This article discusses the key health issues and challenges in England, including communicable diseases like measles, non-communicable diseases like diabetes, and health issues related to road accidents. It provides an overview of the health system in England and predictions for the future health of the population.
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Global Public Health 1
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Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4 MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4 Section A: Introduction and an overview of key health issues in the country.......................4 Section B: health system in England, United Kingdom.........................................................7 Section C: Prediction of future health of population in nation utilizing relevant health indicators................................................................................................................................7 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9 2
INTRODUCTION The country selected for this project is England. The communicable disease selected is measles, the non-communicable disease selected is diabetes and the health issue grouped as injury is road accidents. This project covers health issues and challenges in England and the information about health system in England. In addition to this, the prediction regarding future health of population in country is included in the project. MAIN BODY Section A:Introduction and an overview of key health issues in the country England is a country which is part of United Kingdom and share borders with Whales. The government system is constitutional monarchy in which reigning monarch doesn’t make open political decisions. In England, the life expectancy at birth in year 2017 to 2019 was around 83.1 year for females and 79.4 years for males. Slight improvements were observed from year 2016 to 2018 of 7.3 Weeks for females and 6.3 weeks for males respectively. Communicable disease:Measles Measles one of the infectious diseases prevalent in United Kingdom and it can only be controlled through vaccination. In the regions with high income like Western Europe, it causes death in 1 in 5000 cases. However, 1 in 100 will die in the regions with poor income. In year 2016, around 90000 individuals died of measles. However, in year 2017, the death from measles increased by 20% in the world. Since the vaccine of measles was introduced in United Kingdom in year 1968, it was estimated by public health Englandthat approx. 20 million measlescases as well as 4500 deaths have been averted in United Kingdom. In the country, between year 2001 and year 2013, there was sharp increase inmeasles cases numberin United Kingdom. Since 2013, the cases are fallen but the measles rates are still high then they were in 1990s. There was around 966 laboratory confirm measles cases in year 2018 in England which was nearly four times more than total number of confirmed cases in year 2017. 3
Figure1: Measles - Annual laboratory confirmed cases in England, 1996-2017 Non communicable disease:Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is one of the commonly prevalent disease all over the world. It was estimated that the prevalence ofdiabetes mellitus inadults who are aged between 20 and 79 years was387 million in 2014 and it is expected to affect around 592 million individuals by year 2035. In United Kingdom, more than 1 in 16 individuals has diabetes and there are 3.9 million individuals living with diabetes. Around 700 individuals are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in a day which is equivalent to one individual every 2 minutes. Since year 1996, number of individuals with diabetes letters in United Kingdom has more than doubled from around 1.4 million to 3.3 million. In year 2014, the diabetes prevalence in in adult population in England is 6.2 %. Health issue grouped as injury:Road accidents In Great Britain, around five people die every day on road accidents and many more seriously injured. In recent years, the road safety record in Britain has stagnated, with number of deaths remaining widely constant for many years. In year 2018, high number of road fatalities are experienced by England, accounting for over 85 percent of deaths in United Kingdom (Smith, 2016). In year 2017, there was also one percent decrease found in number of deaths. The lowest number of fatalities happen in North East of England, i.e., 52 and highest number has occurred in south east of England, i.e., 258. In year 2018, 44% (777) of road deaths are accounted for car users, 456 pedestrian death in year 2018 in United Kingdom, 2% decrease in year 2017. And 99 cyclists’ death in United Kingdom in 2018. 4
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Section B: health system in England, United Kingdom The health systemof UK deliversgood outcomes of health relative to the health expenditure level as well as the income inequalities scale. Improvement in life expectancy at birth is at 81.3 years and help showed since year 2011. The disparities in health status of individuals highlight significant social economic inequalities. The health care system of United Kingdom is funded from general taxation. A separate National Health Services system in four nations of UK administer Universal access to comprehensive service package, which is free at the usage point. UK is a sovereign state which is located off North Western coast. It has population of around 62262000 individuals and the reported gross domestic product is2.260 trillion Britain pounds. UK givesPublic Health Care to all the residents. At the point of need, healthcare coverages free and is paid through general taxation. Around 18 percent income tax of citizens goes towards health care which is around 4.5 % of average income of citizen. 8.4 % of thegross domestic product of UKis spent on healthcare and the country also has growing private health care industry. The National Health Services was established in 1946 and provide healthcare services to all the people of country for the free. Before this, the care services in United Kingdom was available only to wealthy people. In 1911, National Insurance Act was presented through David Lloyd Georgein whichsmall amount was subtracted fromthe wages of employees and in turn to this, they were entitled to get free healthcare services. After second World war, for launching public health care system, an endeavour was undertaking in which the health care services were provided free and were finance from Central taxation as well as each individual was eligible for care. The recent changes in National Health Services involves dissolving of current management structure of government by year 2014, which would put around 30000 managers out of work. The government of United Kingdom has sponsored Universal healthcare system name as National Health Services. It consists of variouspublicly funded health systemsin United Kingdom. It involves National Health Services Scotland, NHS Wales, NHS England and health and social care system in Northern Ireland. The healthcare system of United Kingdom is one of the efficient system in the world as per the study of seven industrialized nations. Section C: Prediction of future health of population in nation utilizing relevant health indicators 5
UK isan autonomous state which comprises island of Great Britain, Island’s North eastern part many smaller is islands.Currently, the life expectancy rate in England is 83.2 for women and 79.6 years for men. The population of rising and individuals are living longer. This means that society is altering and the health of people is also changing with it. It has been found in a report that, the number of individuals who are aged more than 85 years will hit more than two million individuals by year 2031. Though, the lives are getting long,health disparities persist across the nation as well as it stays the case that individuals in rich areas enjoy more 19 years in good health in comparison to poorest areas.The type 2 diabetes mellitus casethat costs the National Health Services a staggering 8.8 billion pounds to treat each year. It is expected to increase by 1 million individuals by year 2035. It means that almost 5 million people in England will be there with largely preventable disease that can also cause Kidney disease, heart disease, sight loss, amputations and stroke. In 25 years, expectancy at birth in United Kingdom is estimated to rise by 2.4 years to reach 92.6 years for girls and 2.8 years to reach 90.4 years for boys born in 2043. The people who are aged 65 years in United Kingdom can expect to live further 22 years for females and 19.9 years for meals, anticipated to increase to 22.2 years for men and 24.2 years for women in year 2043. CONCLUSION As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that Life expectancy rate at birth in UK was 83.1 years for women and 79.4 years for men. Measles is an infectious disease which is prevalent in the country and the deaths from the disease is rise by 20% globally. Diabetes is one of the most common disease which is prevalent in the country and one in 16 people are suffering from diabetes today. The health system of United Kingdom is very effective and deliver effective outcomes of health. 6
REFERENCES Books and Journals Glasby,J.,2017.HealthSystemPerformanceMeasurement:AUK Perspective.HealthcarePapers,17(2), pp.30-33. Katsarou, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Rawshani, A., Dabelea, D., Bonifacio, E., Anderson, B.J., Jacobsen, L.M., Schatz, D.A. and Lernmark, Å., 2017. Type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews Disease primers,3(1), pp.1-17. Jensen, M.T., Fung, K., Aung, N., Sanghvi, M.M., Chadalavada, S., Paiva, J.M., Khanji, M.Y., de Knegt, M.C., Lukaschuk, E., Lee, A.M. and Barutcu, A., 2019. Changes in cardiac morphologyandfunctioninindividualswithdiabetesmellitus:theUKBiobank cardiovascularmagneticresonancesubstudy.Circulation:Cardiovascular Imaging,12(9), p.e009476. Zghebi, S.S., Steinke, D.T., Carr, M.J., Rutter, M.K., Emsley, R.A. and Ashcroft, D.M., 2017. Examining trends in type 2 diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality in the UK between 2004 and 2014.Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism,19(11), pp.1537-1545. Miller-Smith, L., Wagner, Á.F. and Lantos, J.D., 2019. Epidemiology of Critical Illness in Children. InBioethics in the Pediatric ICU: Ethical Dilemmas Encountered in the Care of Critically Ill Children(pp. 5-11). Springer, Cham. Ghebrehewet, S., Thorrington, D., Farmer, S., Kearney, J., Blissett, D., McLeod, H. and Keenan, A., 2016. The economic cost of measles: healthcare, public health and societal costs of the 2012–13 outbreak in Merseyside, UK.Vaccine,34(15), pp.1823-1831. Smith, A.P., 2016. A UK survey of driving behaviour, fatigue, risk taking and road traffic accidents.BMJ open,6(8). Siman-Tov, M., Radomislensky, I., Israel Trauma Group and Peleg, K., 2017. The casualties from electric bike and motorized scooter road accidents.Traffic injury prevention,18(3), pp.318-323. Online http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/measles https://www.brake.org.uk/facts-resources/1653-uk-road-casualties https://mrc.ukri.org/documents/pdf/diabetes-uk-facts-and-stats-june-2015/ http://assets.ce.columbia.edu/pdf/actu/actu-uk.pdf https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2018/09/11/health-profile-for-england-the-health-of- england-today-and-into-the-future/ 7