GS1 Standards for Supply Chain Management - Industry Report

This industry report provides an overview of GS1 Standards for supply chain management. It covers the benefits of using GS1 Standards, the application of GS1 Standards in different industries, and the different types of GS1 identification standards such as GLN, GTIN, and SSCC. The report also discusses the governance of GS1 Australia, the country's leading provider of standards, and the risks associated with using unauthorised barcode numbers.

2017
Assessment 3 – Industry Report
Mikael Abbas
Mikael Abbas s4543281
Tejusv Chauphla s4559240
Waleed Ahmed s4541350
Abdullah Alanazi s4533652

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Executive Summary
GS1 is a global system of standards for ensuring uniformity of products, services, and
information in the international marketplace. Standards are agreements that govern the activities
of an industry. They are essential for simplifying business processes.
GS1 Australia is the country’s leading provider of standards, serving over 20 different industry
sectors and over 17,000 member companies. It provides businesses with solutions, networking,
and advice on their supply chain challenges. GS1 Australia is governed by an independent Board
and Council,
Governments need to receive and verify product information for compliance with set rules.
Companies need better supply chain management as the global marketplace becomes more
complex. Effective supply chain management requires information sharing and the use of IT
platforms to improve operations between supply chain partners.
GS1 Standards form the basis for information sharing that is accurate and consistent.
Supply chain visibility can be achieved through collaboration using GS1 standards. and EDI
transactions for better collaboration.GS1 systems help in improving forecast accuracy so that
companies in the supply chain can plan well and meet customer demands.

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Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
GS1 Australia...............................................................................................................................................4
Application of GS1 Standards......................................................................................................................5
GSI Standards......................................................................................................................................6
GS1 Bar codes......................................................................................................................................6
GS1 System of Standards.............................................................................................................................7
GS1 Identification Standards...................................................................................................................7
GLN (Global Location Number) –.........................................................................................................7
GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) –....................................................................................................8
Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) –..............................................................................................8
Other GS1 ID Keys..............................................................................................................................10
GS1 Application Identifiers........................................................................................................................11
GS1 Data Carriers......................................................................................................................................11
EAN/UPC Barcodes............................................................................................................................12
GS1 DataBar.......................................................................................................................................13
EPC/RFID tags....................................................................................................................................13
Electronic Product Code (EPC)...........................................................................................................14
Global Data Synchronisation Network (GDSN)..................................................................................14
GS1 Communication Standards.................................................................................................................15
Benefits of using GS1 System....................................................................................................................16
GS1 Standards in Supply Chain Management............................................................................................17
Eliminating bullwhip effect using technology............................................................................................17
Conclusions................................................................................................................................................18
References.................................................................................................................................................19

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Introduction
GS1 is a global system of standards meant to ensure uniformity of products, services, and
information in the international marketplace. It facilitates the efficient operations within and
between different parties in a supply chain namely; manufacturers, distributors, retailers,
transporters and customs organisations. Standards are also used by local and international
regulatory authorities involved in different aspects of business and trade. GS1 has 108 member
organisations and serves 150 countries worldwide (GS1 Global, 2017a).
Standards are agreements that govern the activities of an industry. They may be in the
form of rules guidelines that are applied by industry stakeholders. Standards can also be used to
describe, measure, or classify products or services. Standards are essential for simplifying
business processes, especially for companies that use a large number of components drawn from
different places to manufacture their products. Standards form the basis for agreeable exchanges
between companies operating in a globalised marketplace. They help all industry players to cut
costs (GS1 Global, 2017a).
GS1 Standards enable easy communication with suppliers, partners, and customers
because they represent a common language. Supply chain standards help companies to save time
and money by ensuring key processes run smoothly. Businesses have a wide range of regulatory
requirements to contend with in relation to export, import, product safety, and transit. Companies
are required to provide accurate product information to governments, including tracing product
movements along the supply chain, and safety information (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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GS1 Australia
GS1 Australia is the country’s leading provider of standards, serving over 20 different
industry sectors. It boasts of over 17,000 member companies that have adopted the GS1 system
for more efficient operations. GS1 Australia introduced the barcoding system to Australia in
1979 and has since brought together companies, associations and industries. The Australian
business community relies on GS1 for solutions, networking, and advice on their supply chain
challenges. GS1 is at the forefront in encouraging best practice in supply chain management
(GS1 Australia, 2017).
GS1 Australia is part of a not-for-profit organisation based on membership. It is part of a
global network of GS1 organisations spread across over 100 countries. The global headquarters
are in Brussels, Belgium. The mandate of GS1 Australia is to provide and manage barcode
numbers, provide GS1 system-based supply chain standards and related solutions to members. It
is the only organisation authorised to provide GS1 system numbers in Australia (GS1 Australia,
2017).
Governance of GS1 Australia is in the hands of an independent Board and Council,
which is comprised of 15 representatives drawn from different industry and trade organisations,
as well as leading manufacturers and retailers. Executives from Australian and international
companies sit on the board. Their skills and experiences are valuable in ensuring the organisation
meets its objectives. The board members are tasked with handling the organisation’s strategies,
operational plans and budgets. They also ensure legal compliance and proper audit of members
(GS1 Australia, 2017).
GS1 Australia barcode numbers begin with the prefix 93 and it is the only organisation
authorised to provide barcode numbers with this prefix. Companies should beware of the

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existence of unauthorised barcode sellers. Fake barcode numbers undermine the integrity of the
GS1 system, cause disruption of supply chains, and create confusion in the market. Businesses
using unauthorised barcode numbers risk suffering losses and losing connections with other
partners in the supply chain (GS1 Australia, 2017).
Application of GS1 Standards
Governments need to receive and verify product information for compliance with set
rules. To do this, they need information and documentation for declaration, inspection, and
tracking. This enables governments to ensure safety, security, and authenticity of products
entering their borders (GS1 Global, 2017b).
Companies need better supply chain management as the global marketplace becomes
more complex. Effective supply chain management requires information sharing and the use of
IT platforms to improve operations between supply chain partners (Pfahl & Moxham, 2014).
GS1 Standards form the basis for information sharing that is accurate and consistent. Supply
chain visibility can be achieved through collaboration using GS1 standards. The use of
proprietary supply chain standards helps companies become more competitive and successful
(GS1 Global, 2017a).
The use of standards in supply chain management provides a mechanism for coordination
of operations for improved efficiency. It forms the basis of clear communication between supply
chain partners (Semianiaka & Silina, 2012). Standards make it easier for businesses to exchange
information thus facilitating market transactions. Standardisation and regular update of
information helps in optimising supply chain processes. GS1 System standards exist in different
categories including; product identification, labelling, and communication standards (GS1
Global, 2017a).

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The benefits derived from using GS1 Standards are related to the type of industry,
company size, and extent of implementation (Semianiaka & Silina, 2012). Companies that are
classified as strategic gain more benefits from using GS1 system. They also tend to have greater
knowledge of technology and its implications. On the other hand, reactive companies do not
realize the benefits of using a standards system. The extent of standards implementation will be
determined by potential benefits, options available, and range of applications to be implemented
(GS1 Global, 2017b).
GSI Standards
 Barcodes
 ECom – standards for electronic business messaging
 GDSN – Data synchronisation
 EPC Global – RFID-based
GS1 Bar codes
These represent the most widely recognized and used standards under GS1. The bar code
was initially intended to facilitate the automatic recording of items at the checkout. However, it
has since grown to become solution for broader business issues (Pfahl & Moxham, 2014). The
barcode carries information in a form of business language which is used to monitor day-to-day
business processes such as invoices, deliveries, and orders. Almost each type of product is
assigned an identifier. Operating on the global stage requires a unique identifier that is readily
recognised. Global standards are used for this purpose (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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GS1 System of Standards
This consists of two major components:
 GS1 Automatic Identification Standards
 GS1 Communication Standards
GS1 Identification Standards
These consist of data carriers and identification keys. The identification key is in the form
of a code while the data carrier is attached to the products’ packaging. The most widely used
identification keys under GS1 are GLN, GTIN, and SSCC. Each product identification number
consists of two parts – a company prefix assigned by GS1, and a product identifier assigned by
the company itself (GS1 Global, 2017a).
GLN (Global Location Number) –
This is a standard form of identification for locations and legal entities such as
companies, subsidiaries, offices, warehouses, and even specific shelves inside a store. Location
can also be a section or division within an organisation, such as the finance department of a
company or the orthopaedic wing of a hospital (GS1 Global, 2017a). The address information is
automatically processed for senders and receivers. GLN is a 14-digit code. It is crucial for
businesses to be able to readily identify locations relevant to their business processes. Using
GLN provides significant advantages because it is a standardised way of uniquely identifying
locations relevant to the supply chain (GS1 Global, 2017b).
GLN is used in multiple sectors to identify locations at different levels. The use of GLN
eliminates the need for other location numbering systems since it has a structure that guarantees
its global uniqueness. It contains a GS1 application identifier which allows for encoding of
multiple data while member companies get a GS1 company prefix. The location preference

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assigns a different number to each different location while there is a check digit for extra security
(GS1 Global, 2017a).
GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) –
This is a unique identifier for trade items and is assigned even for different
sizes/quantities of the same item. The GTIN code for any item should be accessible at any point
in the supply chain and provides information such as sale record, price, order, and delivery.
GTIN is a 14-digit code. GTIN allows for unique identification of products at any point in the
supply chain, including warehouse, checkout, and electronic catalogue. Each trade item is
assigned its own GTIN number separate from another (GS1 Global, 2017a).
The unique GTIN identifier enables users to look up an item in a database and see details
such as price, order, sale records from any point in the supply chain. GTINs facilitate efficient,
accurate, and quick business operations for millions of companies around the world. There is a
special form of GTIN called a Serialised GTIN which is used for specific individual trade items
of the same brand and characteristics. For example, in the healthcare sector serialised GTINs are
used to identify individual implants of similar characteristics from the same manufacturer. This
allows for the items to be tracked though their lifecycle (GS1 Global, 2017a).
Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) –
This is an 18-digit code used for logistics units such as trucks, pallets, and cartons. A
logistic unit represents any combination of units in situations where there is a need to manage a
specific unit load in the supply chain. It is used for tracking of orders and deliveries, and also
allows for automated receiving of the goods. The code carries information such as manufacturer,
batch number, and quantity of products in the container (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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Units can be tracked individually using the SSCC enabling companies to track their
orders and deliveries until the goods are received. SSCC has a serial reference component that
enables simple allocation of numbers with unique identification and an unlimited number of
combinations. The unique number can also be used to look up the consignment and provide
information details. Furthermore, it can be used to send advanced notices during shipping.
Companies using SSCC need not u long codes for consignment information for their logistics
units as they can look up details using the SSCC number (GS1 Global, 2017a).
The SSCC provides an electronic communications link for the barcode information in the
logistics unit. The GS1 application identifier allows for encoding of multiple data and capacity
can be increased using the extension digit. Companies can use their GS1 allocated prefixes to
assign SSCCs with each logistical unit receiving a unique number derived from the serial
reference. All digits are used to calculate the check digit for extra security. Any member
organisation of GS1 across the world can provide a SSCC number (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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Other GS1 ID Keys
GSRN – Global Service Relation Number - This is the GS1 identity key for identifying business-
client service relationships, for example hospital and patient, retailer and customer, or club and
members.
GRAI - Global Returnable Asset Identifier – This is a GS1 identity key used for identifying
returnable assets such as pallets, crates, and containers to be used again. Additionally, it can be
used for tracking purposes, or by companies sharing a rental storage system to identify their
items inside the premises (GS1 Global, 2017a).
GIAI - Global Individual Asset Identifier – This is a GS1 identity key for identifying all kinds of
fixed assets, especially those that need unique identification such as vehicles, machinery, and
computers. The unique identifier enables the business to identify and track the asset throughout
its life. Companies can quickly look up an asset in their database for information such as its
location, maintenance schedule, planned upgrade, or use history.
GDTI - Global Document Type Identifier – This is used to identify documents according to type.
Documents covered here vary widely and include official and private papers that represent the
rights and obligations of individuals or entities. GDTIs are commonly used in shipping forms,
invoices, insurance policies, passports, and tax forms. Companies use GDTIs for documents
whose records are important and may need to be accessed from the database (GS1 Global,
2017a).
GSIN – Global Shipment Identification Number – This is the number assigned by the seller of the
goods being shipped for unique identification of units. It is also called the bill of lading.

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GINC – Global Identification Number for Consignment – This is sued for identifying a group of items
that are supposed to be transported together through freight or carrier.
GS1 Application Identifiers
These are used to complement the GS1 identity keys. They are used in supply chain
applications cutting across multiple sectors, where they code for simple and generic data fields.
Each GS1 application identifier (GS1 AI) comprises two or more digits which encode for the
data field’s format and structure in a GS1 Data Carrier. GS1 ID keys usually enable access to
supplementary data about the item inn a database. On the other hand, GS1 AIs are used to access
supplementary data that is cannot be accessed from the database using GS1 ID keys. This is
usually done when data is needed by there is no connection to a database. It is also used when the
information is needed in barcode or EPC/RFID format (Thiesse et al., 2011).
GS1 Data Carriers
GS1 uses a wide range of data carriers using different media that are able to carry GS1 ID
keys and relevant data. The kid of data carrier used depends on the intended use. GS1 data
carriers exist in the form of barcodes and RFID tags (Pero & Rossi, 2014). The barcode presents
the product’s unique identification number in a graphical format. The symbols represent the type
and amount of information to be conveyed. Barcodes are still the most commonly used for
product identification because RFID tags are expensive. Data carriers are assigned on different
levels including individual items, cartons, and pallets (Butner, 2010).

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At the item level, barcodes are used to mark the shelves for optimal planning, and to
automate checkouts. When placed on cartons, barcodes help with optimising store distribution,
selecting the right storage zone, and assigning the use of trucks. Similarly, barcodes on the
pallets provide information on suitable storage location, optimising order quantities, and tracing
orders.
EAN/UPC Barcodes
GS1 EAN/UPC barcodes are the most widely-used GS1 data carriers. Items carrying
these barcodes can be scanned at any retail point of sale across the globe. The wide application if
these barcodes is reflected in almost every product in the world. The information encoded in the
EAN/UPC barcode is read using a laser scanning device at the checkout in a supermarket. The
barcode can be read using a barcode reader even when the item is upside down or sideways, thus
making it a quick and highly efficient data carrier for situations that involve a lot of frequent
scanning such as supermarket checkout (GS1 Global, 2017a).
ITF-14 barcodes carry only GTINs and cannot thus be used at points of sale to identify
items. They are instead printed directly onto cartons for trade items that require them. On the
other hand, GS1-128 barcodes carry all GS1 identity keys and are thus the best data carriers for
logistics. They can also carry additional information such as serial numbers, dates, and
measurements. However, GS1-128 barcodes cannot be used for scanning items at a retail point of
sale. Due to increasing demands for tighter product traceability, GS1-128 barcodes have become
more prominent for their robust applicability in transport, logistics, and tracing systems. GS1-
128 is flexible and can be easily configured in different ways. It can be adapted for a wide range
of uses and can be read suing a variety of laser scanners (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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GS1 DataBar
GS1 DataBar symbols have more capacity for carrying information compared to
EAN/UPC barcodes. They can be used to identify smaller items and also be scanned at retail
points of sale. This enables them to be used for GTIN identification of products that are hard to
mark, such as jewellery, and fresh produce such as fruits. Other GS1 application identifiers that
can be carried in GS1 DataBar include expiry dates, serial numbers, and lot numbers. Companies
are able to trace and authenticate fresh produce in the supply chain.
The brand owner decides whether to us GS1 DataBar symbols or not as they are not
obligated to replace the EAN/UPC barcodes. GS1 endorsed and adopted the symbols following a
comprehensive review by a global taskforce comprising of manufacturers, retailers, and trade
associations (GS1 Global, 2017a). Countries were left to decide when to start using the GS1
DataBar symbols as from 2014, even though there are exemptions for special applications to be
back-dated, for example USA coupons marked 2011 (GS1 Global, 2017b).
EPC/RFID tags
EPC/RFID tags use microchips to encode for electronic product code (EPC) and other
relevant data (Pero & Rossi, 2014). The data is reflected by means of electromagnetic waves that
are captured by a reader-scanner. The microchips are usually embedded inside the product or
packaging. They may also be shielded using adhesive film since the electromagnetic waves can
pass though solid materials. EPC/RFID tags can be read rapidly without the reader and item
being aligned (Thiesse et al., 2011). This helps in saving time as items can be checked quickly
compared to other GS1 data carriers (GS1 Global, 2017a).
EPC/RFID tags also have capacity to capture bulk data (Pero & Rossi, 2014). This means
that they can be used to scan a whole supermarket with one beep without the need to manually

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move the scanner over each item in the shelves. Furthermore, this data carrier is able to provide
the exact product location, making it useful in large warehouses where many items are stored
(Butner, 2010).
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
The electronic product code (EPC) is widely used across the world to identify physical
items, loads and locations that need to be tracked using radio frequency identification (GS1
Global, 2017b). All GS1 ID keys are carried in the EPC so that they can operate with different
systems as well as other naming structures. This enables other non-GS1 naming structures to be
incorporated into the EPC system. The result is wide adoption of the EPC system beyond the
GS1 Standards. EPC also allows independent organisations to assign new codes without overlap
with existing ones due to its decentralised method of assigning codes (GS1 Global, 2017a).
All items with an EPC have a unique serial number for accurate and specific
identification of individual objects. There is a corresponding EPC for every GS1 ID key that
identifies a unique entity. This makes them compatible with other systems that use GS1 identity
keys such as GTIN and SSCC. The EPC is also used to encode information for a GS1 Barcode so
that the information can be accessed from the EPC network (GS1 Global, 2017a).
Global Data Synchronisation Network (GDSN)
The GDSN provides a robust and secure platform for continuously synchronising data
accurately. It provides businesses with the latest information in their systems and is able to
automatically update any changes to the company database. Partner businesses are also notified
immediately about the changes that are relevant to them. All partners in the supply chain get
access to accurate, up-to-date data that enables quicker, smoother, and cheaper business
processes. It is a useful way of reducing costs in the supply chain (GS1 Global, 2017a).

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The network support for GDSN is provided by the GS1 Global Registry, which also acts
as an information directory. This ensures that all registered items and entities remain unique and
easily accessible. Members can access critical information from the data pools and synchronise
communications in the network. This is done using a standard set of messages, rules, and
processes. GDSN-certified data pools receive and store master data in the form of electronic
catalogues of standardised items. GS1 members can access this data from any location as long as
they have connection. Data pools are managed by member GS1 organisations and solutions
providers.
GDSN is supported by data quality programs that have been established through data
accumulation over the long term. To ensure data quality, GDSN follows the processes outlined in
the GS1 Data Quality Framework. High quality data enables businesses to benefit from robust
processes and systems. Suppliers are able to improve their internal processes while retailers and
other data users are assured they will receive proper information (Butner, 2010).
GDSN uses the GS1 Global Product Classification (GPC) system which represents a
common language for grouping products for buyers and sellers. These are applicable all over the
world. This facilitates GDSN’s data accuracy and integrity. It also enables the supply chain to
respond quickly to customer needs while also promoting communication across language
barriers. GDSN also facilitates reporting across different industries that share similar products.
Products under GPC are grouped into categories called ‘bricks’, which enable correct recognition
of these products throughout the supply chain (GS1 Global, 2017a).
GS1 Communication Standards
These are used by supply chain partners to share master, transactional, and event data.
Master data refers to product information, prices, and location. The information is stored in

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GDSN format and can be accessed through barcode scanning. GDSN is accessible to all GS1
members to enable them to continuously synchronize accurate product data. When suppliers and
customers have access to updated data, business processes become faster, easier, and cheaper
(Zhang et al., 2011).
GS1 eCom communication standards enable companies to exchange transactional
information in a smooth way. For example, they provide a direct link between orders and POS
data. This helps with quicker customer responses, timely replenishment of stock, higher product
availability, and precise inventory management (Pero & Rossi, 2014).
EPCIS (Electronic Product Code Information Services) is used by supply chain partners
to monitor shared events data and keep abreast of information status details such as location,
time, and disposition. Users are able to follow the events that occur in the course of an item (GS1
Global, 2017a).
Benefits of using GS1 System
 Accuracy in making orders
 Increased accuracy of invoices
 Reduced lead times
 Lower inventory levels
 Improved supplier services
 Improved traceability of products
 Improved availability of stock
 Lower distribution costs

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GS1 Standards in Supply Chain Management
Barcodes have a high compatibility with existing systems because GS1 standards use IT
systems that can be linked to many processes (Zhang et al., 2011). Large companies need more
supply chain visibility which can only be provided by GS1 standards. In addition to other
benefits, GS1 enable businesses to comply with government demands for traceability and
accountability in the supply chain (Butner, 2010). GS1 standards also facilitate collaboration
with business partners and even competitors in maintaining industry-wide standards.
Well-designed supply chains make business operations more-efficient and less-costly.
This requires a system of proper standards so that logistics can run smoothly. Some companies
develop and use their own standards that are only applicable within the confines of one industry
sector or country (GS1 Global, 2017b). The GS1 system is a much better platform because it is
global and applicable to many sectors of the economy. GS1 standards are also robust and can be
applied even in unpredictable situations. They are known for accuracy and scalability, as well as
highly reliable read rates.
GS1 System of Standards has been endorsed by a wide range of industry sectors, trade
associations, and related stakeholder organisations (Caridi et al, 2014). GS1 standards are also
being widely adopted in the global healthcare sector and have been adopted by many national
Ministries of Health. Some of the prominent organisations that have partnered with GS1 System
of Standards include; World Customs Organisation (WCO), United Nations Centre for Trade
Facilitation and Electronic Business, and the Consumer Goods Forum (Pfahl & Moxham, 2014).
Eliminating bullwhip effect using technology
GS1 technology is used to eliminate bullwhip effect by enhancing collaboration between
suppliers, customers, and other members of the supply chain. GS1 Standards facilitate sharing of

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accurate, up-to-date information about different product details including descriptions, orders,
sales, inventory, shipping, and other transactions. Information is updated in real-time and all
members of the supply chain are informed immediately. GS1 systems can be connected to supply
portals and EDI transactions for better collaboration (Caridi et al, 2014).
GS1 systems help in improving forecast accuracy so that companies in the supply chain
can plan well and meet customer demands. Inaccurate forecasts lead to bullwhip effect in the
supply chain. Quick access to quality information and availability of insight enables supply chain
members to make quick and accurate decisions regarding business processes. They are also able
to reduce costs associated with supply chain management, for example those arising from slow
deliveries, excess inventory, and missing orders. With GS1, business can manage their supply
chains based on demand.
Conclusions
Implementation of GS1 Standards is necessary for businesses operating within complex
supply chains. Such situations involve the distribution of products from one place to many
locations in different places. The use of industry-wide standards makes it easier for retailers to
receive the right consignment of goods based on the ability for conformation using barcodes that
can be scanned and interpreted by the retailer. Barcodes typically require a low degree of
technology to implement and are widely used by many suppliers today.
GS1 Standards provide structure and basic guidelines that facilitate operations between
companies and industries. Initially created to streamline distribution of food and consumer goods
between manufacturers and retailers, GS1 standards are today used by over a million companies
in different economic sectors including manufacturing, chemical, healthcare, transportation, and
retail. GS1 standards provide a flexible platform that enables companies to attain maximum

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efficiency. All the elements of the system are compatible with each other. This allows for them
to be deployed in a manner that addresses specific customer needs, while remaining changeable
for future additions.
References
Butner, K. (2010). The smarter supply chain of the future. Strategy & Leadership, Vol. 38, Iss. 1,
pp. 22-31.
GS1 Australia (2017). Welcome to GS1 Australia. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gs1au.org/
GS1 Global (2017a). Welcome to GS1: The Global Language of Business. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.gs1.org/
GS1 Global (2017b). The Role of GS1 in International Trade and Border Regulatory
Procedures. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gs1.org/docs/tl/border-management-
elearn/Role_of_GS1.pdf
Caridi, M., Moretto, A., Perego, A. and Tumino, A. (2014). The benefits of supply chain
visibility: A value assessment model. International Journal of Production Economics,
151, 1-19.
Pero, M., & Rossi, T. (2014). RFID technology for increasing visibility in ETO supply chains: a
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Pfahl, L. and Moxham, C. (2014). Achieving sustained competitive advantage by integrating
ECR, RFID and visibility in retail supply chains: a conceptual framework. Production
Planning & Control, 25(7), 548-571.
Semianiaka, N. and Silina, E. (2012). The role of global data identification standards for supply
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http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:578565/FULLTEXT01.pdf%E2%80%8E
Thiesse, F. et al. (2011). The rise of the “next-generation bar code”: An international RFID
adoption study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 16, Iss. 5, pp. 328-
345.
Zhang, A. N., Goh, M. and Meng, F. (2011). Conceptual modelling for supply chain inventory
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