Global Poverty | Peace and Development
Added on 2022-08-20
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Political Science
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Running head: PEACE & DEVELOPMENT
PEACE & DEVELOPMENT
Name of the Student:
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PEACE & DEVELOPMENT
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:
PEACE & DEVELOPMENT1
Global poverty has been declining for decades. However, a few countries which are
caught in four distinct traps related to resource curse have been experiencing deterioration
and consequently falling apart. Support and services fail to show utmost effectiveness in
these places. Societies and economies across the world are turning out to be highly integrated.
Integration is regarded as the outcome of reduced expenditures of transport, lower trade
barriers along with rapid communication of concepts with increasing capital flows and rising
pressure for migration. Globalisation usually reduces poverty as more integrated economies
are likely to expand in rapid pace1. This intensification is typically and broadly diffused. As
low-income nations engage into global markets for manufacturers as well as services, low
economic range people can shift from the vulnerability of crunching rural poverty to better
employment services particularly in towns and cities. However, significant attention must be
given to the inefficiencies of these nations to secure the future of the upcoming generations.
Nonetheless, Paul Collier’s Bottom Theory can be used in order to criticise all former grand-
theories of development such as modernisation theory, dependency theory and
neoliberalism2. The thesis statement is “Bottom Line Country like Africa being in trap is still
falling behind and falling apart.”
Disadvantaged populations like economically deprived tend to pose complex set of
challenges to the procedures of economic growth. Irrespective of development, low-income
nations are trapped in several traps which circumvent them from flourishing. However, to
worsen certain aspects, the current global economy shows lack of inclination to the bottom
billion population and the nations where they live3. As a result, it is highly challenging for
deprived nations to come out of the traps which they have formerly found themselves. Paul
1 Upreti P. Factors affecting economic growth in developing countries. Major Themes in Economics.
2015;17(1):37-54.
2 Beegle K, Christiaensen L, Dabalen A, Gaddis I. Poverty in a rising Africa. The World Bank; 2016 Mar 10.
3 Mahembe E, Odhiambo NM. On the link between foreign aid and poverty reduction in developing countries.
Revista Galega de Economia. 2017 Dec 3;26(2):113-28.
Global poverty has been declining for decades. However, a few countries which are
caught in four distinct traps related to resource curse have been experiencing deterioration
and consequently falling apart. Support and services fail to show utmost effectiveness in
these places. Societies and economies across the world are turning out to be highly integrated.
Integration is regarded as the outcome of reduced expenditures of transport, lower trade
barriers along with rapid communication of concepts with increasing capital flows and rising
pressure for migration. Globalisation usually reduces poverty as more integrated economies
are likely to expand in rapid pace1. This intensification is typically and broadly diffused. As
low-income nations engage into global markets for manufacturers as well as services, low
economic range people can shift from the vulnerability of crunching rural poverty to better
employment services particularly in towns and cities. However, significant attention must be
given to the inefficiencies of these nations to secure the future of the upcoming generations.
Nonetheless, Paul Collier’s Bottom Theory can be used in order to criticise all former grand-
theories of development such as modernisation theory, dependency theory and
neoliberalism2. The thesis statement is “Bottom Line Country like Africa being in trap is still
falling behind and falling apart.”
Disadvantaged populations like economically deprived tend to pose complex set of
challenges to the procedures of economic growth. Irrespective of development, low-income
nations are trapped in several traps which circumvent them from flourishing. However, to
worsen certain aspects, the current global economy shows lack of inclination to the bottom
billion population and the nations where they live3. As a result, it is highly challenging for
deprived nations to come out of the traps which they have formerly found themselves. Paul
1 Upreti P. Factors affecting economic growth in developing countries. Major Themes in Economics.
2015;17(1):37-54.
2 Beegle K, Christiaensen L, Dabalen A, Gaddis I. Poverty in a rising Africa. The World Bank; 2016 Mar 10.
3 Mahembe E, Odhiambo NM. On the link between foreign aid and poverty reduction in developing countries.
Revista Galega de Economia. 2017 Dec 3;26(2):113-28.
PEACE & DEVELOPMENT2
Collier describes four such traps which have formerly attained minimal attention.
Nonetheless, what several people would take into account to be a source of affluence and
prosperity like natural resource has been viewed as a trap by Paul Collier4. The other traps
discussed by Collier are conflict, being landlocked and surrounded by wicked neighbours and
immoral governance.
Conflict takes place in every society. Most importantly, sustained or recurrent
detrimental conflicts tend to trap nations in poverty. However, one of the shortcomings of this
kind of trap is that it instigates civil war. Conventional wisdom regarding civil war is usually
wrong. For instance, political criticisms and unequal incomes fail to be associated and neither
do past conflicts as well as the risk of civil war. Nonetheless, an integrated association tend to
exist between poverty and civil war. Nations with low earnings and slow development show
higher propensity to encounter civil war. Furthermore, internal armed conflicts related to the
ones in Syria, Sudan and the Central African Republic exhibit great human as well as
financial outlays5. Hence, the need to evade or de-escalate these conflicts has been considered
excessively accurate with the fact that conflicts appear to have self-perpetuating impacts.
However, strength of Collier’s conflict trap reveals that conflict strengthens the foundation of
military establishment and typically adds to undue and counterproductive government
military costs. By drawing relevance to Collier it has been claimed that short period conflicts
tend to instigate continued post war decline, but sufficiently continually wars give rise to a
period of rapid growth.
Meanwhile, a rich endowment of natural-resources wealth tends to trap nations in
slow growth. Less than a third of the bottom billion live in nations whose economies rely on
natural resources. However, while assessing the strengths of natural resources it can be noted
4 Collier P. Bottom billion. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. 2007 Feb 15:1-3.
5 Draper P, Nene MM. Rethinking the (European) foundations of sub-Saharan African regional economic
integration. Limits to regional integration. 2015 Mar 28;77.
Collier describes four such traps which have formerly attained minimal attention.
Nonetheless, what several people would take into account to be a source of affluence and
prosperity like natural resource has been viewed as a trap by Paul Collier4. The other traps
discussed by Collier are conflict, being landlocked and surrounded by wicked neighbours and
immoral governance.
Conflict takes place in every society. Most importantly, sustained or recurrent
detrimental conflicts tend to trap nations in poverty. However, one of the shortcomings of this
kind of trap is that it instigates civil war. Conventional wisdom regarding civil war is usually
wrong. For instance, political criticisms and unequal incomes fail to be associated and neither
do past conflicts as well as the risk of civil war. Nonetheless, an integrated association tend to
exist between poverty and civil war. Nations with low earnings and slow development show
higher propensity to encounter civil war. Furthermore, internal armed conflicts related to the
ones in Syria, Sudan and the Central African Republic exhibit great human as well as
financial outlays5. Hence, the need to evade or de-escalate these conflicts has been considered
excessively accurate with the fact that conflicts appear to have self-perpetuating impacts.
However, strength of Collier’s conflict trap reveals that conflict strengthens the foundation of
military establishment and typically adds to undue and counterproductive government
military costs. By drawing relevance to Collier it has been claimed that short period conflicts
tend to instigate continued post war decline, but sufficiently continually wars give rise to a
period of rapid growth.
Meanwhile, a rich endowment of natural-resources wealth tends to trap nations in
slow growth. Less than a third of the bottom billion live in nations whose economies rely on
natural resources. However, while assessing the strengths of natural resources it can be noted
4 Collier P. Bottom billion. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. 2007 Feb 15:1-3.
5 Draper P, Nene MM. Rethinking the (European) foundations of sub-Saharan African regional economic
integration. Limits to regional integration. 2015 Mar 28;77.
PEACE & DEVELOPMENT3
that majority of economically deprived nations have weak governance, even if not absolute
corruption. However, elite minority usually shows competence of regulating the production
and export of the valued resource. These nations are able to reduce majority of the financial
wealth for them6. Furthermore, few nations aim to take over the resource industry with an
effort of attaining an equitable distribution of resources to the rest of society through
democratic resources. This unavoidably establishes significant power scraps between political
divisions who pursue to control affluent and authoritative government.
On the contrary, Collier has underlined the significance of not having single
democracy but government limitations provided by checks and balances of control in society
and government. While understanding the limitations of natural resource trap it has been
noted that financially more affluent countries to some of the similar dynamics. Conversely,
when economically affluent financial systems face stagnation, they usually do with
individuals at a superior economic level7. Thus, although the natural resources trap is not
completely distinctive to economically deprived nations, it significantly shows major
damage.
The third poverty trap explained by Collier is the “Landlocked with Bad Neighbours
Trap”. The significant majority of the world’s population live in nations with accessibility to
the oceans. Conversely, Collier mentions that around 38% of the bottom line lives in nations
which are landlocked and 1% of these populations live in Africa8. For example, Africa
comprises of a remarkably high number of these types of countries. One of the strengths of
this trap is that it is not destructive at all stages. There are several landlocked countries like
6 Venables AJ. Using natural resources for development: why has it proven so difficult?. Journal of Economic
Perspectives. 2016 Feb;30(1):161-84.
7 Manojlovic B. Book Review: The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be
Done About it. CEU Political Science Journal.;3(3).
8 Mackenzie-Smith A. Complex challenges facing contemporary local ownership programmes: a case study of
South Sudan. InLocal Ownership in International Peacebuilding 2015 Apr 24 (pp. 67-85). Routledge.
that majority of economically deprived nations have weak governance, even if not absolute
corruption. However, elite minority usually shows competence of regulating the production
and export of the valued resource. These nations are able to reduce majority of the financial
wealth for them6. Furthermore, few nations aim to take over the resource industry with an
effort of attaining an equitable distribution of resources to the rest of society through
democratic resources. This unavoidably establishes significant power scraps between political
divisions who pursue to control affluent and authoritative government.
On the contrary, Collier has underlined the significance of not having single
democracy but government limitations provided by checks and balances of control in society
and government. While understanding the limitations of natural resource trap it has been
noted that financially more affluent countries to some of the similar dynamics. Conversely,
when economically affluent financial systems face stagnation, they usually do with
individuals at a superior economic level7. Thus, although the natural resources trap is not
completely distinctive to economically deprived nations, it significantly shows major
damage.
The third poverty trap explained by Collier is the “Landlocked with Bad Neighbours
Trap”. The significant majority of the world’s population live in nations with accessibility to
the oceans. Conversely, Collier mentions that around 38% of the bottom line lives in nations
which are landlocked and 1% of these populations live in Africa8. For example, Africa
comprises of a remarkably high number of these types of countries. One of the strengths of
this trap is that it is not destructive at all stages. There are several landlocked countries like
6 Venables AJ. Using natural resources for development: why has it proven so difficult?. Journal of Economic
Perspectives. 2016 Feb;30(1):161-84.
7 Manojlovic B. Book Review: The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be
Done About it. CEU Political Science Journal.;3(3).
8 Mackenzie-Smith A. Complex challenges facing contemporary local ownership programmes: a case study of
South Sudan. InLocal Ownership in International Peacebuilding 2015 Apr 24 (pp. 67-85). Routledge.
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