Literature Review on Green Composites
Added on 2020-04-07
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Materials Science and EngineeringEnvironmental Science
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GREEN COMPOSITES: LITERATURE REVIEWNameCourseProfessorUniversityCity/stateDate
Green Composites: Literature Review2AbstractGreen composites are a group of biocomposites comprising of natural fibers as reinforcing material a matrix (usually bio-based polymer resin). These materials are grouped into different classes, are environmental friendly and their popularity has increased over the past few decades following the intensification of global awareness on climate change. They also have a variety of superior mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, strain, rupture stress, biodegradability,low energy consumption, recyclability, abrasiveness, lightweight, non-toxicity, etc.). These mechanical properties make them suitable for a wide range of applications, including: transportation and automobile, aerospace, sports, electronics, healthcare, construction, packagingand energy. There are also different methods of manufacturing green composites, hence the need to investigate their efficiency and impact on the mechanical properties and final quality of green composites produced. In this project, a green composite panel will be made then its mechanical properties and suitable applications determined. Table of Contents
Green Composites: Literature Review3Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................21.Introduction.........................................................................................................................................42.Interdiction..........................................................................................................................................73.Literature Review................................................................................................................................73.1.Classification of green composites based on reinforcement....................................................73.1.1.Fibrous composites..............................................................................................................83.1.2.Continuous fiber composites................................................................................................83.1.3.Discontinuous fiber composites...........................................................................................83.1.4.Particulate composites.........................................................................................................83.1.5.Filler composites..................................................................................................................83.1.5.Flake composites..................................................................................................................93.1.6.Laminated composites.........................................................................................................93.1.7.Hybrid composites...............................................................................................................93.2.Attributes and advantages of green composites.......................................................................93.2.1. Attributes...................................................................................................................................93.2.2.Advantages........................................................................................................................123.3.Methods of manufacturing green composites........................................................................153.3.1.Open moulding..................................................................................................................153.3.2.Closed moulding................................................................................................................163.3.3.Autoclave bonding.............................................................................................................183.3.4.Rapid prototyping..............................................................................................................193.4.Applications of green composites............................................................................................193.4.1.Transportation and automobile..........................................................................................193.4.2.Aerospace..........................................................................................................................203.4.3.Sports.................................................................................................................................203.4.4.Electronics.........................................................................................................................203.4.5.Healthcare..........................................................................................................................213.4.6.Construction.......................................................................................................................213.4.7.Packaging...........................................................................................................................213.4.8.Energy................................................................................................................................213.5.Concerns related to green composites....................................................................................224.Methodology.....................................................................................................................................245.Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................25
Green Composites: Literature Review5Rising global population, dwindling natural resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are some of the issues that have resulted to more emphasis on use of environmental friendly and efficient materials and processes1. As a result for this, the need for sustainable development cannot be overemphasized and it has led to numerous inventions and advances in engineering field2. The main goal of these developments is to make use of renewable, sustainableand recyclable materials so as to protect the environment for the benefits of present and future generations. Green composites are some of the sustainable and environmentally friendly materials that have been discovered and developed over the recent years and have huge potential of improving environmental conservation. By definition, green composites are a type of biocomposites where natural fibers are used to reinforce a biodegradable (bio-based) polymer resin or matrix. In this context, biocomposite is a composite material comprising of a resin (matrix) and natural fiber reinforcement. Therefore green composites are materials comprising ofat least two different green materials. Green is used to mean that the materials are environmental friendly and have high resource efficiency. The structure of green composites usually bears a resemblance to that of living materials from which they are made of. This is useful in improving the properties of the green composites, protecting them against mechanical damage and environmental degradation, and improving their performance.There are various kinds of natural fibers used in making green composites. Some of the commonly used natural fibers include: jute, cotton, hemp, flax, sisal, bamboo, banana, ramie, pineapple, coir (coconut), oil palm, kenaf, saw dust and soft wood, among others3. Each of these natural fibers have unique physical and mechanical properties, including density, Young’s 1 K.G. Satyanarayana, ‘Recent developments in green composites based on plant fibers-preparation, structure property studies’, Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, pp. 1-12. 2 D. Verma, S. Jain, X. Zhang and P.C. Gope, Green approaches to biocomposite materials science and engineering, Hershey, PA, IGI Global, 2016.3 V.K. Thakur, Green composites from natural resources, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 2017.
Green Composites: Literature Review6modulus, tensile strength, elongation or strain, rupture stress, fracture toughness, water absorption, etc., which make them suitable for different applications4. As a result of this, it is important for designers and engineers to determine the precise properties of green composites before establishing their appropriate applications5. This requires them to perform relevant tests on the materials so as to determine their properties6. These natural fibers also have ecological andtechno-economic advantages over most of the synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fiber7. Their advantages over conventional synthetic fibers have led to emergence of numerous applications in different industries8. As environmental issues continue to be of great concern across the world, development and application of green composites is expected to expand9. The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of green composites have made them rapidly accepted by aerospace, automotive and transportation, construction, energy, military, healthcare and packaging industries, among others. These materials are being produced and used all over the world. In 2015, the global market for natural fiber was more than US$3.5 billion. Currently, the biggest market for green composites is Asia Pacific followed by North America and Europe. Many governments are also promoting use of green composites as a strategy to reduce carbon emissions. Thus as global awareness about environmental concerns intensifies, production and use of green composites are also expected to continue increasing over the coming4 E. Zini and M. Scandola, ‘Green composites: An overview’, Polymer Composites, vol. 32, no. 12, 2011, pp. 1905-1915.5 M.P.M. Dicker et al., ‘Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications’, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 56, 2014, pp. 280-289.6 J.M. Chard et al., ‘Green composites: sustainability and mechanical performance’, Jeju Island, Korea, 18thInternational conference on Composite Materials, 2011.7 Z.B. Kamble, ‘An overview of green composites’, http://textilelearner.blogspot.co.ke/2013/08/green-composite-manufacturing-process.html, 2013, (accessed 23 September 2017). 8 H. Wang, et al., ‘Green composite materials’, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2015, 2015, pp. 19 F.P.L. Mantia and M. Morreale, ‘Green composites: A brief review’, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, no. 6, 2011, pp. 579-588.
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