PROBLEMS FACING ELECTRIC CARS

GREEN ENERGY: PROBLEMS FACING ELECTRIC CARS RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
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GREEN ENERGY: PROBLEMS FACING ELECTRIC CARS RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background: The extent and effects of pollution by the organic-fuel
powered cars
One of the leading concerns in the transport sector is the negative impacts
that the organic fuel-powered cars have on the health of plants and animals.
Studies conducted in the recent decade shows that outdoor air pollution have an
adverse effect on the health of humans. Evidence supports the notion that air
pollution originating from transport is one of the primary contributors (Iannone, et
al., 2011). Road transport is expected to retain its leading role as the major air
pollutant in most of the cities across the globe. Urban trips cover averagely 6 km,
since the catalytic converters are less effective in the initial minutes of starting the
engine, emission per distance in the cities tend to be averagely high. Also, cars
that are poorly maintained and lack proper functioning exhausters are responsible
for major part of emission of pollutants (Alexander & Schwandt, 2019).
Traffic contributes to a range of gaseous air pollutants and suspended
particulates of various sizes. Tailpipe emissions of particles from road transport is
responsible for up to 30% of the total primary particulate pollution in the cities
across the continent. Other emissions that are attributed to organic fuel powered
cars such as suspended road dust, tire and brakes are also significant causes of
coarse fraction primary particles. Road transport is also responsible for most of
the nitrogen dioxide and benzene. This is one of the reasons why nations are
struggling to comply with the European Union limits for the various air pollutants
(Shuhaili, et al., 2013).
There is evidence to support the notion that transport related air pollutants
are the main contributors to the increased health risks such as cardiopulmonary
cases. The pollutants do increase the risk of respiratory complications that are not
allergy related. Experimental studies have shown that the effects are positively
correlated to the change in the formation of reactive oxygen species, changes in

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the antioxidant defect and the increased inflammation thus providing indications
of mechanisms of susceptibility. Studies have also attributed the increased cases
of lung cancer in people to their increased exposure to pollutants originating from
air transport (EnergySage, 2019). The named examples are just but a few of the
limitations of organic fuel powered cars that research have been able to highlight.
The severity of the cases is enough reason to input more resources into alternative
cars.
B. How the invention of the electric cars revolutionised the green energy sector
The use of the electric vehicles in combination with wind power has been
proven by research to be ideal for provision of ancillary services. The electric
vehicles (EV) ought to be coordinated to enhance high value services examples
the ancillary services that reduces the cost of operation to the vehicle owners in
the short term. Even though the vehicles have high initial costs, their overall
prices are though lower when compared to the ICE cars. EVs are able to control
power mismatch that results from the variability of wind power hence eliminating
the utilisation of conventional power plants (Longo, et al., 2018). Large amount of
clustered EVs and other households’ items can be used to offer secondary
reserves in the power system.
Furthermore, studies looking into the integration of the EV with solar
power have clarified that it is possible to generate electricity PV at both the
medium and low voltage levels in the power system. Utilisation of the electric
cars in the grid distribution process is considered as an alternative to energy
storage instead of using the controllable loads. Research also indicate that during
day time when there is maximum solar radiation, it is possible to store solar
power in the car batteries for future use. Contributions such as the green charge
has enabled people in this field to understand the vital role of the electric cars in
cost maximisation through the irradiation period.

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The need to pursue a more greener energy sources has led to significant
changes in the building, energy as well as the transportation sector. Power
installation from the RESs is becoming more relevant as mobility schemes like
car sharing are being adopted by more people (European Environment Agency,
n.d.). These aspects are also related to a more important concept that is storage of
energy. Even though the EV do expend power, they have the ability to supply
power to the grid inform of mobile units of energy storage. The expanding electric
vehicle industry means a greater adaptability that will allow the framework to be
more flexible to the power supply and demand needs. The vitality providers offer
the buyers vehicle to grid administration. These innovations do define the
significant role that the EVs are playing in enhancing the efficiency of the green
energy sector.
C. The popularity of green cars and the prospects of their popularity within the
next ten to twenty years
Being that the adoption of the EV is determined by consumer demand,
government incentives in addition to market prices, the use of the electric cars do
vary worldwide . The plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are in general classified
into all electric/ battery electric vehicles (BEV) that are solely powered by
batteries and the plug-in hybrids that are powered by both internal combustion
and batteries. Due to government subsidies , lower battery cost and
environmental sensitivity, the demand for the green cars has of late sky rocketed
in the market. Despite the increased demand, the green cars’ stock only
represented 1/250 motor vehicles globally as at December 2018 (Coren, 2019).
The global overall cumulative sales of the highway light duty PEVs only
hit 2 million in 2016 (Cobb, 2017). By November 2017 the number stood at 3
million while the value by December 2018 was 5 million sales. The value by
December was just a 2.1% of the market share of the total new cars being sold in

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the year, this was an increase from the 1.3% that was recorded in 2017 and the
0.86% in 2016 (Watson, 2019). The market for the green cars is shifting towards
the fully battery powered vehicles. The figure below highlights the popularity of
the cars in various countries.
Figure 1. Top selling light duty plug in EVs
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Top_PEV_global_markets
_stock_2017_final_with_California.png).
As government agencies step in to propel the phase out of the internal
combustion engine powered vehicle, several manufacturers are preparing

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themselves to adapt to the new production conditions. This is necessitated by the
intensive campaign by the environmentalists for all the nations to take
responsibility for the negative impacts that global warming is having on the
planet. Both the demand for EV and HEVs are expected to increase and account
for up to 30% of the vehicle sales by 2025. Regions like Europe and North
America are expected to experience a surging demand for the electric cars in this
new decade in contrast to the case in the past decade. The plug-in vehicles
demand in Europe will grow from the 2% market share recorded in 2017 to
around 9% by the end of 2025. This is a rise of around 1.5 million cars by middle
of the current decade. There is an expected dramatic move away from the organic
fuel powered cars and by 2025 only the plugin cars and HEVs will likely to be
manufactured (Morgan, 2018).
D. How the green cars have purportedly reduced pollution by greenhouse gases
In the recent studies, it has been shown that replacing the fossil fuel
powered cars with electric models is able to cut down carbon emissions by half
over the lifetime of the green cars. The study does challenge the conclusions by
the UK press and other transport research groups that have to date continued to
underestimate the growing demand of the EVs and their effect in cutting down
greenhouse gas emissions. The new findings from European climate foundation
did use the 2017 data to show that electric vehicle owners especially the smaller
models are already contributing significantly in assisting the country combat
global warming (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). The
transport industry in the leading contributor to the greenhouse gas emission in
United Kingdom are the committee has continued to encourage the government to
put in more effort in the development and improvement of the power generation
structure to ensure production of new internal combustion engine cars are phased
out by 2040 (Gabbatiss, 2018). In their duty as the government advisers in matters

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concerning climate, the committee suggested that only electric cars be
manufactured by 2030.
According to one French consulting firm, The UK have to promptly shift
from organic fuel powered vehicles to the EV. Currently the nation is already
decarbonising the electricity generation by implementing measures to phase out
the use of coal in power generation. The study by the firm did find out that
electric vehicles do generate around 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide during their
entire life time. This is a lower value compared to the 32 tonnes that the internal
combustion engine cars do produce on average with newly innovative ways
coming up, this reduction is expected to become even more significant. This
highlights the massive contribution of the EV in cutting down emission of the
greenhouse gases.
II. THE EMMERGING TRENDS IN THE POLLUTION BY THE GREEN CARS
A. Carbon footprint of the process of manufacture of various parts of green cars
The general assumption regarding the electric vehicles is that they are
environmentally friendly and free from any form of greenhouse gas emission.
This stand changes when the vehicles are studied closely. Studies have pointed
out that the electric cars have a significant emission of carbon and other
downsides which are associated with the extraction of lithium, cobalt and other
raw materials which are useful in their battery production (Filippelli, 2018). The
cars also fail to alleviate the congestion problem that is facing mist cities globally.
The increased demand for lithium ion batteries as source of power for a range of
electronic gadgets including mobile phones, laptops and even the electric cars
propelled the demand for lithium by 58% in the past decade worldwide (Webster,
2019). Even though it seems like lithium has little near term risk, the extraction of
the mineral does have some disadvantages.

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During the electric vehicle manufacturing phase, the major processes
include extraction of ores, transformation of materials, manufacturing of vehicle
components and lastly vehicle assembly. A study of car emission in China did
estimate that the electric cars do emit up to 13 tonnes of carbon dioxide during
this phase. The emission caused by the use of lithium nickel manganese-cable-
oxide is estimated at around 3.2 tonnes.
Emission from the electric vehicles in their use phase are mainly upstream.
This is largely dependent on the quantity of the electricity that is sourced from
fossil or renewable sources (Loeb, 2017). The upstream emission from the use of
EVs depends on the quantity if zero/ low carbon energy in the nation’s power
generation mix.
The key processes undertaken in the recycling phase include: the
dismantling and recycling of cars, battery recycling as well as recovery of
materials. A study in China does estimate the emission from this phase to be
about 2.4 tonnes for the electric cars. This emission is mainly from the emission
from battery recycling which is responsible for about 0.7 tonnes (The
Conversation, 2019). This information shows that the electric cars are also
responsible for carbon emission and not entirely safe as they might be viewed
.
B. A comparison between the carbon footprint of the manufacture of the green
cars and the manufacture of the common fuel powered cars
A comparison of the electric cars with the conventional internal
combustion engine automobiles shows that the EVs have several benefits,
reduction in the local air pollution being one of them. The EVs have no tailpipe
emissions such as ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, soot, volatile organic
compounds and oxides of nitrogen. Air pollution from the cars during use phase is
from the source of electricity that powers their battery, this led to a localised
emission of pollutants (Buekers, et al., 2014). This scenario is referred to as the

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long tailpipe. The magnitude of the green cars emission of greenhouse gases is
dependent on the intensity of the power source that charges their batteries, the
efficiency if each vehicle, and the amount of energy that is wasted by the charging
process. The magnitude of emission in the mains electricity do vary significantly
based on the demand and supply of renewable energy, and efficiency of the fossil-
fuel based on the energy generation utilised.
Pairing of the vehicles with the use of green energy sources such as solar
power and wind do results in very low carbon footprint which is only attributed to
the production and installation of the generation system. It’s possible for a
household to produce adequate energy fir use in the electric cars and hence
averagely cancelling out the emission associated with charging the vehicle via the
mains system. When using the exclusive grid power, the electric vehicles are
associated with an ecological advantage in most of the nation’s in Europe
(Doucette & McCulloch, 2011).
A research done in the UK in 2008 did find out that electric vehicles
possess the capacity to lower the greenhouse gas emission by around 40%. This
value considers emissions that results from the generation of electricity in the UK
and those that are related to the production and disposal of the vehicles. Unlike
other nations, most of the electricity consumed in the UK is generated using coal,
nuclear and gas plants, this is a reason why there are minor differences in the
ecological impact of the green cars over the years.
III. FAULT AND DEFECTS THAT ARE CONCEALED IN THE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GREEN CARS
A. The environmental poisons related to the manufacture of power storages of
the green cars
The batteries that power the electric vehicles are estimated to make up to
around 90% of the market for lithium ion by 2025. Production of lithium ion
batteries is one of the reasons why the electric vehicles are participating in the

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emission of greenhouse gases during their lifetime (from the procuring of row
material stage to the recycling stage) than the organic fuel powered vehicles
(World Economic Forum, 2017). There are three aspects that are responsible for
the environmental poison.
First, in their production stage, the electric vehicles contribute to twice the
global warming problem in comparison to the internal combustion engine cars.
The green cars also consume double the quaintly of energy in this phase. This is
largely explained by the battery factor. Battery production takes in a lot of energy
right from the mining of the raw materials to the energy needed in the
manufacturing process (WIRED, 2016). The bigger the electric vehicle the more
the quantity of battery cells needed to power it and hence the higher the carbon
emission.
Also, once the vehicles hit the market, they are only as green as the source
of energy that powers their batteries. A battery that is powered by electricity
produced in the coal plants will be dirtier compared to that which is powered by
solar generated electricity (Taylor, et al., 2019). This though can be assisted by
governments’ policies that are aimed at speeding the transition of energy
production from fossil sources to the renewable sources.
Moreover, while the electric vehicles tend to emit more greenhouse gases
in the initial stage of their lifetime, they are averagely cleaner once in use. To
unlock the green potential of the EVs there is need to concentrate not only on the
production of the vehicles but also on enhancing the system to ensure
sustainability.
Battery production is associated with environmental pollution that goes
beyond the emission of greenhouse gases. For instance, dust, wastewater and
other ecological pollution that originates from mining of cobalt in nations like DR

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Congo, shortage of water together with toxic spills from lithium extraction in
Latin America. These are examples of cases that can alter the ecosystem and bring
health complications to the local communities. For instance heavy pollution of
rivers by the mining of nickel in Russia or pollution in North East China are just a
few cases (World Economic Forum, 2017) (Katwala, 2018).
B. How green car manufacturers are handling the poisons that are generated
from the manufacture of some of the green car accessories: emphasis on the
manufacture of the battery and other power storage units
The negative environmental impact of the batteries is minimised by
extending the lifetime of the batteries. The electric batteries used in the car can be
repurposed and reused in other industries hence extending the lifetime of the
battery to approximately 20 years. Once the battery capacity falls to less than 70%
which happens after around 10 ears of use, the batteries are no longer capable of
powering the cars. They though can store adequate power to use in stationary
storages in other contexts like households to balance the power plants or to
provide off grid power to communities living in the rural areas.
The disadvantage of the re purposing is its cost. There is little information
and data sharing in regard to the residual of the battery capacity, inadequate
standards as well as uncertainties in the regulations surrounding the liability once
there is a change of ownership and usage. To solve the issues, the car producers
are working on a cross industry and public-private initiatives. By 2025 it is
projected that around 11 million tons of spent lithium batteries will flood the
market no clear mechanism put in place to handle them. Since the objective of
most agencies is to cut down the climate change menace, it is necessary to use the
existing battery resources in an optimal manner (Filippelli & Taylor, 2018). This

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will assist minimise environmental poison from the toxic and wastes as well as
secure a stronger raw material supply at minimal environmental damage.
Recycling of batteries is a technique that is being fronted by most of the
manufactures in their bid to lower pollution aspect of the electric cars. Currently,
net recycling cost around €1 per kg. this is uneconomical as the value of the
recycled raw materials are only a third of the recycling cost. Recycling of lithium
does cost 5 times as much as the cost of primary extraction of the virgin materials.
This is the reason why up to now only 5% of lithium ion batteries are being
recycled across Europe. Despite this uneconomical cost statistics, recycling of
lithium will be worthwhile with time. The increased demand for lithium and
cobalt will raise the prices and induce scarcity in the long run making recycling to
be a worthwhile path to follow. Furthermore, manufacturers are striving to take
into account other relevant issues such as addressing social challenges and human
right abuses (harmful working conditions, exposure to pollution etc.), securing
access to vital raw materials using the right legal framework as well as creating
opportunities that will assist open up inclusive economic progress and more
sustainable developments through innovation (Jacoby, 2019). The Global battery
alliance is a platform that has recently been developed to enhance corporation
among the various stakeholders.
IV. HOW ARE THE USED GREEN CARS DISPOSED OF?
A. The environmental conservation strategies by the green car manufacturers to
handle the used green cars: evidence of success as practiced thus far
Studies projects that by 2040 half of the new cars being sold and a third of the
global fleet will be electric vehicles. This is around 559 million cars which brings
us to the issue of their disposal once used up. The batteries of the electric cars
need to be replaced every 7 to 10 years for the small vehicles but worse still they
should be replaced in 3 to 4 years for the large vehicles. Borrowing from the

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electric car industry regulation in china the manufactures of the green cars ought
to bear responsibility of the expired batteries, the regulation in battery disposal is
also backed by the Europe Union since the batteries are the main source of
pollution in the electric cars. Some of the ways to dispose of the batteries include:
Battery recycling. The electric cars batteries can be recycled even though this is
not a simple process due to the nature of chemical procedures involved (Institute
for Energy Research, 2019). The heavy metals in the batteries have the capacity to
contaminate water and soil of not handled with care. Recycling of batteries can be
done through smelting, direct recovery and other emerging modern techniques.
Battery repurposing. Reusing of the electric car batteries once they can no longer
power the cars is another way of disposing them. Spent green car batteries still
have up to 70% of their capacity left which is more than enough for other uses.
B. The compliance of the green car’s manufacturers with the ‘green’ rules as
instituted by environmental conservation bodies
In nations like the United States the environmental regulatory bodies have been
rolling back some of the regulations in the past years, despite this green car
manufacturers such as Honda, Ford, BMW and others have continued to willingly
adhere to the regulations. This is pushed by the demand for green cars that is
rising among the consumers. Most of the car buyers are willing to spend more
money to acquire environmentally friendly car models. For instance, the fuel-
efficient cars are able to save money spent in gas and have longer life span. This
ends up being cheaper option for the buyers in the long run.
Also, the regulations outline has given the manufactures a clear guideline to
follow into the foreseeable future (Giaquinto, 2019). By adhering to the sticker
regulations that has been put in place, the manufactured cars are able to meet
emission goals in all the states across the US and even on the global market.
Being that the manufactures produce millions of cars annually its important to
them to be able to reach all the markets.

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C. The cost of faulty green car parts to human life, if any
The use of the electric cars despite reducing the rate of carbon emission do have
some impacts on human health. Faulty green car parts for instance the batteries do
contain heavy metals like lead that are harmful to human health. The batteries
have to be disposed of in secure manner to minimise its environmental
consequences.
V. CONCLUSION
A. The summary of the green cars’ effects on the environment
Emission from vehicles are some of the greatest contributors to the
increasing concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some of the
most vital greenhouse emissions that results from road transport include nitrous
oxide, methane and carbon dioxide. Road transport is the 3rd leading source of
greenhouse gases emitted to the atmospheres in UK and it attributes to over 20%
of the total emissions. Carbon dioxide from road vehicles is responsible for up to
85% of the total greenhouse gases emitted by the transport sector. Being that the
sector is one of the fastest. The industry is fast growing making it a major threat
to environmental conservation (Geen Car Congress , 2016).
The green cars have a number if ecological advantages when compared to
the organic fuel powered vehicles. First the electric cars have lower operating and
maintenance costs, they generate minimal local air pollution and also reduces the
dependency in the petroleum fuel products (Loeb, 2017). The electric cars also
have the potentiality to lower the greenhouse gas emissions from the transport.
The electric cars tend to be more efficient compared to the petrol/ diesel engine
hence reducing the distribution loses and requires less energy to operate. The
battery production for the electric cars do demand more energy and resources
hence making the electric cars to be source more carbon footprint during their
production phase. The UK government do predict that two thirds of the cars

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particulate pollution is triggered by brake, tire and dust. Since electric cars are
relatively heavier in average, they may lead to more of this type of pollution
compared to the conventional petroleum cars. However, the electric cars use of
regenerative brakes makes them to emit fewer particles compared to the petrol
cars that use traditional breaking (Webster, 2019). Also, the EVs are mechanically
simpler and are forecasted to possess longer useful life which can be
advantageous to the environment as fewer cars will have to be produced in the
long run.
B. An introspection of the environmental favourable option: green cars against
the common fuel powered cars.
Production of battery. An argument that has been fronted by scholars to
contradict the clean image of the EVs is the pollution that accompanies the battery
manufacturing proves. The battery production process consumes a range of rare
metals whose extraction can greatly contribute to environmental pollution.
According to the 2018 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICTT),
nations where batteries are manufactured do have higher level of greenhouse gas
emissions. A comparison of the EVs and the internal combustion in China did
conclude that infrastructure and the efficiency in the manufacturing process are
the key to minimising pollution during the green car production phase. With
inefficient production techniques the green cars do emit more greenhouse gases
during the production phase compared to the internal combustion ones.
Lifetime difference. In their study, the ICT did conclude that there exists a
stark difference in emission from electric cars and the internal combustion over
the course of their life time. As the cars have no internal combustion and have no
tailpipe emissions, they do produce most of their emissions during their battery
production and sourcing for energy to power the batteries hence they tend to be

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cleaner than the petrol-powered vehicles. As the EVs gains popularity and their
manufacturing becomes widespread, there is likely to put more emphasis in
battery recycling and reduction efficiency hence they have the future capability of
cutting down carbon emissions to even lower level. The green cars are more
environmentally friendly when we look at their complete lifetime an area where
the petrol-powered cars are not able to compete.
Sources of energy. The green cars emission is greatly positively corelated
to the energy source that’s used to power their batteries. In cases where green
sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power are used the EVs are more
environmentally sustainable in comparison to the petrol/ diesel powered cars
(Ellsmoor, 2019). Even though the electric cars have been identified as
contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, there is a chance that their production
can be made more efficient and green energy applied to power their batteries. This
has the capacity to make the cars more environmentally cleaner in comparison to
the internal combustion vehicles that are only dependant on fossil fuels for power.

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