Application of Green Technology in Construction - Desklib

This dissertation proposal explores the application of green technology in the field of construction, including the importance of green technology, key technologies for achieving the best impact on the environment, and the impact of building codes and standards on green technology implementation. The study aims to determine the suitability of green technology application in the field of construction and identify how it can help the construction industry in terms of cost and feasibility.

Running head: GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Application of Green technology in the field of construction
Student’s full name: Muhammad Kamal
ID No.: 1709638
Course Title: MSc Construction Project Management
E‐mail address: [e-mail]
Proposed Supervisor: Tahar Kouider
Academic Year: 2018

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction...................................................................................................................2
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................2
1.2 Research aims and objectives................................................................................................2
1.3 Research questions.................................................................................................................3
1.4 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................4
1.5 Purpose of the study...............................................................................................................4
Chapter 2 – Literature Review.........................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Concept of Green Building....................................................................................................5
2.3 Application of Green Building Energy Saving Technology......................................................6
2.3.1. Reasonable building layout can significantly reduce the energy consumption during
construction use.......................................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Building exterior wall insulation can significantly reduce the energy consumption of
the building during use............................................................................................................6
2.3.3 The indoor environment for system control to achieve the purpose of a comprehensive
system of energy conservation.................................................................................................7
2.3.4 Make full use of clean and rich solar energy natural energy..........................................8
2.3.5 The reclaimed water system is introduced to make rational exploitation and use of
water resources and avoid waste..............................................................................................8
2.3.6 Application of daylight lighting technology to reduce lighting energy consumption....9
2.4 Other energy-saving technologies.........................................................................................9
2.5 Summary..............................................................................................................................10
Chapter 3 – Research Methodology..............................................................................................12
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
3.2 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................12

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3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................13
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................13
3.5 Data Collection Procedure...................................................................................................14
3.5.1 Data Sources.................................................................................................................14
3.5.2 Data analysis techniques...............................................................................................15
3.6 Population and Sampling.................................................................................................15
3.7 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................16
3.8 Limitations of the research..................................................................................................16
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................17
Chapter 4 – Analysis and Findings................................................................................................18
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................18
4.2 Profile of Respondents.........................................................................................................18
4.3 Findings...............................................................................................................................18
4.3 Analysis...............................................................................................................................24
References......................................................................................................................................31

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
In the field of construction, application of green technology is growing rapidly with the
recent developments in technological innovation. The construction industry is wide and varies
accordingly with the respect to different countries (Kibert 2016). Green technology is being
widely accepted throughout the world but the major problem remains that scope of it cannot be
easily determined globally. Green technology can be used in construction by implementing
suitable techniques and procedures so that the sustainable construction can be carried out to
reduce the impact on environment. This research is aimed at determining the suitability of green
technology application in the field of construction. There are various factors upon which
application of green technology is dependent that is social, economic and political. The factors
are also associated with application of green technology as those may affect the social stability,
economic condition or political influence within a nation (Wong and Zhou 2015). Green
technologies are important as it reduced the effect on environment and helps to achieve the
desired goals. Green technology is significant as it helps to reduce environmental pollution and
emission of greenhouse gases (Gan et al. 2015). Green technology is termed as the development
as well as application of products, equipment or systems for minimizing and reducing the
negative impact on environment due to human activities. The green construction equipment will
help to reduce the impact on environment. It is a relatively new field spreading across the globe
as the people are becoming aware about the impact of technological developments on
environment.

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1.2 Research aims and objectives
The aim of this research is to determine the importance of green technology application
in the field of construction. The focus building codes is related to construction of low energy
consumption buildings. Green technologies are helping to reduce the pollution as well as
emission of greenhouse gases during the construction phase. This research will help to
understand the importance of green technology application in the field of construction. However,
a major gap remains for future studies to unleash how application of green technology will help
the construction industry according to the building codes and standards maintained by a
particular country.
The objectives for conducting this research project has been prepared as below:
 To understand the importance of green technology application in the field of
construction to reduce the impact on environment.
 To determine how application of green technology will help the construction
industry in terms of cost and feasibility.
 To identify the key technologies that would help to achieve the best impact on the
environment.
1.3 Research questions
The questions that has been prepared in context to this particular research to determine
the application of Green technology in construction are presented as below:
 What is the importance of green technology application in the field of
construction?

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 Does the application of green technology have significant impact in the field of
construction?
 What key technologies of green technology are helpful to achieve the desired
outputs in the field of construction?
1.4 Problem Statement
The codes and standards of construction specific to U.K are not consistent for every
nation in the world. Hence, it is a challenging task to determine the common green technology
that can be applicable worldwide. The application of low energy and cost efficient materials for
construction depends on the nature and building codes or standards as developed by a particular
country (Zhang and He 2018). The topic relates to construction management as it will
demonstrate how low energy consumption materials reduces the cost of construction. Therefore,
the research has been aimed towards determining whether green technology can be suitably
implemented in the field of construction.
1.5 Purpose of the study
This research is aimed at determining the suitability of green technology application in
the field of construction. There are various factors upon which application of green technology is
dependent that is social, economic and political. The factors are also associated with application
of green technology as those may affect the social stability, economic condition or political
influence within a nation (Wong and Zhou 2015). The factors can also lead to failure of the
construction projects being carried out with the application of green technology. For the above
mentioned reasons only, the findings of this research study cannot be generalized to the nations
worldwide.

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Chapter 2 – Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
In the face of deteriorating soil and water issues, white rubbish, resource shortages and
air pollution and other issues, people are aware of the importance of ecological construction and
began to use their own energy, environmental protection technology and equipment for their
own, family and others' health. The construction industry also follows the technical trend,
satisfies the people to the green idea request, when constructs the massive integration in the
green idea, has implemented a series of energy conservation environmental protection technical
measures in the green construction.
2.2 Concept of Green Building
Green building refers to the green concept of environmental protection applied to the
design, construction and use of the building, through the combination with the actual situation in
the construction of reasonable use of green technologies and equipment to achieve green
building energy conservation, and ultimately to achieve people and Natural coordination and
sustainable development (Darko and Chan 2016). In the green building in order to achieve
sustainable development, as much as possible for building energy saving and environmental
protection technology for architectural design, construction and use of demand, reduce energy
consumption, reduce people's natural disturbance, the final construction suitable for people living
in the building.

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2.3 Application of Green Building Energy Saving Technology
2.3.1. Reasonable building layout can significantly reduce the energy consumption during
construction use
After the size, function, and area of a building are determined, the building shape and
orientation will have a significant impact on building energy consumption. It is generally
believed that the building shape coefficient is proportional to the size of the surface area
corresponding to the unit building area. According to Zhang and He (2018), Reasonable building
layout can reduce the power consumption of the heating and air conditioning system. From the
perspective of thermodynamics and aerodynamics, the smaller body shape is proportional to the
smaller external load. And the use of residential buildings for external load instability of its
energy consumption accounted for the main factors. And for sports venues, cinemas and other
large public use of the building, the internal heat is much higher than the external heat, so the
design of the larger body shape more conducive to heat. In other words, ordinary residential and
large public buildings because of the use of different, the heat of the factors are not the same,
from the energy point of view, the design of its body shape requirements are the opposite.
2.3.2 Building exterior wall insulation can significantly reduce the energy consumption of
the building during use
The external wall insulation of the building is a green energy-saving project that can
greatly improve the thermal performance. The thickness of its external wall insulation material
and its insulation effect is proportional to the relationship. The wide application of the external
wall insulation technology not only in the cold winter to effectively avoid the rapid loss of indoor
temperature, but also in the hot summer can also be effectively avoided due to solar radiation
caused by the external wall temperature and then promote the indoor temperature rise, Thereby

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reducing the air conditioning and other refrigeration equipment working load. In this way,
through the laying of building exterior insulation layer not only to enhance the thermal insulation
performance in summer also makes the winter insulation performance can be strengthened. This
reduces the winter heating pressure and the summer cooling power load, so that the building's
energy consumption is reduced (Neoh et al. 2016). Therefore, from the point of view of reducing
energy consumption, we should vigorously promote the building exterior wall insulation
technology and technology for a wide range of implementation.
2.3.3 The indoor environment for system control to achieve the purpose of a comprehensive
system of energy conservation
One of the major features of green building is the comprehensive utilization of air
treatment, as much as possible the use of natural light, optimization and improvement, natural
ventilation design, and many other integrated systems, integrated, multi-faceted optimization and
system integration. The integration and optimization of various functions are carried out
organically, and the energy consumption of buildings is reduced systematically and
scientifically. HVAC system plays a very important role in the overall integrated control,
because the HVAC system accounts for more than 50% of the total energy consumption in the
general buildings. It is of great importance to optimize and integrate the HVAC system of the
building scientifically and reasonably (Gan et al. 2015). To reduce the energy consumption of
HVAC system, the first step is to start with the optimization of HVAC system design and the key
factor of its success or failure is the automatic control of HVAC system. From the current HVAC
design of air conditioning system implementation effect, the highest energy efficiency basically
is the green building system based on Distributed Control Technology in general, the HVAC
system energy efficiency up to 30%.

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2.3.4 Make full use of clean and rich solar energy natural energy
Currently, solar energy is the most important has been the development of green energy
in energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, it has very many advantages such as cheap
and clean. At present, solar energy air-conditioning, solar water heaters and solar cells are the
main solar energy utilization in residential buildings. For our country, solar energy resources are
still relatively abundant, the average annual sunshine hours is 2100~2500 hours. This provides
favourable conditions for the development and utilization of clean solar energy resources in
china (Chen and Chen 2017). Now the biggest factor restricting the use of solar energy is the
energy conversion rate is too low, but from the point of view of development, with the progress
of science and technology, the scope of the use of solar energy will be more widely, the energy
conversion efficiency will be higher.
2.3.5 The reclaimed water system is introduced to make rational exploitation and use of
water resources and avoid waste
The average annual water resources in China is 281 billion 240 million cubic meters. The
average annual water resources per capita is only 2200 cubic meters, and the average annual
water resources per capita is only 1/4 of the world's average annual water resources. China
belongs to the United Nations and is one of the countries with shortage of water resources. In
normal life, 95% of the use of washing and sewage is drinking water, causing great waste.
Drinking water treatment requirements are very high, but only 5% of the use (Wong and Zhou
2015). Not drinking water 95% water diversion system (water, wash, wash) is no longer used in
drinking water, after simple treatment can be recycled, saving potable water waste, reduce the
cost of water treatment, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

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2.3.6 Application of daylight lighting technology to reduce lighting energy consumption
In the energy ranking of buildings, building lighting is the number one choice. In some
commercial buildings, building lighting consumption sometimes accounts for more than 30% of
the total power consumption. Because of the lighting heating factors, some need to reduce the
environmental temperature of the regional space, because the lighting heating, resulting in
cooling system load is passive (Kibert 2016). Daylight illumination is the introduction of
sunlight into the interior of a building and is assigned in a certain way to provide better quality
lighting than man-made light. Daylight lighting reduces the demand for power light sources and
reduces power consumption and environmental pollution. Research shows that day-lighting can
create healthier and more dynamic environments than artificial lighting systems, which can
increase productivity by 15%. Lighting can also change the intensity of light, colour and vision,
and help to improve work efficiency and learning efficiency. It is widely used in green buildings.
2.4 Other energy-saving technologies
During the hot months of summer, building sun shading is an economical, effective and
effective way to reduce energy consumption and achieve the purpose of building energy
efficiency. In the sun shading design, according to the characteristics of the area and the use of
the room, as well as sunset made permanent or temporary sun shading device window.
Permanently installed in the window, in all forms of sun visor, facilities, according to their
components removable or removable, can be divided into fixed or movable type of two. The sun
shading activity can vary over the course of the day, the day's change and the darkness of the
sky, and any adjustment of the sun visor angle. In the cold season, the flexibility of the sunshade
can also be removed to avoid sun blocking and sunlight. Shading measures can also be used in a

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variety of heat reflective glass, such as coated glass, sunlight control film, Low-E glass, etc., in
recent years, widely used in buildings at home and abroad.
Solar energy as pollution-free, unlimited energy, in recent years, more and more widely
used in buildings, in general, its application in building energy conservation, including solar
thermal applications and photoelectric applications in two areas.
2.5 Summary
Green building is conducive to reduce energy consumption, saving land resources and
water use, can reduce the construction of soil and water pollution and air pollution, to meet the
requirements of the times, to enhance people's quality of life. In the future of the construction
industry, green building will become its main cultural concept, to attract people to buy, for the
harmony between man and nature, and common development conditions (Isa et al. 2018). With
the economic globalization and technological progress, the world's environmental problems
become the biggest obstacle to people's lives, people living environment is getting worse,
people's living standards so that they began to have time to focus on events outside the economy,
which When people take notice of environmental issues and put forward the idea of green
building. Green building is a new architectural concept, as well as the development direction of
modern construction industry. It will be the sunrise technology concept of construction industry
in recent years. Green building throughout the building design, construction and use, from the
whole process to achieve the full range of green building.
Green building concept in the construction industry has an epoch-making significance,
can reduce the waste of resources, improve resource utilization, but also can reduce human
activities on the destruction of nature, is conducive to improving people's quality of life and
promote harmony between man and nature. The use of environmentally friendly energy-saving

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technologies in green buildings should run through the whole process of building design,
construction and use, enabling green energy saving technologies to maximize their effectiveness
in construction.

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Chapter 3 – Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology chapter helps the researcher to define the most appropriate
approaches those are required to be adopted for attaining the completed and also details resultant
of the process. This discusses the theories and different concepts of green technology adopted for
the completion of the research in critical analysis and review of green technology services and
the way through which the technique can influence the users accordingly. It is assumed that the
issues with data security challenges, data storing ability and capability to access the data can be
mitigated with proper research designing (Chen and Luo 2014). In order to exploit the hidden
facts of “Application of green technology in construction”, the researcher has used deeper
analysis.
3.2 Research Philosophy
For any research work three different types of research philosophies such as realism,
positivism and interpretative are there those are generally considered by the researchers to
determine the critical resultants. In research methodology, the philosophy helps to explain the
undertaken processes. The research philosophy should be properly aligned ad effective because it
helps to evaluate the research topic as per the requirement. The hidden facts can be revealed in a
scientific manner through the help of positivism research philosophy. The complex structure
those are involved to the business and management level social world can be revealed with the
help of interpretivism. In the other hand the realism is referred to as a mixed research philosophy
that includes both the features of positivism and interpretivism.

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For this green technology based research topic the researcher has adopted the concept of
Positivism for better analysis and to reveal the hidden facts. This philosophy is time limited and
it also limits the role of the researcher in manipulation for data evaluation thus the other two
philosophies are discarded by the researchers to avoid unwanted issues.
3.3 Research Approach
In order to conduct a free of error research work the researchers are required to consider
the most suitable research approach. Two broad ways in terms of deductive and inductive
research approaches are there to be undertaken for the successful research completion. If enough
amount of data lags only that time inductive research approach are undertaken by the researchers
on the other hand, deductive approach is widely used because it demonstrates the practical
application of the research theories those have been studied to gain proper access of the research
topic. More specifications and detail concept of data analysis become available to the researchers
after the consideration of deductive approach. Based upon the details of the study the research
approach should be selected by the researcher.
However, for critical analysis on green technology and its character for influencing the
users can be revealed with more specification if the researchers consider the deductive research
approach. In order to gain a better analytical result in a clear as well as precise manner the
researches have avoided inductive approach and adopted the deductive approach.
3.4 Research Design
In order to develop the framework for explaining the research topic, the researchers are
bound to select an appropriate research design. It helps the researchers to highlight the selection,
collection and analysis prototype. In order to gain a better description of the research topic,

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among three different research designs one should be selected by the researcher. Different
academic research patterns are there such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive those are
generally used to identify and collect specific data on green technology and its influence on
users. In order to acknowledge different ideas and thoughts those are required for completion of
the research topic, exploratory design is useful. Whereas; for describing the corresponding
incidents or events those are occurring in the field of green technology application and its
influence on users, explanatory research design is useful. On the other hand, the descriptive
design helps to gain details as to state occurrence of different events with a detail and accurate
description of the topic.
For this particular research topic, the researcher has undertaken descriptive design to gain
extended results of green technology application and its influence to the users. However, the
explanatory design is avoided because it chains the longitudinal concept. It helps to define the
detail application of green technology process.
3.5 Data Collection Procedure
Data collection is referred to as one of the most important thing that helps the researchers
to design the research topic much professionally with better analytical details. In order to derive
appropriate results proper data are needed to be collected and analyzed accordingly.
3.5.1 Data Sources
Two different research sources are there such as primary and secondary and based upon
the details of the research topic the data sources are selected by the researches. In order to gain
accurate information relevant to the research topic, data sources provides absolute results to the
researchers to design the outline of green technology application and its influence on users.
Primary data sources help the researchers to collect raw data those are helpful to gain details of

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any research topic. In many cases researchers also uses secondary data those are gained from
journals and books. Clarification, validity and reliability are needed in case of primary data
sources whereas; in case of secondary data sources, the topic details can be widen up
accordingly. In case of primary source the researchers make sure that the relationship between
the service providers and users are clear and concise. The literature sources are referred to as
output of the information those have been gained through secondary sources. The secondary
source includes both the offline and online sources in terms of journals, article, books websites,
blog etc.
In order to conduct the research study the researchers have considered primary sources
for data collection. The primary sources that have been used include the questionnaire. A team
consists of 32 people are undertaken to take the survey.
3.5.2 Data analysis techniques
The objectives of the research topic is to define the available platform of green
technology, the problems associated to it and the safety approaches should be considered for
resolving the issues of green technology. Two different data techniques are there such as
qualitative and quantitative those are widely used by the researchers to conduct any research
topic. In order to record narrative information those can be added for providing a better
description to the reader, qualitative research technique is helpful. Additionally, the theoretical
concept can also be added in the practical application field because those are helpful to lead the
research topic towards clear understandings. On the other hand the quantitative data are applied
in the statistical field.
For this research topic the researcher have considered primary quantitative data
techniques to gather and analyze information according to the requirement.

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3.6 Population and Sampling
The population and sample is referred to as the number of people who are either directly
or indirectly involved to the research or even positively and negatively affected by the research
work. For this research the participants of the question answer session are considered as the
population. However, all the users of green technology cannot be considered as the participants
of the primary sources.
3.7 Ethical Considerations
While processing the research on green technology and its influence to the users certain
ethical aspects are required to be considered accordingly and those are as follows:
Data application: The commercial application of the information are completely
avoided to make the research work limited within academic boundary.
Involvement of respondents: The respondents are needed to be encouraged to take part in
the questionnaire survey.
Anonymity of respondents: The researcher should ensure that the respondents are not
physically harassed or even forced.
3.8 Limitations of the research
The areas those have been encountered by the researcher while conducting this research
work are enlisted below:
Reliability: The respondents involved to the survey are not forcefully involved.
However, the users and the construction companies using green technology can be biased
towards the research that might affect the results of the research topic. Therefore, reliability is
identified as a problem.

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Time constraints: The researchers have faced time limitation while conducting the
research topic.
Budget constraints: Due to limited budget the researchers have faced few limitation
while studying the research topic.
3.9 Summary
This particular chapter defines different research tools for selection those are helpful and
can be used to gain better analytical result. Through this chapter the researchers have tried to
align the nature of the study along with all available and possible research methodology. In order
to analyze the concept of green technology and its influence to the user’s proper research
methodology in terms of design and approach have been selected. Accurate tools are also
considered by the researchers for conducting the research topic.

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Chapter 4 – Analysis and Findings
4.1 Introduction
This chapter contains the results of data analysis obtained from the respondents’ responses to the
questionnaire sent to them. In total twenty five questionnaires were distributed to five
respondents in each of the five construction companies surveyed in this study. Of the twenty five
questionnaires sent, only twenty two were returned. For the final source of data only twenty one
questionnaires were analyzed as one of them turned out to be sent by a drafter, which was not
among the intended target respondents for this study due to the presumably lack of knowledge in
the matters discussed in this study.
4.2 Profile of Respondents
This section describes the job title of respondents and their years of experience in their
respective companies. The respondents held many different positions with a varying degree of
experience. There were eight different positions held by the respondents taken part in this study.
The position with the highest number of respondents was site engineering manager (with 9
people), followed by supervisor (3 people), engineer (2 people) and occupational
health/environmental quality (2 people). The other four positions, namely: project manager,
marketing, quality control and manager were held by only one respondent respectively.
4.3 Findings
In this section, seven questions, ranging from the definition of green construction to
obstacles in promoting green construction in the project, were asked to evaluate the knowledge
of the green construction concept within each company. The results are as follows:

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Respondents form each of the contactor surveyed in this study were asked whether they
have heard about the green construction concept. The responses obtained from these respondents
were needed to know about the awareness of the green construction concept within each of these
contractors. The results are shown in the table below.
Company Response
Wijaya Karya All respondents in this company had the knowledge about green
building. One of them even gave an example of a green
construction concept in building construction.
Pembangunan
Perumahan
The majority of respondents said that they have heard about green
construction. They gave examples such as changing common
construction material, i.e. wood with the other materials like steel
pipes or fibre plastic and figuring out how to save energy during
construction.
Hutama Karya Two of the respondents said that they were not aware of green
construction concept, but the others were aware of it. There are
simple things that can be done to protect the environment, such as
saving energy in the building by turning off light or air conditioner
when not in use.
Waskita Karya All respondents said that they have heard about green building
concept. Examples of this concept are the creation of open space,
parks and garden in home and building; construction management
without causing negative effects on the environment, building
garden in the roof top and minimizing the use of air conditioner.

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Adi Karya The majority of the respondents said that they have heard about the
green construction. They gave examples such as building
permanent construction with the advanced green atmosphere and
the development of city parks.
The respondents in all five firms have heard about the green construction. They gave
many examples, such as the construction of permanent building with the advanced green
atmosphere, the development of city parks, open space, residential parks and the creation of
garden at the yard or on the roof top of homes and other buildings. Green practices can be
implemented in construction management which does not cause negative effects on the
environment, in simple practices such as turning off light or air conditioner when not in use to
save energy, and replacing common construction material, i.e. wood with the other materials
which are more environmentally friendly such as steel pipes or fibre plastic.
Respondents form each of the contactor surveyed in this study were asked about the
definition of the green construction. The responses obtained from these respondents were needed
to know how green construction concept was defined in these respective organizations. The
results are shown in the table below.
Company Response
Wijaya Karya The majority of the respondents in this company defined the
green construction as a structure built using processes that are
environmentally responsible that is resource-efficient throughout
its life-cycle. This building must use efficient energy, materials,

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waste management and product to improve their process for more
sustainable environmental in the future. Building green is an
opportunity for the contractor to use resources efficiently while
creating healthier building.
Pembangunan
Perumahan
Respondents gave different definitions for green construction. In
their view green building means the building construction that
uses less energy, conserves renewable resources and reduces the
usage of toxic material. On the other hand green construction can
be defined as building something with environmental mind set to
reduce air and water pollution and keep sustainability of trees and
soil etc.
Hutama Karya Two of the respondents could not give definition, but the others
gave different definitions by saying that green construction means
constructing buildings that do not pollute the environment to save
earth, or preventing damage to the environment during
construction period.
Waskita Karya All respondents gave their definition of green construction. Green
construction is construction with environmentally friendly
concept and application. This kind of construction ought to use
materials that can be recycled to minimize energy usage and
provide added value to the area with sound functions and benefits.
Adi Karya The respondents gave different answers. Some said that green
construction is construction aimed at conserving the environment

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while also focusing on its beauty and comfort value. Any green
development should allocate at least a quarter of its area for green
space. Green construction also cannot damage the surrounding
environment.
The respondents in all five firms also gave definition for green construction. Green
construction is construction which also conserves the environment and focuses on the beauty and
comfort. Any development which can be considered as green should have at least a quarter of its
area for greening. Construction with the green concept applies the environmentally friendly
method and provides many functions and benefits as the added value for the area of construction.
Green construction also means using material that can be recycled, minimizing energy usage,
conserving renewable resources and reducing toxic material used (Bortolini et al. 2016). In green
construction, projects are always built with environmental mind set to reduce water and air
pollution and keep the sustainability of trees, soil etc. it uses the structure and processes that are
environmentally responsible throughout the building life-cycle and energy efficient. Constructors
must improve their process for more sustainable environmental in the future. Going green is an
opportunity to use resources efficiently while creating healthier building.
Benefits of Green Construction
Respondents form each of the contactor surveyed in this study were asked about the
benefit that can be created from green construction. The responses obtained from these
respondents show that these contractors viewed that green construction can bring several benefits
from lowering the budget of construction process to keeping the environment clean. The
complete results are shown in the table below.

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Company Response
Wijaya Karya For this question the respondents in this company gave different answers.
They viewed that green construction can bring benefits
such as improving the quality of the product and lowering the
budget of construction process through more efficient usage of
water, material and energy.
Pembangunan
Perumahan
Strategically, the green construction can improve energy efficiency that in
turn will reduce cost and health risk.
Hutama Karya Different answers were given by respondents in this company. The
benefits they mentioned were better energy efficiency,
environmental consideration, more balanced environment and
ecosystem.
Waskita Karya Respondents in this company also mentioned many different
benefits such as green construction can preserve the nature, reduce
global warming, reduce air pollution, provide beautiful view,
provide space for recreation, give more care to the environment,
create less damage, and maintain environmental sustainability.
Adi Karya Green construction can keep the environment clean and cool and
reduce air pollution. Moreover it does not damage the surrounding
environment and bring positive impact on the beauty and comfort
of the surroundings.

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Respondents in the five firms mentioned several benefits. Green construction can
improve the quality of the product and lower the budget of construction process, increase water,
material and energy efficiency; reduce the cost and health risk. It can also create a balanced
environment and ecosystem, preserve the nature, reduce global warming effect and air pollution,
provide beautiful view, space for recreation, more care to environment, create less damage and
maintain the environmental sustainability. All these positive impact on the environment created
by keeping the environment clean and cool without any damage to the surrounding will add to
the beauty and comfort of the people.
The respondents from the five firms mentioned several methods to promote green
construction such as making a banner containing the slogan about green construction,
maintaining the surrounding environment, building a park in the vicinity of the project and
planting trees at the project site and along the damaged construction area. Using material that can
be recycled, saving the energy, keeping construction equipment in a state that does not cause
environmental damage, i.e. maintaining low levels of pollution; turning off the light when not in
use, disposing waste according to its proper place were also things that can be done to promote
green construction. The respondents suggested also that the contractors should make the effort no
minimize environmental damage, carry on the company’s environmental standards in the
projects, reduce material usage that can damage the environment, employ method of operation
which does not disturb the natural balance, minimize waste and recycle products such as lumber,
dry well, metals, masonry, brick, concrete, carpet, plastic, pipe, rocks, paper, cardboard and the
waste during land development.

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4.3 Analysis
There are many different types of green technologies that are being used in our country at
different sector. These green technologies are expected to bring improvement of the environment
and human health. In Malaysia, there are four major fields of green technology where green
technologies is being implemented, which are building, energy, transportation, and water and
waste management.
As the population of human race keep increasing, the space for development keep
expands, and causes the pollution level of environment increasing consequently. In order to
mitigate the impact of development towards the environment, Green Building has appeared as a
new building philosophy, which promote the use of more environmental friendly materials, more
clean techniques to develop, and reduce waste consumption.
According to U.S Green Building Council (USGBC), Green Building is defined as a
building that is designed, constructed, and operated to boost environmental, economic, health
and productivity performance. Regards to GBI, green building is a building designed and
operated to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on its surroundings and reducing
building impact on human health and environment during building's lifecycle through better
sitting, design, construction, operation and removal. In addition, green building also focuses on
increasing the efficiency of resources use like energy, water and materials and energy
conservation. The technologies which applied in green building may be different from region to
region; there are basic principles that insist on which the method is derived.
The concept and design stage is one of the important factors when constructing a
building, as it has the impact in the building performance and cost. The building design will

28DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
affect the building performance if the design is not well design. For example, the heat from sun
rises and sets will influence the occupants comfort inside the building
Green building concept is always connected with the energy efficient use. The purpose is
to reduce energy wasted and rely on natural resources like solar, wind, etc which these energies
are free and will not create pollution. For example, the position of window, if is place at the right
position, it can fully provide more natural daylight and ventilation, thus reduce the chances of
usage of electric lightning and ventilation system.
Reduction in use of water, protecting water quality and minimization the wastage of
water are one of the key factors in green building. The conservation and protection of water
throughout the life of a building can be achieved by using water that is collected, used, purified,
and re-used on site. For example, the conservation of water in a building can be achieved by
designing dual plumbing system which recycles the water in toilet.
The material criterion is concern on the selection of construction material, the reuse and
recycles material and also management of the construction waste material. To achieve the role on
material, promote of usage of friendly materials from sustainable sources and recycling.
Implement proper construction waste management with storage, collection and re-use of
recyclables and construction formwork and waste.
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) means the quality of environment inside the building.
The Indoor Environment Quality includes the indoor air quality, thermal quality, heating,
ventilation, air conditioning and the lightning elements.

29DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
To achieve good indoor environmental quality, it will involve the use of low volatile
organic compound materials, application of quality air filtration, sound absorbing materials,
control of air movement and humidity and artificial light perform.
The green building need to operate responsibly and maintained properly in order to
preserve the sustainability of a building with its design and construction. The aspect of green
feature in a building is integrated with the operation and maintenance phase of a building's life.
Ensuring operations and maintenance are part of the project's planning and development process
which will help retain the green criteria designed of the project.
The construct of green building will reduce the construction waste. The construction of a
building will create a huge solid waste and these wastages are normally thrown away which will
causes pollution to the environment. Green building will fully use the materials and minimizes
the construction waste.
Given the diversity of respondents’ professional backgrounds and their roles in their
project planning and execution and the fact that all of the respondents have experience in green
projects within the Malaysian construction industry suggest that their views represent the
Malaysian context. The respondents’ experience in green projects signifies the reliability of their
response, which added to the data quality (Zuo and Zhao 2014). In about 42 percent of the
respondents indicated, they have been involved in more than one project, and more than half
indicated that they had been involved at least once in green projects. This indicated that the
respondents are aware and possess knowledge on the research area.
Nearly half of the respondents, about 48 percent, acquired knowledge on green concepts
through project in-house training. Another 19 percent said that they take their own initiative to

30DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
learn about green practices and 14 percent are trained by professional green facilitators or
experts. Another 7 percent learned about this green construction during their tertiary education,
and 3 percent mentioned that they acquired knowledge through peer knowledge sharing. This
result shows that the project team is very committed to acquiring knowledge on green practices
to achieved better green performance. Apart from that, it is a good sign when the respondent’s
opinion is valid and reliable due to their knowledge in the research area.
In examining the completeness of the returned questionnaire, all the raw data was entered
in the SPSS spreadsheet. Then the data were screened using the missing value syntax and
manually identified based on questionnaire coding. About 19 questionnaires contained critical
missing data that had at least 30 percent or more of the overall questionnaire. Those cases were
omitted from the preliminary analysis and only 102 retained in the database for further
examination of normality and outliers. As Tabachnick and Fidell (2013) argued, an outlier is a
case with such extreme values that may distort the analysis. Outlier cases may cause the data set
to be non-normal. Therefore, the data set was a screen for the outliers using the descriptive
analysis. The first step was taken by removing the uncompleted questionnaire that was not being
used for analysis. The usable questionnaires were entered into the SPSS and were checked for
outliers using spss boxplot. Two extreme outliers that did affect the normality distribution (for
item no 84 and 58) were removed from the dataset and this reduced the number in the data set to
100. Before removing, the data was cross-checked back with the questionnaire to ensure the
outliers were genuine and not a mistake while entering data.
Normality is used to describe a symmetrical bell-shaped curve and important assumptions
are required to carry out structural equation modelling analysis (Byrne 2013). Examining the
data normality is one of the critically important assumptions in the conduct of SEM analysis in

31DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
general and in the use of AMOS in particular (Xiong et al. 2015). Tabachnick and Fidell (2013)
mentioned that SEM analysis is required for the multivariate normality of a dataset. Violation of
this assumption, especially with a small sample, will inflate GOF statistics and underestimate the
standard errors. Thus, the data collected was then screened for the normality distribution using
SPSS. There are two ways of testing normality: the graphical and the numerical method.
Numerical methods are used in this research, such as skewness and kurtosis, and the statistical
test of normality is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. SPSS (version 23) was used to describe the
data by assessing the normality test. Normality can be assessed by obtaining skewness and
kurtosis values of +1 to -1 (Pallant 2013) considered a range of +3 to -3 for kurtosis. Skewness is
the standardised moment of the data and measures the extent that a variable distribution is
asymmetrical. Kurtosis is the standardised fourth moment of the data and measures a
distribution’s picks. The outcome from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic produced the score for
normality distribution for the data. The outcome from the SPSS analysis showed results of more
than 0.05 that indicates normality of the data.
To access both the content and construct validity, this research used the guidelines given
by the commonly used, the Darko and Chan (2016) guideline. Content validity was examined in
this study by developing the questionnaire based on the literature review and by sending the
questionnaire to a group of experts and actual respondents to check for content validity and
clarity as explained in Chapter 3. Based on the feedback, revisions made and the final
questionnaire used in this study were assumed valid. A reliability test was conducted to evaluate
the reliability of factors. Cronbach’s alpha is the most commonly used metric used to evaluation
the reliability used in this research. The Cronbach alpha formula incorporates the number of the
item on the test, so the greater the number of items, the greater value of Cronbach alpha. Each

32DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
variable and sub-variable consists of numbers of items and the reliability test is done for all items
as one group for each variable. The result shows that the reliability of the variables ranges
between 0.733 and 0.897. For a standard Cronbach’s alpha, the acceptable value is 0.7 and
above. For the value of 0.800 and more, the reliability score shows a high degree of internal
consistency.
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