Hackers without borders: A legal response

The report discusses the growing cybercrime in Australia and the need for an international cybercrime tribunal. It covers the extradition process, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and the need for stringent laws. The report also suggests adopting specialized equipment and cloud mitigation providers to avoid cyber attacks. The report is relevant to the subject of cybercrime and law and is suitable for students pursuing courses in law and cybersecurity.

Running head: HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
Hackers without borders: a legal response
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1HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
Press release.........................................................................................................................3
Distributed denial-of-service attack.....................................................................................4
Extradition...........................................................................................................................4
Need for an international cybercrime tribunal.....................................................................6
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................7
References............................................................................................................................8

2HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
Introduction
The Internet has successfully made our world too small in almost every aspect. While
doing so, it has also bought many concerns and vulnerability with it. The issue of privacy and
data protection has become an important issue throughout the world. It has been said by any
security experts of Australia that next generation war will not be fought through guns and
soldiers but it will be fought through cyber warfare which includes various such ways and
techniques under hacking that could be used (is being used) by any hostile nations around the
world. Hence, being a special adviser to the federal Attorney General, it becomes a great concern
regarding the number of extradition requests received from US authorities related to hacking or
distributed denial of service attacks that are carried out through young people in Western
Sydney. In this perspective, a short report regarding the issues and the extent of general mater is
cyber-crime for its nature and alleged offender in NSW as well as target that normally occurs in
the cases are presented in the study. In addition, how an international cybercrime tribunal or
forum can be developed for dealing the matters is described in the study.
Press release
Henry and Powell (2016) stated that the growing cybercrime in Australia has put a
different sort of pressure on the legal system of the country. Australia has been always an ardent
follower of the International conventions and laws that are made to facilitate goodwill among the
nation. One such nation is the United States of America that have significantly increased the
number of extradition request to Australia. Majority of this request is based on the cybercriminal
that has been using the Australian soil to attack various internet and networking platforms of the
USA. The Attorney General of Australia has been given the legal responsibility of handling all

3HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
such extradition requests that are made by the government of Australia for certain hacker
residing in Australia.
The basic procedure involves the AG carefully reading the extradition request along with
the proof that is made available by the USA about the involvement of the person that is or might
be residing in Australia (Tsui, 2015). This is usually followed by reviewing the petition that
might be filed by the defendant asking for not being extradited. This process does take a lot of
time because a lot of investigation and proof are presented by both the parties to the Attorney
General to evade and apprehend respectively. Once the Attorney General of Australia is
convinced about the extradition of the individual, he/she then contact the concerned authority in
Australia to extract that individual to face trials in the USA so that he/she could be punished
according to the law of the land of United States of America. This whole process also demands
an opaque and transparent cybercrime tribunal like the Interpol but there the focus should be
limited to the cybercrimes and unethical hacking from one country to the other.
Distributed denial-of-service attack
It has been seen by the cyber cell authority of the New South Wales that most of the
attack that is carried out of the servers and networks in the US used DDoS as a main attack by
the hackers in Australia. DDoS is a type of service denial attack where the system is made to
shut down or crash by the use of malformed data or overloading of the servers (Funk &
Hirschman, 2017). This does create a ruckus if the underlying coding of the website is not strong
enough. It has been seen that organized crime and group hackers use this technique to crash the
system and obtain the information that might be forbidden by the network's admin of that
system. There has been a rise in this type of attack by the hackers in Australia which are most of
the time aimed at the USA or European countries. Hence, it becomes important to focus on the

4HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
precautions or actions that can mitigate the attacks of the hackers. Being a special adviser to the
federal Attorney General, it can be advised to adopt specialized on-premises equipment and
cloud mitigation provider so that the attack and its impact can be avoided.
Extradition
McGlynn, Rackley and Houghton (2017) commented that the system and law of
extradition can vary from country to country depending upon the legal structure of that country.
Extradition is the process by which it is made sure that a criminal or cybercriminal in our case
cannot evade custody or fair trial by just switching one's country. This process has been very
fruitful not just for the justice system of the country but also has been beneficial in maintaining a
healthy relationship between countries.
In Australia, the Attorney's general department is has been given as the central authority
in the matters of international extradition. The laws and regulation of any such case are that is
taken up by AG office is guided by the service and execution of process act of 1992. It is also to
b noted that the extradition request that is sent by Australia must be forwarded only by the
Attorney General and not by any other government official.
There are certain limitation and rules which lays down that only those countries that have
a legal obligation for fetching extradition request from Australia and to Australia are liable to
entertain these request by the general (Dupont, 2017). The USA has been entitled to extraction
process through the “Extradition (United States Of America) regulation which says that the
united states are among the extradition country which gives authority to Australia to entertain
such request from them. It can be seen that due to the above legal clause in Australia is legally
binding in entertaining every extradition request that is sent from the United States of America.

5HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
Ghappour (2017) mentioned that there is a long list of procedure that is followed from
the time an extradition request is made by the US. The Attorney General gives a fair chance to
the defendant to prove his/her innocence or the fact that they have not been involved in any
cybercrime against the country that has given the petition, in our case, it is the USA. This is done
so that a defendant or the accused person is given a fair trial in Australia before they are handed
over to the authority in the USA. If the Attorney General is satisfied that the accused has been
wrongly framed by the agencies of the USA or any other country, the Attorney General is liable
to dismiss the case against the person. The dismissal based on the above ground is also respected
by the US considering the sovereignty of Australia and the independent judicial system of our
country.
However, if the Attorney General is convinced that the crime was indeed committed by
the accused, then he/she can immediately prepare an extradition order for the accused to the
USA. In the US too, the accused in the cybercrime is given adequate chance to prove his/her
innocence and face a fair trial (Hunter, 2017). The issue that surrounds these extradition cases is
that they take a lot of time to be resolved because of the tenacious procedure that is involved in
its proceeding.
Need for an international cybercrime tribunal
Any place or organization needs a set of rules or law which governs that space or else
anybody can do as they wish which might create a negative impact. Likewise, an international
cybercrime tribunal is the need of the times. With the increase in technology in the cyber world,
rules and regulations need to be put in place as to how to adjudicate disputes.

6HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
The rules need to be developed according to the Budapest Convention which is the most
important related to crimes committed on the Internet and/or computer crimes. The voices of
developing countries need to be also heard as they are the most affected due to flexible national
laws as opposed to developed nations. Once crimes like DDOS take place efforts should be made
to find out the culprit and once they have been identified they should be given an appropriate
punishment (Banks, 2016). These attackers are a threat to international security
It should be composed of a stipulated number of judges which can be decided based on
votes. There should be a provision to give an advisory opinion as prevalent in the International
Court of Justice, in cases, where the jury might require additional help. The tribunal should look
into all kinds of cybercrimes like DDoS, hacking, fraud, phishing, etc. In wake of recent attacks,
stringent laws need to be put into place and followed (Rosenzewig, 2014). Thus, the international
cybercrime tribunal should be given proper authority so that the decisions taken by them are
properly followed and not be treated like many other tribunals that are existing but their
decisions are not carried out.
Conclusion
The cybercrimes in Australia is increasing by the day and the authority is coming up with
new ways to catch these cybercriminals. Going further into the report, the concept of cyber
criminals should be understood. Cybercriminal is those hacker or group of hacker that tries to
obtain a private data through a system’s server in order to know about the private details. These
cyber criminals do not restrict themselves to just one country rather they operate globally using
the internet as there tools. In Australia too, there has been a rise in these sorts of activity where
the majority of the culprit is using Australian soil to hack into the systems and networks of the
USA. This is usually followed by an extradition request by the USSA to hand over these

7HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
cybercriminals to the authority of the USA. Therefore, adoption of the above mentioned methods
can be helpful to protect the hackers and obtain potential security.

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References
Banks, W. C. (2016). Cyber espionage and electronic surveillance: beyond the media
coverage. Emory LJ, 66, 513.
Dupont, B. (2017). Bots, cops, and corporations: on the limits of enforcement and the promise of
polycentric regulation as a way to control large-scale cybercrime. Crime, law and social
change, 67(1), 97-116.
Funk, R. J., & Hirschman, D. (2017). Beyond nonmarket strategy: Market actions as corporate
political activity. Academy of Management Review, 42(1), 32-52.
Garrie, D., & Reeves, S. R. (2015). An Unsatisfactory State of the Law: The Limited Options for
a Corporation Dealing with Cyber Hostilities by State Actors. Cardozo L. Rev., 37, 1827.
Ghappour, A. (2017). Searching Places Unknown: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction on the Dark
Web. Stan. L. Rev., 69, 1075.
Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2016). Sexual violence in the digital age: The scope and limits of
criminal law. Social & Legal Studies, 25(4), 397-418.
Hunter, D. (2017). Cyberspace as Place and the Tragedy of the Digital Anticommons. In Law
and Society Approaches to Cyberspace (pp. 59-139). Routledge.
McGlynn, C., & Rackley, E. (2017). Image-based sexual abuse. Oxford Journal of Legal
Studies, 37(3), 534-561.

9HACKERS WITHOUT BORDERS: A LEGAL RESPONSE
McGlynn, C., Rackley, E., & Houghton, R. (2017). Beyond ‘Revenge Porn’: The continuum of
image-based sexual abuse. Feminist Legal Studies, 25(1), 25-46.
Rosenzewig, P. (2014). International law and private actor active cyber defensive
measures. Stan. J. Int'l L., 50, 103.
Tsui, L. (2015). The coming colonization of Hong Kong cyberspace: government responses to
the use of new technologies by the umbrella movement. Chinese Journal of
Communication, 8(4), 1-9.
Wright, S. (2017). Mythology of cyber-crime—Insecurity & governance in cyberspace: Some
critical perspectives. In Cyberspace (pp. 211-227). Springer, Cham.