances of developing hypercholesterolemia and cirrhosis of liver that eventually lead to the development of T2DM and CVD. The third SDG will be to promote universal health coverage across difference population in a cost effective rate. The fourth SDG is strengthening and effective implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This will help to reduce the smoking of tobacco among across diverse population like the youth, indigenous population and the people who are suffering from depression. The fifth SDGs is to promote the effective research and vaccines along with advanced grade medicines for NCDs prevalent in the developing countries like India, Srilanka. The sixth and the last intervention for SDG include increase access to the affordable medicines and vaccines and this will be helpful for the people who are residing under the poos socio-economic background and are more vulnerable in developing NCDs (WHO, 2019). Global Targets The global targets of theGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020include reduction in the overall mortality and morbidity arising out of NCD by 25% globally.Cohen et al. (2017)are of the opinion that one of the important markers for the improvement of the health condition of the population is the reduction of the rate of the mortality and morbidity arising out of the NCD. This reduction in the mortality and morbidity rate will be helpful in the identification of the effectiveness of the overall health promotion principles and approaches. Reduction in the mortality and morbidity arising out of the NCD
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7 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE will also act as an important indicator for the decrease in the overall disease outcome (Cohen et al. 2017). The role of global versus national policy and the importance of national policy Commonly, global health policy and governance focuses on the global health policy construct and its related problems regarding legitimise the resources, knowledge and its association with the solution. To describe better, it connects a country’s work on global policy across the global health sector rather than the national policy sector which may not have a leading implementation role in that country (Jones, Clavier and Potvin 2017). On other words, it can be stated that the global policy does not really represent a country’s vision on a particular health policy. On the contrary, national health policies, plan and strategies plays a vital role on a country’s vision related to the health policy, policy strategies and direction. National health policy is important for a country’s health care system because it can help embolden the primary health coverage of a country’s primary health care, person- centred care as well as public health regarding the health policies. In addition to that, it can also steer and guide the entire health sector rather than just control and commanding the public sector (WHO, 2019). Furthermore, a national health policy can also serve beyond the public health care system and it can tackle the related issues like social determinants of health system and interconnection between the other sectors. As every country’s socio- demographic is different, it is not prudent to implement a global policy to all the countries as there is a vast difference in socio- demographic between developed and developing country. Therefore, it can be stated that the global policy direct the guidelines for a particular health issue whereas national policy is requires to customise the policy according to the country’s socio- economic situation (WHO, 2019)
8 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Coordination and monitoring mechanisms Coordination mechanism for theGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020was established in the year 2014(WHO, 2019). This is the first time WHO have developed an instrument with the aim of aiding engagement between the cross- sectional collaboration and multi stakeholder for the control and prevention of NCDs. Among them, multisectoral action plan takes the primary stage, as it is responsible for the sustainable development goal that influences the people’s health with relation to the environmental, social, and commercial determinants. Owing to the reason that these determinants resides outsides the heath sector, “whole-of-society” and “whole-of-government” approach should be adopted for the monitoring and coordination purpose(WHO, 2019). Responsibility has to be shared among the different stakeholder as it is in paramount importance for the prevention and control of the NCDs. United Nation’s has conducted three high level meeting between all the stakeholders regarding the importance of shared responsibility. Multisectoral approach is the method by which WHO will implement its effort among its member states to influence and scale up the cost effective and high impact method needed to tackle NCDs. In relation to the governance of NCDs, WHO also has created a roadmap like Montevideo Roadmap 2018- 2030(WHO, 2019). Key documents on NCD policy WHO has separate documentation about the NCD reports and other policy records about separate countries. Each documentation of the NCD policy is tabulated in separate format in an alphabetical order. The highlight of the documentation of the NCDE policy as made by WHO at the global level include integrated effect of the NCDE policies. It also focus on how it has helped in the reduction of the NCD throughout the world. This is followed a separate documentation as per the different NCD like the cardiovascular disease
9 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE polices, cancer policies, diabetes policies, chronic respiratory disease policies.Apart from the separate disease policy, the WHO (2015) has records for the tobacco policies, diet policies and other salt polices that are important in the prevention of the NCD. The documentationmainlycoverstheeffectivenessoftheproposedinterventionstowards controlling the rate of occurrence of any disease for example how lifestyle interventions of daily practice of the physical activity helps in reducing the rate of occurrence and the severity of T2DM. Effective documentation is helpful because it helps to ascertain the overall effectiveness of the proposed interventions based on the reduction of mortality and morbidity of NCD along with the reported cases of hospitalization occurring as a result of the modifiable risk factors. These effective documentation further helps in bringing change in the policy planning for more refined health results (Arena, et al. 2015). Challenges in formation and implementation of NCD policies The main challenges in the formation of polices at the global level a policy that is applicable under the Australian context (a developed country), might not be applicable under the under the Indian sub-continent which is a developing country. Weeramanthri and Bailie (2015) are of the opinion that a public health policy is practiced and implemented at several levels. These levels include local, regional, national and at the international level. Different nations have different health care needs and different socio-economic crisis and depending on that crisis, the healthcare policy needs to be implemented. Moreover, epidemiology of the disease progression changes with time and thus a policy must be reframed within every five years in order to get the maximum benefits. One of the barriers behind the implementation of the policy is the cultural and linguistic barrier. For example, the Aboriginal people residing in Australia belongs to culturally and linguistically diverse community (CLAD) such that the a complete different health education approach under the supervision of the CLAD nurse is
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10 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE required to be undertaken in order to attain comprehensive health promotion. Moreover, the diet plan for the promotion of the health lifestyle must be made in such a manner such that it isculturallycompetent.Thisculturallycompetentpolicystructurewasnotprevious implemented but during the course of time, heath equity is given importance and thereby introducing change in the policy planning (Weeramanthri and Bailie 2015). Recommendations for the way forward Further recommendation for way forward will include designing of the effective diet plan and with education of the people about the effectiveness of proper diet in the prevention of the disease. This education will be specific towards age related dietary requirement and how the diet style must be changed based on the sedentary more of life, total calorific requirement of the body and body mass index. Hyseni et al (2017) are of the opinion that diet is one of the important factor behind the development of NCD like T2DM and CVD. Proper regulation of diet plan based on age, gender and BMI along with inclusion of the fresh fruits and seasonal vegetables will help the body with proper antioxidants that will eventually help to improve the immune power of the body and thereby helping to reduce the occurrence of NCD. Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded thatGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) during the tenure of 2013 to 2020 by the World Health Organisation(2013) is an important policy at the global level that is required to be undertaken in order to reduce the rate of occurrence of the NCD. The main approach that is being taken by the policy is change in the lifestyle factors like diet, physical exercise in order to reduce the modifiable risk factors behind the disease development. One of the important aspect of this global health policy by WHO is that it has evolved during the
11 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE course of time and have utilised principle like leadership governance, disease advocacy, person-centred care plan in order to promote a comprehensive health promotion plan. Further improvement in the policy must be done in sectors like dietary education to the mass.
12 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE References Arena, R., Guazzi, M., Lianov, L., Whitsel, L., Berra, K., Lavie, C.J., Kaminsky, L., Williams, M., Hivert, M.F., Cherie Franklin, N. and Myers, J., 2015. Healthy lifestyle interventions to combat noncommunicable disease—a novel nonhierarchical connectivity model for key stakeholders: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation,andAmericanCollegeofPreventiveMedicine.Europeanheart journal,36(31), pp.2097-2109. Cohen, A.J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H.R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R. and Feigin, V., 2017. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015.The Lancet,389(10082), pp.1907-1918. Diem, G., Brownson, R.C., Grabauskas, V., Shatchkute, A. and Stachenko, S., 2016. Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan.Global health promotion,23(3), pp.5-13. Ding, D., Lawson, K.D., Kolbe-Alexander, T.L., Finkelstein, E.A., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Van Mechelen, W., Pratt, M. and Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee, 2016. The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases.The Lancet,388(10051), pp.1311-1324. Hanson, M. and Gluckman, P., 2011. Developmental origins of noncommunicable disease: populationandpublichealthimplications.TheAmericanjournalofclinical nutrition,94(suppl_6), pp.1754S-1758S.
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13 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Haw, J.S., Galaviz, K.I., Straus, A.N., Kowalski, A.J., Magee, M.J., Weber, M.B., Wei, J., Narayan,K.V.andAli,M.K.,2017.Long-termsustainabilityofdiabetesprevention approaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.JAMA internal medicine,177(12), pp.1808-1817. Hyseni, L., Atkinson, M., Bromley, H., Orton, L., Lloyd-Williams, F., McGill, R. and Capewell, S., 2017. The effects of policy actions to improve population dietary patterns and preventdiet-relatednon-communicablediseases:scopingreview.Europeanjournalof clinical nutrition,71(6), p.694. Jones, C.M., Clavier, C. and Potvin, L., 2017. Are national policies on global health in fact national policies on global health governance? A comparison of policy designs from Norway and Switzerland.BMJ global health,2(2), p.e000120. Mendenhall, E., Kohrt, B.A., Norris, S.A., Ndetei, D. and Prabhakaran, D., 2017. Non- communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations.The Lancet,389(10072), pp.951-963. Ngo, V.K., Rubinstein, A., Ganju, V., Kanellis, P., Loza, N., Rabadan-Diehl, C. and Daar, A.S., 2013. Grand challenges: integrating mental health care into the non-communicable disease agenda.PLoS medicine,10(5), p.e1001443. Nutbeam, D., 2017. Discussion paper on promoting, measuring and implementing health literacy-implications for policy and practice in non-communicable disease prevention and control.World Health Organ, pp.1-29. Tuomilehto, J., Schwarz, P. and Lindström, J., 2011. Long-term benefits from lifestyle interventionsfortype2diabetesprevention:timetoexpandtheefforts.Diabetes Care,34(Supplement 2), pp.S210-S214.
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15 GLOBAL CHALLENGE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE https://www.who.int/global-coordination-mechanism/ncd-themes/sustainable-development- goals/en/ WorldHealthOrganization.2019.WHONationalhealthpolicies,strategies,plans. Available at: https://www.who.int/nationalpolicies/nationalpolicies/en/ [Accessed 24 May 2019]. World Health Organization.2019.Global Coordination Mechanism on NCDs. Available at: https://www.who.int/activities/gcm [Accessed 24 May 2019].