Impact of Hand Hygiene Strategies on Reducing Hospital Acquired Infection
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This research project aims to implement WHO’s Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement strategy among health care workers working in three countries namely Iran, Australia and US and find out the efficacy of the intervention in reducing rate of HAI and bacterial infection in health care workers working in a tertiary hospital of each of the country.
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Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) Total word limit for this assessment item is 2000 words 1.PROJECT DETAILS Project title: What type of project is this? (Tick as many as apply) Masters projectClinical TrialPostgraduate Diploma UndergraduateStudent Research ProjectHonours PhDStaff Research ProjectOther Through which School/Section is the research to be conducted? 2.RESEARCHERS Principal Researcher (STAFF MEMBER ONLY) Title & Name:Dr Joanne Porter Position:Senior Lecturer School/Section:School of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare Phone number:51 236996 Email address:joanne.porter@federation.edu.au Please list academic qualifications:PhD, MN, GradDipCC, GradDipHSM, GradCertHeD, BN, RN Describe what this researcher will do in the context of this project: The lead researcher will be an expert guide though all aspects of the project. Include a brief summary of relevant experience for this project: Supervisionofhigherdegreestudents,multiple publications to peer reviewed journals and successful competitive grants applications. Student/Other Researcher/s Title & Name: Position: School/Section: Phone number: Email address: Student ID number: Please list academic qualifications: Describe what this researcher will do in the context of this project: Include a brief summary of relevant experience for this project: 1 Impact of hand hygiene strategies on reducing hospital acquired infection (HAIs), bacterial disease and viral disease compared to other intervention in health care setting throughout the world.
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Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) 3.LAY DESCRIPTION Provide a brief outline of the project describing in everyday, jargon-free language the key aspects of the research (e.g., who will be participating, what information will be collected and by what means, what participants will be required to do, etc.) and the key research aims. (300 words max.) 4.RESEARCH AIMS & SIGNIFICANCE State the aims, key research questions, and significance of the project. Also provide a brief description of the relevance of your proposed project to current research, supported by the literature. (500 words max.) 2 This research project mainly aims to implement WHO’s Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement strategy among health care workers working in three countries namely Iran, Australia and US and find out the efficacy of the intervention in reducing rate of HAI and bacterial infection in health care workers working in a tertiary hospital of each of the country. The main rational for selecting three countries is to understand the impact of the program on rate of infection in hospitals worldwide. The advantage of selecting the WHO’s multimodal strategy is that it has the potential to address all types of barriers that contribute to non-compliance with hand hygiene and risk of HAI in health care setting. The five key elements of the program will include system change to promote access to alcohol based hand rub, ongoing training and education, evaluation of practice, use of reminders and providing a culture of safety in the institute. The five elements have the potential to engage in appropriate change process (Farhoudi et al., 2016). The main research participants were health care workers working in the three hospitals and observation method was used to collect information related to the compliance with hand hygiene, increase in use of alcohol rub, reduction in HAI and attitude towards hand hygiene after the program. It is planned to conduct an observation and interview based study. Observation by experienced medical staffs will help to understand staff’s compliance with hand hygiene protocol and interview will help to evaluate experience of staffs after participation in the program. The participants will be required to first attend ongoing training and education session and then implement them in clinical setting. Their hand hand hygiene practices will be evaluated by observation and interview. Hence, by the use of above approach, the research project aims to find out whether hand hygiene strategies can reduce HAI in hospitals across the world or not. The main aim of the research is as follows: •to find out whether hand hygiene strategies can reduce the rate of HAI, bacterial disease and viral disease in hospitals through the world or not •To evaluated different types of hand hygiene strategies implemented in health care setting •To achieve reduction in rate of HAI and burden of such disease for patients and other staffs Research question: The following research question will help to get answer to the research aim: ‘Can hand hygiene strategies reduce HAI, bacterial disease and viral disease compared to other intervention in health care setting across the world?’ Significance of the project: Working on this project is important because of the increase in burden of HAI in health care setting. HAI or nosocomial infection refers to the type of infection which are acquired by a person in the health care setting (for example-long term care, ambulatory care and home care) where a person receives care (Magill et al. 2014). Hence, such infection occurs during the course of treatment and it leads to many undesirable complications for patients. It also necessitates additional diagnostic cost and treatment cost. According to the World Health Organization (2018) report worldwide, hundreds of millions of patients are influence by HCAI in different countries and the burden is particularly higher in low and middle income countries. It is one of the major patient safety issues in hospital and for this reason, patients, government and regulatory bodies are paying attention to health care associated infection. Hence, finding the preventive steps to control such infection in clinical setting is important. This research project is particularly aiming to evaluated impact of hand hygiene strategies on reducing HAI because of the link between hand hygiene and HAI. This is because HAI are mostly transmitted by means of contact transmission and airborne spread. Hence, poor hand hygiene and lack of complying with good hand hygiene practice increase the risk of transmission of blood borne pathogen from staffs to patient or other staffs. Hence, hand hygiene has received attention as part of infection control activities. It is the most simplest and cost effective means to reduce the prevalence of HAI and prevent spread of MRSA infection. However, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practice has been low because of clinical, environmental and behavioral factors. Clinical factors include overcrowding, understaffing and working in intensive care unit.
Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) 5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Provide an outline of the proposed method, including details of data collection techniques, tasks participants will be asked to do, the estimated time commitment involved, and how data will be analysed. (500 words max). 6.RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS Participant Details Describe your proposed recruitment strategy to source target participants. Provide the number and age range, giving a justification of your proposed sample size.(100 words) Target participants Who are the target participants?(Tick as many as applicable) Students or staff of this University Adults (over the age of 18 years and competent to give consent) Children/legal minors (under the age of 18 years, with parental consent)* Elderly individuals Individuals from non–English-speaking backgrounds Pensioners or welfare recipients 3 Research design: Quasi-experimental study design will be used to evaluate the impact of hand hygiene strategies on reducing rate of HAI in the selected health care setting. It is a type of research design in which the independent variable is manipulated to understand the affect on dependant variable (Campbell & Stanley, 2015). Hence, the study design is suitable when the purpose is to test the effectiveness of an intervention. By the use of quasi-experimental research design, the stepwise elements of the WHO’s Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy will be implemented. Data collection technique: Each facility will be prepared for the change by making all resource like paper towels, sink and alcohol based hand rub available for health care workers. Visual aids like poster, visual reminders and colorful message at important point will also be used to attract attention of health care workers towards hand hygiene. This will be followed by a two week protocol training where verbal instruction will be give regarding ‘Five moments of hand hygiene and best strategies to engage in hand hygiene. Infection control booklet will also be provided to each staff. The evaluation of hand hygiene compliance will be done by means of direct observation by two medical doctors. The observers will need to complete a direct observation form which will have the following components: •Before patient contact •Before aseptic procedure •After body fluid exposure •After patient contact •After contact with patient surroundings. To eliminate the risk of bias during the observation, research participants will not be aware of the observation method and observation will be done by CC TV. The observation method will be completed after 1 months of training session. In addition, after six months of implementation of the program, follow-up evaluation will be done to understand the impact of program effectiveness in reducing HAI and improving staff’s attitude towards patient safety. The qualitative interview and feedback session will mainly explore participant’s experience of applying the education and training knowledge to engage in hand hygiene practices. The interview data will be audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis: The analysis of compliance with hand hygiene will be done by the analysis of direct observation form and identifying the number of staffs who have followed all the five moments of hand hygiene. In addition, the analysis of participant’s response related to experience with hand hygiene technique, knowledge related to risk of HAI and barriers faced in implementing the five moments of hand hygiene will be done by adapting the thematic analysis method. Thematic analysis is a common method of analysis in qualitative research and the main purpose of thematic analysis is to find out patterns in data and categorize research findings into different themes (Braun, Clarke & Terry, 2014). This process will help to identify common issues or facilitators for staffs implementing the hand hygiene strategies. Using thematic approach can give a critical insight into the strength and weakness of the program and the success of the program in reducing the rate of HAI and other types of infection in tertiary hospitals of the two selected countries. The target population for this project is health care workers who are involved in providing care to patient in acute care setting. Main health care worker for the project will be nurses and others medical staffs who come in contact with patient on a daily basis. The health administrator of each hospital will be approached and permission for the project will be taken after distributing the project details to all health care workers. An informed consent form will be provided that will give staffs idea regarding the project goal and method in which the project will be implemented. The participants will be selected only if they give informed consent for participating in research (Grady, 2015). It is planned to take 20 samples from each hospital and a total of 60 samples from the three hospitals. Low sample size has been taken because of the rigorous program steps and too much time involved in collecting data related to compliance and experience with the hand hygiene strategies. â–
Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) Intellectually or mentally impaired individuals unable/with compromised capacity to provide consent Physically disabled individuals Patients or clients Prisoners, parolees, or wards of the state Individuals highly dependent on medical care with a compromised capacity to give consent Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Island communities Women who are pregnant and the human foetus People who may be involved in illegal activities *Parental consent may not be required in some instances -refer National Statement, 4.2.8 & 4.2.9 7.RISK MANAGEMENT This section raises the issue of your duty of care toward research participants. To what risks are participants subjected? What will you do should an emergency occur, or should a participant become upset or distressed? What is your risk management strategy? Refer National Statement: Section 2.1 Risk and Benefit Research Activities Which of the following activities will the research involve? (Tick as many as apply) Use of a questionnaire (attach copy) Interviews (attach interview questions) Observation of participants without their knowledge Participant observation Audio- or video-taping of interviewees or events Access to personal and/or confidential data (including student, patient or client data) without participants’ specific consent Administration of any stimuli, tasks, investigations or procedures which may be experienced by participants as physically or mentally painful, stressful or unpleasant during or after the research process Performance of any acts which may diminish the self-esteem of participants or cause them to experience embarrassment, regret or depression Use of non-treatment of placebo control conditions Collection of body tissues or fluid samples 4 â–
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Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) Identify as far as possible all potential risks to participants (e.g., physical, psychological, social, legal, economic) associated with the proposed research. Explain what risk management procedures will be put in place, along with contact details of an appropriately qualified organisation for participant reference in case of distress, eg: Lifeline(200 words) 8.CONSENT Obtaining and Documenting Consent How will informed consent be obtained/recorded? Signed consent form Recorded verbal consent Implied by return of survey Other (Please specify): 9.INFORMATION PROTECTION (DATA STORAGE & SECURITY) Confidentiality Tick which method will be used to guarantee confidentiality/anonymity? Non-identifiable (anonymous) data, which have never been labelled with individual identifiers or from which identifiers have been permanently removed, and by means of whichno specific individual can be identified. Re-identifiable data, from which identifiers have been removed and replaced by a code, but it remains possible to re-identify a specific individual by, for example, using the code or linking different data sets. Individually identifiable data, where the identity of a specific individual can reasonably be ascertained. Examples of identifiers include the individual’s name, image, and date of birth or address. Security and Storage Does the Principal Researcher accept responsibility for the security of the data collected? Yes Who will have access to data? Access by named researchers onlyAccess by other(s) than named researcher(s) 5 The project that will be implemented does not have any invasive procedure or conditions that can cause any physical risk to participants. Hence, any physical risk from the program is nil. However, the process of implementing training and education session related to hand hygiene technique and interview process might increase mental burden and exhaustion of health care workers. Hence, the participants might be at risk of psychological stress as they will have to spend extra time at work. However, to motivate the staffs and increase participation in the program, it is planned to keep the duration of education session to only 1 hour and provide only four sessions in two weeks. In addition, a very short interview of up to 20 minutes will be done to save time of health care workers. There are many ethical risk in conducting the research too because to increase the reliability of study findings, it has been planned to not make staffs aware that they are being observed. However, the ethical issues will be managed because indirect observation will not lead to any breach of privacy and confidentiality requirement. The data regarding compliance rate will be recorded and personal information will be used during the process. â– â– â– â–
Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) Which of the following methods will be used to ensure data security? Data will be kept in locked filing cabinets Data and identifiers will be kept in separate, locked filing cabinets Access to computer files will be available by password only Other (please describe) 10. RESEARCH TOOLS Please check that the following documents are included in your application by writing in the box below(300 words) Are the following research tools are included in this application? YesNoN/A QuestionnaireDraft Interview QuestionsDraft Other 6 ■■The research project mainly uses two research tools to collect data from health care workers. The first tool is the WHO direct observation form which will record the number of times the ‘Five moments of Hand Hygiene’ has been missed or effectively completed. This will help to tract the impact of education and training on improve hand hygiene practice and reducing risk of HAI. The program will also spread the awareness for improving hand hygiene practices so that related diseases can be avoided. The interview will be conducted on 50 staff members and basis their response it can be determined whether the awareness program has been successful or not. The form will give details about the department, service, country and professional category of health care workers. Another important document of this research project is questionnaire for interview. This will be prepared and no tool will be used for interview process. The following questions will be used to explore experience of staffs regarding the intervention: 1. How do you feel after participating in hand hygiene training? 2. Has the experience changed your knowledge and attitude towards hand hygiene? How? 3. Did you experience any barrier in following the five moments of hand hygiene? 4. Do you think the use of WHO guideline can reduce risk of HAI in health care setting? How? 5. Do you think you will follow the hand hygiene protocols in future as well? 6. How will you ensure that others are also following the hand hygiene techniques? 7. Why do you think it is important to maintain hand hygiene? Based on the results of the interview it will be determined whether the intervention has been a success or not. It is important for the staff to follow hand hygiene protocols so that further risk of infection can be avoided.
Sample Application for HREC Approval (NURBN3022) 11. DECLARATIONS Researcher Declarations: The information contained herein is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, accurate. I have read theUniversity’s current human ethics guidelines,and accept responsibility for the conduct of the procedures set out in the attached application in accordance with the guidelines. I and my co- researchers have the appropriate qualifications, experience and facilities to conduct the research set out in the attached application and to deal with any emergencies and contingencies related to the research that may arise. Principal Researcher DR JOANNE PORTER (Print name in block letters) Date: …..../…...../…..... Other Researcher ……………………………………………… (Print name in block letters) Date: …..../…...../…..... Other Researcher ………………………………………………… (Print name in block letters) Date: …..../…...../…..... 7