Between the Lines (6-8 July)

The provided assignment content includes various sources, including pamphlets, brochures, handbooks, microfiches, dictionaries, the Quran, and foreign language materials. The summary aims to provide a concise overview of the essential points to keep in mind when handling these diverse sources for academic purposes. Key takeaways include acknowledging authors, respecting original work, paraphrasing ideas, avoiding long quotations, verifying secondary sources, maintaining consistency, seeking guidance, testing drafts, having confidence in own work, and being aware of plagiarism and academic dishonesty.

HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE
‘HELPING YOU AVOID PLAGIARISM’
September 2011
5th edition 2014
Developed, produced and printed by the Academic Success Unit
© Radhika Iyer-O’Sullivan, Learning & Teaching Advisor.
This is a referencing guide to the Harvard author-date referencing system. It is based on the
following guides:
1. University of Birmingham (UK) Harvard Referencing Guide
2. University of Manchester (UK) Harvard Referencing Guide
3. Cardiff University (UK) Harvard Referencing Guide
4. Central Queensland University (AUSRALIA) Harvard Referencing Guide
This document can be found on Blackboard. Open Blackboard, go to the Academic Success
Unit: Study guides. Click on and open The Harvard Referencing Guide.
Contents
SECTION SUB-SECTIONS Page
Overview What is referencing? 2
Why should you reference? 2
Should you reference public domain information? 2
The quick guide to referencing 2-4
Avoiding Plagiarism What is plagiarism and how can you avoid it? 5
Which referencing system should you use? 5
Principles of author-date referencing 5
Way of citing 6
Paraphrasing 7
Paraphrase or use quotations? 7
Using direct quotations 7-8
Page numbers 9
Acronyms and initialisms 9

Latin Term Meaning 10
Websites – Friend or foe? Evaluating websites for educational use 10
Using search engines 11-14
Difference between a reference list & a bibliography 15
Features of the reference list 15-17
Frequently asked questions (FAQs) 17-18
How to List in Detail Quick guide to referencing models 18-20
Hard copy books 21
Electronic books 24
Hard copy journal articles 25
Online or electronic journals 26
Hardcopy – newspaper articles 26
Electronic copy – newspaper articles 27
Hard copy university provided study materials 27
Electronic copy university provided study materials 28
Other documents on the World Wide Web (www) 30
Conferences 30
Dissertations/Theses 31
Official Reports/Market Research Reports 31-32
British Standards 32
Maps/Images 32
Video/Audio 33
Television 34
Advertisements 34
Specialised sources 34
Figures & tables 36
Sample reference list & bibliography 37
Summary Points to keep in mind… 38
OVERVIEW
What is referencing?
When you write an assignment at university, you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it—
both in the text of your assignment and in a list at the end of your assignment. This practice of
acknowledging authors is known as referencing.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else’s opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos,
computers, other print or electronic sources, and personal communications. A reference is
required if you:
• quote (use someone else’s exact words)
• copy (use figures, tables or structure)
• paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words)
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• summarise (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas).
Why should you reference?
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data.
Should you reference public domain information?
Public domain information is information that is so widely known that it is considered everybody
would be aware of its source. The general public use public domain information freely. Where
authors or sources are so widely known, specific citation may not be required. Check with your
lecturer on this issue.
The quick guide to referencing
Robert Harris designed these simple flowcharts to assist students to cite their research properly.
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(Source: Harris 2001, p. 155)
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(Source: Harris 2001, p. 158)
These flowcharts can be found in Harris, R. (2001). The plagiarism handbook: strategies for
preventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism. Los Angeles:Pyrczak. pp. 155 & 158.
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AVOIDING PLAGIARISM incl. referencing, paraphrasing, using
quotations, technical tips and using websites.
What is plagiarism and how can you avoid it?
Plagiarism is the intentional use of someone else’s ideas, words or concepts in your assignment
work. It is considered serious misconduct at University and should be avoided at all times.
The University has a policy on plagiarism and you are strongly encouraged to familiarise
yourself with it. The policy is in the student handbook and available on Blackboard within
Academic Success Unit.
Committing plagiarism can carry very serious penalties for students, including expulsion from a
university. Regrettably, students have been known to commit offences of plagiarism by not
understanding what acceptable paraphrasing, summarizing or quoting techniques are. This is
discussed later in this guide.
The best way to avoid being accused of plagiarism is to acknowledge the resources upon which
you have based your ideas.
Which referencing system should you use?
This guide explains the Harvard system of author-date referencing. Unlike some other
referencing systems, the Harvard system is NOT proprietal. Thus, universities tend to develop
their own Harvard guides to help students use standard procedures. This BUiD Harvard guide
was developed based on guides from our partner universities namely University of Birmingham,
University of Manchester and Cardiff University. Some information was also obtained from
Central Queensland University pertaining to specialised sources.
Principles of author-date referencing
There are two parts to the author-date system of referencing.
• the author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your writing (called
embedded or in-text referencing)
• all of the resources referred to in the body of the writing are included in the reference list at the
end of the assignment. All information is included in this list: author, date, title of publication,
publisher and where it was published.
The other features of author-date referencing include:
• a specific order in which this information should be structured
• the in-text reference which should be placed (cited) in such a way that it causes minimal
disruption to the flow of your writing—this usually means at the very end or the very beginning
of your sentences (see ways of citing below).
When you cite sources of information in the text of your assignment—regardless of whether you
quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise—you should include:
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• the author’s surname (family name)
• the year of publication (latest edition)
• page numbers when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an author’s words/material
• correct punctuation and spacing.
Ways of citing
There are two ways of citing references: author prominent and information prominent.
Author prominent
This way gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) as part of
your sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses (round brackets).
Quotation example
Cowie (1996, p. 91) argues that “socialism rejected the liberal ideals of individualism and
competition”.
Paraphrase example
Cowie (1996) suggests that unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole before
the good of the individual.
Information prominent
The other way of citing references gives prominence to the information, with all the required
referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation.
Quotation example
It has been argued that “socialism rejected the liberal ideals of individualism and competition”
(Cowie 1996, p. 91).
Paraphrase example
Unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole before the good of the individual
(Cowie 1996).
Some signal verbs that help with author-prominent referencing
state point out describe remark add
suggest maintain assert affirm agree
claim clarify disagree argue contest
contend highlight find show imply
theorise offer predict question dispute
justify confirm reason believe stipulate
conclude demonstrate define explain expound
lead draw ensure share develop
extol express forecast categorise present
manipulate calculate count feel simplify
summarise differentiate distinguish build form
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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means to restate accurately and succinctly in your own words something you have
read. If your work does not refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource but to general
themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown.
General theme
Studies (Tanner 1999) indicate that the economic structure of Australia today is far more
unpredictable and unstable than it was thirty years ago.
Specific idea
Tanner (1999, p. 22) claims that the introduction of the GST in the Australian economic structure
has not impacted the price of fuels.
Paraphrase or use quotations?
It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words) as too many quotations
(using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written assignment. A general rule in academic
circles is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. No
matter whether you use quotations or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give
references—both in the text and in the reference list.
Using direct quotations
Quotations should be used sparingly, selected carefully, used in context, integrated into your text
and reproduced exactly (including the words, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation and
paragraphing of the original writer). The word [sic] (meaning so or thus) can be inserted in a
quotation when the original text is incorrect with regard to grammar, spelling or gender. For
example:
• According to Bloggs (2006, p. 21), the alarming growth in obesity levels in Australia can be
attributed to “cendentary [sic] lifestyles, time saving household devices and the rapid growth of
the fast food industry”.
• Smith (2006, p. 21) raises a contentious issue in the discipline debate with the belief that
“when a child is at school, he [sic] must comply with the school rules unquestionably”.
A quotation is used if:
• misinterpretation would result from a change to the words
• a major argument needs to be recorded as evidence
• it is important to comment on, refute or analyse the ideas expressed
• it is a particularly elegant or forceful phrase.
Short quotations
Short quotations (fewer than 30 words) should:
• be incorporated into your sentence without disrupting the flow of your paragraph
• have double quotation marks
• have the full stop after the citation
• keep the same font size.
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Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence—information prominent
Many of our teacher trainees at University in Dubai lacked the skill or did not how to pursue the
knowledge that would enable them to make comparisons and evaluations because they are
constantly “wrestling with the dilemma of how to balance or relate real knowledge with personal
knowledge” (Calderhead 1987, p.55).
Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence—author prominent
All students were required to maintain a school experience portfolio in all their school
experiences. The benefits of keeping a teaching practice portfolio have been expounded by
many. Bird and Owais (2004, p.359) argue that “[t]eaching portfolios promote self-reflection,
which in turn promotes better learning environments”.
The square brackets around the ‘t’—[t]—are used to indicate that in the original quotation
the word ‘teaching’ began with a capital T.
Long quotations
Long quotations (more than 30 words) should:
• be introduced in your own words
• begin on a new line
• be fully indented by default (i.e. 1.27 cm) from the left margin
• be in single line spacing
• use a smaller font for the quotation, that is, change from size 12 to size 11.
Separate the quotation from the lead-in statement with one blank line. The lead-in statement ends
with a colon (:). Separate the quotation from the text that follows it with one blank line. This is
illustrated below.
Example
Friere (1998, p. 3) summarises the effects of reducing literacy to a set of tools or skills when he
states that:
[m]erely teaching men to read and write does not work miracles: If there are not enough jobs
for men who are able to work, teaching more men to read and write will not create them.
When literacy is considered as a social practice, the relationships that exist between language use
and the production and maintenance of cultural and ideological hegemony are uncovered.
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are not used for longer quotations. When using an information prominent long
quotation, the full stop will be included after the last sentence of the quotation before the citation
as shown below.
When literacy is reduced to set of tools or skills, the impact can be detrimental:
[m]erely teaching men to read and write does not work miracles: If there are not enough jobs for
men who are able to work, teaching more men to read and write will not create them. When
literacy is considered as a social practice, the relationships that exist between language use and
the production and maintenance of cultural and ideological hegemony are uncovered. (Friere
1998, p.3).
Words omitted from quotations
To omit words from quotations, use an ellipsis (…). The quotation must still keep the same
sense.
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Barton (1994, p. 7) describes literacy as a “set of practices which people use in literacy events
… and that literacy practices are situated in social relations”.
If the quotation does not begin at the start of a sentence, an ellipsis should be used to convey this
to the reader. For example:
Students may adopt a more dominant understanding of literacy because of the emphasis they
place on literacy as a means of achieving “… equality of opportunity and the possibilities of
liberty and democracy” (Rockhill 1994, p. 4).
Double quotations
For a double quotation—that is, a quotation within a quotation—use double quotation marks
inside single quotation marks:
‘The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are “Call me Ishmael” and these words are full of
significance’ was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech (Johns 1995, p. 43).
The square brackets in quotations
Sometimes in quotations it is necessary to insert a word that explains the meaning of another
word in that quotation. Place the explanation in square brackets.
‘The curriculum of the national schools in the 1870s included reading, writing, arithmetic, drill
[physical exercises] and music’ (Cowie et al. 1996, p. 21).
Page numbers
Page numbers should be used when you directly quote material (word for word) from the
original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page numbers should also be provided for
indirect quotes and paraphrasing where the summarised material appears in specific pages,
chapters or sections.
The following examples illustrate the use of page numbers
One page referred to Wells 1992, p. 4
Pages that are not in sequence Smith 1996, pp. 1, 4 & 6
Pages that are in sequence Jones & Mackay 1998, pp. 25–26
Pages from a web site Kelly & McWhirter 1997, p. 1 of 2
Acronyms and initialisms
• Acronyms are initial letters pronounced as a word. Examples are TAFE, QANTAS, and so on.
These must appear both in-text and in the reference list.
• If a work contains numerous references to a particular resource with a long title, for example,
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the initialism may be used, RSPCA.
Other examples are BUiD, NSW and USA.
The first citation in-text must include both the full title and the acronym or initialism, and
thereafter the acronym and initialism will suffice. Write these without full stops.
Example
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) has a policy on removing
injured animals. The RSPCA is permitted to enter a property at any time following a report of
complaint (RSPCA 1999).
In the reference list, both the long title and the acronym or initialism must be included, for
example:
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Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). (1999). Policy statement on
removal of animals at risk. Brisbane:RSPCA.
Latin Term Meaning
 et alia or et al. These terms mean and others and is used for four or more authors to
shorten the in-text citation. The entry in the reference list must show all the authors. The
term et al. is not italicised.
 [sic] The term means ‘thus’ or ‘this is how it was written’. This is used when there is a
spelling or grammatical error or when sexist language is used in the original source
quoted. This term [sic] appears immediately after the original error. It is not italicised and
appears in square brackets.
 c. This term denotes circa and means approximately. This is used when the approximate
date is all that is known. It is not italicized and ends with a full stop.
Specialist terms or foreign words
Specialist terms that have been coined to give a particular meaning with a field need to be in
single quotation marks the first time they are mentioned such: ‘Green buildings’, Ethical
Research’, ‘Reflective Teaching’ etc.
Foreign words need to be given within single quotation marks too for instance: The word
plagiarism originated from the Latin word ‘plagiarius’ which literally means kidnapper.
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources are instances of indirect referencing that also MUST be acknowledged. This
refers to sources cited within your readings that you also want to cite. You are strongly advised
to track and locate the secondary sources so that you can read and develop your own
understanding and interpretation.
However, if these sources cannot be found, then you may use then as secondary sources. It is
recommended that you paraphrase rather than quote if using secondary sources. Please limit your
secondary sources to 5% of your entire sources. Too many secondary sources will indicate that
you are not an active academic reader. See page 24 for example on using secondary sources.
WEBSITES – Friend or foe?
Evaluating web sites for educational use
Take care to evaluate the quality and trustworthiness of any electronic information you wish to use in
an academic assignment. The standard of reliability and validity for information on web sites is often
not as high as for articles in published materials. Anyone can place information on the WWW, often
without any review process.
Reliable sources generally include:
• refereed articles in online journals
• articles from databases selected by the university
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• articles published by universities, government departments, business
organisations, reputable lobby groups.
Adopt a cautious approach!
Consider the following:
1. What is the purpose of the web site? Ascertain the purpose (to inform, to persuade, to sell). If
you know the motive behind the web page, you can judge it better.
2. Is there an author/sponsor? If you cannot find an author or an organization responsible for
publishing the site, then it most probably is not reliable. Is the author qualified to write about this
topic? What is the author’s expertise? Is the sponsor reputable? Are opinions being presented as
facts? Try to differentiate fact from fiction. Authenticity is not always easy to confirm, so test
one source against another. Make sure there is no bias evident. Check that the person presenting
the information does not have a vested interest in proposing the particular view point.
3. Are references or bibliographies included?
4. How current is the information?
5. When was the web site last updated?
6. Is the information well written, free of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors?
Using Search Engines for Internet Research
Search engines provide a way of doing research on the Internet, and they can be effective tools.
However, to use them effectively for research, you need to be aware of their strengths and
weaknesses, as well as how and when to use them.
What a Search Engine is not
Search engines are not an authoritative resource for all the information on the Internet. Experts
estimate that maybe one third of the Web is indexed in search engines. Search engines do not
search documents in special formats, such as online databases. Just because you did not find
something through a search engine, does not mean it does not exist on the Internet. Furthermore,
there is plenty of valuable information that does not make it online at all, or was published prior
to the mid-1990s when the Web became popularized. To be most effective in your research, use
search engines in conjunction with other research methods -- specialized web sites, books,
magazines, public library, people, telephone, email, etc.
When to use a Search Engine.
Search engines are most useful for finding information when you have a clear idea of what you're
looking for, but no idea where to begin looking. If you have a good idea where the information
will be, for instance a government agency or newspaper, go to a site that organizes that type of
entity, not a search engine (Yahoo is good for this).
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How to use a Search Engine.
The more specific you are with your search terms, the more productive your research will be. It
is worth your while to learn and use the special search techniques that search engines provide to
help focus your search so you end up with more relevant material. The techniques include:
including or excluding search terms, exact phrase searching (using quotation marks), proximity
searching, and other tools. Each search engine works a little differently, so be sure to check out
their Search Tips or Help or Advanced Search options, so you know how they are set up.
Legitimate online research involves much more than 10 seconds with Google
and copy-pasting links to wikipedia.
Legitimate research is called re-search for a reason: repetitive and continuous searching,
filtering, and citing of articles, all with a critical and skeptical mindset. There are over 80 billion
Web pages published, and much of it is drivel. To successfully sift it all, you must use reliable
and consistent methods. You will need patience to see the full breadth of writing on any single
topic. You will also need your critical thinking skills to disbelieve anything until validated.
If you are a student, or if you are seeking serious professional or scientific information, definitely
heed these 8 suggested steps to researching online:
1. Choose a Research-Friendly Web Browser
Researching is repetitive and slow. You will want a tool that supports many open pages, and
easily backtracks through previous pages. A good research-friendly Web browser offers:
1. Multiple tab pages open simultaneously.
2. Bookmarks/favorites that are fast and easy to manage.
3. Page history that is easy to recall.
4. Loads pages quickly for your computer's memory size.
2. Decide if the Topic Is 'Hard Research', 'Soft Research', or Both.
'Hard' and 'soft' research have different expectations of data and proof. You should know the
hard or soft nature of your topic to point your search strategy where it will yield the most
compelling research results.
A) 'Hard research' describes scientific and objective research, where proven facts, figures,
statistics, and measurable evidence are absolutely critical. In hard research, the credibility of
every resource must be able to withstand intense scrutiny.
B) 'Soft research' describes topics that are more subjective, cultural, and opinion-based. Soft
research sources will be less scrutinized by the readers.
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C) Combined soft and hard research requires the most work, because this hybrid topic
broadens your search requirements. Not only do you need to find hard facts and figures, but you
will need to debate against very strong opinions to make your case. Politics and international
economy topics are the biggest examples of hybrid research.
3. Choose Which Online Authorities Are Suitable for Your Research Topic.
A) Soft research topics are often about collating the opinions of respected online writers.
Many soft research authorities are not academics, but rather writers who have practical
experience in their field.
B) Hard research topics require hard facts and academically-respected evidence.
An opinion blog will not fulfill this; you will need to find publications by scholars, experts, and
professionals with credentials. The Invisible Web will often be important for hard research.
4. Use different search engines and key words
Now comes the primary legwork: using different search engines and using 3-5 keyword
combinations. Patient and constant adjusting of your keywords are key here.
1. Firstly, start with broad initial researching at Internet Public Library, DuckDuckGo,
Clusty/Yippy, Wikipedia, Google, Yahoo and Mahalo. This will give you a broad sense
of what categories and related topics are out there, and give you possible directions to
aim your research.
2. Secondly, narrow and deepen your Visible Web searching with Google, Cuil.com,
and Ask.com. Once you have experimented with combinations of 3 to 5 different
keywords, these 3 search engines will deepen the results pools for your keywords.
3. Thirdly, go beyond Google, for Invisible Web (Deep Web) searching. Because
Invisible Web pages are not spidered by Google, you'll need to be patient and use slower
and more specific search engines.
5. Bookmark and Collect Possible Good Content.
While this step is simple, this is the second-slowest part of the whole process: this is where we
gather all the possible ingredients into organized piles, which we sift through later. Here is the
suggested routine for bookmarking pages:
1. CTRL-Click the interesting search engine result links. This will spawn a new tab page
each time you CTRL-Click.
2. When you have 3 or 4 new tabs, quickly browse them and do an initial assessment on
their credibility.
3. Bookmark any tabs you consider credible on first glance.
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4. Close the tabs.
5. Repeat with the next batch of links.
This method, after about 45 minutes, will have yielded you dozens of bookmarks to sift through.
6. Filter and Validate the Content.
This is the slowest step of all: vetting and filtering which content is legitimate, and which is
drivelous trash. If you are doing hard research, this is also the most important step of all,
because your resources MUST withstand close examination later.
1. Carefully consider the author/source, and the date of publication. Is the author an
authority with professional credentials, or someone who is peddling their wares and
trying to sell you a book? Is the page undated, or unusually old? Does the page have its
own domain name (e.g. honda.com, e.g. gov.co.uk), or is it some deep and obscure page
buried at MySpace?
2. Be suspicious of personal web pages, and any commercial pages that have a shoddy,
amateurish presentation. Spelling errors, grammar errors, poor formatting, bad
advertising on the side, absurd fonts, too many blinking emoticons... these are all red
flags that the author is not a serious resource, and does not care about the quality of their
publishing.
3. Be suspicious of any ranting, overstating, overly-positive, or overly-negative
commentary. If the author insists on ranting and crying foul, or conversely seems to
shower excessive praise, that could be a red flag that there is dishonesty and fraudulent
motivations behind the writing.
4. Use your intuition if something seems amiss with the web page. Perhaps the author is
just a little too positive, or seems a little too closed to other opinions. Maybe the author
uses insults to try to make his point. The formatting of the page might seem childlike and
haphazard. Or you get the sense that the author is trying to sell you something. If you
get any subconscious sense that there is something not quite right about the web page,
then trust your intuition.
5. Use Google 'link:' feature to see the 'backlinks' for a page. This technique will list
incoming hyperlinks from the major websites that recommend the web page of interest.
These backlinks will give you an indicator how much respect the author has earned
around the Internet. Simply go to google and enter 'link:www.(the web page's address)'
to see the backlinks listed.
7. Make a Final Decision on Which Argument You Now Support.
After spending a few hours researching, your initial opinion may have changed. Maybe you are
relieved, maybe you are more afraid, maybe you've just learned something and opened your
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mind that much more. Whichever it is, you will need to have an informed opinion if you are
about to publish a report or thesis for your professor.
If you have a new opinion, you might have to redo your research (or re-sift your existing
research bookmarks) in order to collate facts that support your new opinion and thesis
statement.
While there are over 300 free Internet search engines available today, it is not necessary to know
each one of them. In fact, as a student doing Internet research, a specific few engines stand out
for their breadth and depth of content, ease of use, speed of searching, and relevancy of results.
Here is a list of the best Internet search engines, as compiled from About Network editor
and reader reviews.
 Google Scholar: a version of Google dedicated to searching literary and scientific papers
online.
 The Top 10 General Purpose Search Engines
 The Invisible Web, Made Visible: Search Tools for Reference, Research Experts and
Students
 Invisible Web 'Portals': browse the massive world of non-spidered Web pages
Note: It is accepted that some of the electronic information which you use may not be
retrievable as it is either being updated/amended or has been deleted. To guard against this
possibility, print the material you are referring to or save it to a disk so that you have a
permanent record.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES & REFERENCE LISTS
Difference between a Reference list and a Bibliography
The reference list only identifies sources referred to (cited) in the text of your assignment. You
may also be required to provide a bibliography. A bibliography is presented in the same format
as a reference list but it includes all material consulted in the preparation of your assignment. In
other words, a bibliography presents the same items as a reference list but it also includes all
other sources which you read or consulted but did not cite. Harvard systems generally do not
need a Bibligraphy but if your faculty requests in, then please include one.
Features of the reference list
Elements for referencing a book
For a book, the following elements should be presented in this order:
• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses, followed by full stop.
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• Title: Full title in italics. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized. Follow
with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: Follows a colon at the end of the full title. Only proper nouns should be capitalized.
Followed by a full stop.
• Edition: Only include if it is not a first edition. Use the number followed by “edn.”
• Place of publication: Give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK.
Follow with a colon
• Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.
Book
Shearman, D. & Sauer-Thompson, G. (1997). Green or gone. Kent Town:Wakefield Press.
Elements for referencing a journal article
For a journal article, the following elements should be presented in this order:
• surname and initials of author(s)
• year of publication in parentheses
• title of article
• title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal capitalisation
• volume number where applicable
• issue number or other identifier where applicable, for example, Winter, in parentheses
• Page number(s).
Journal article
Stove, R.J. (1999). Xenophobia: the great local content myth. Institute of Public Affairs Review,
vol. 51 (1), pp. 14–16.
Arranging the reference list
1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s family name.
(Do not use numbers, letters or bullet points to begin each entry.)
2. Any reference that starts with a number (e.g. 7:30 Report) precedes the alphabetical listing and
is listed numerically.
3. Where there is more than one author of a publication, maintain the order of their names as they
appear on the title page of the publication, even if they are not in alphabetical order on the title
page.
4. If a reference has no author, list it alphabetically according to the sponsoring body, for
example, Ministry of Education.
5. If there is no author or sponsoring body, list alphabetically according to the title. The whole
title of the resource must appear, but when listing alphabetically, ignore words such as, ‘The’,
‘A’, ‘An’ at the beginning of the reference’s title. For example, ‘The Emirati child’ should be
alphabetised according to the ‘E’ in ‘Emirati’.
6. If there are two or more references by the same author, then list them in order of publication
date with the oldest work first.
7. If references by the same author have been published in the same year, then list them
alphabetically according to the title and add the letter ‘a’ after the first date, and ‘b’ after the
second date, and so on, (e.g. 1993a, 1993b, 1993c).
16

Formatting the reference list
The title should be References and it should be:
• bold
• left aligned
• in the same font size as the document, 12 pt.
Note: headings are neither underlined nor punctuated.
The references contained in the list should:
• be in single line spacing
• have a blank single line space between each reference (Hint: use paragraph spacing of 12 pt)
• be left aligned
• be arranged alphabetically
• be the final page of your assignment. (Appendices are placed after the reference list.)
A sample reference list illustrating this formatting has been provided at the end of this guide on
page 45.
Minimal or maximal capitalisation?
Some lecturers/faculties require a specific form of capitalisation in the reference list. Check to
see if there is a specific requirement and follow it. If there is no requirement, the Harvard author-
date system endorses minimal capitalisation.
Minimal capitalization
Only the first word in the titles of books, chapters and journal articles is capitalised. Authors’
names and initials, journal titles and publishing firm names are always capitalised. If the title of
the article, book or chapter contains a colon, only capitalise if the first word after the colon is a
proper name. For example:
Jones, B. (1999). The history of rock: John Lennon. London:Zen Publishing
For journal titles use maximal capitalisation.
Maximal capitalisation
For titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers), capitalise the first word and also
any other word which is not ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition (such as ‘for’, ‘on’, ‘under’, ‘about’) or
a conjunction (such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
These FAQs may provide you with information that you cannot find elsewhere in this booklet.
Q1: Why is the word Author sometimes used to identify the publisher?
A1: The word author is used when the author and the publisher are the same. This commonly
occurs when referencing government publications.
Q2: Is the printer also the publisher?
A2: Not often. Do not use phrases like ‘Government Printer’ to indicate the publisher.
Q3: What if there are two publishers for the resource?
A3: Show both publishers separated by an ampersand (&).
Q4: Do I need to cite all the editorial offices?
17

A4: No. Cite the main editorial office responsible for producing the resource—use the first one
listed on the title page. To be sure, check this on the verso page (the back of the title page).
Q5: Do I include the country name as well as the city/town name?
A5: No. However, the manual does state, that you could give the country with little known place
names.
Q6: Is the date of publication the same as the copyright date?
A6: No. For some publications the copyright is held by an author who may arrange publications
by different publishers on different dates.
Q7: What if no edition is shown?
A7: Assume it is the first edition. You do not have to include this (1st edn) in the actual
reference; only 2nd or later editions need to be specified.
Q8: If the title words on the spine or cover of a book are different from those on the title page,
which do I use?
A8: Use those on the title page.
Q9: Should multiple authors of an individual resource be recorded in alphabetical order?
A9: No. Record them as they appear on the title or verso page of the resource. Do not change
the order.
Q10: Should I include honorifics (Dr, Prof) or professional affiliations (AMA, FRACS)?
A10: No.
Q11: Can I use the expression ‘Anon’ (anonymous author)?
A11: Avoid this unless it is required by your lecturer or faculty. Use the title of the resource to
begin the reference rather than Anon.
Q12: Should I use Pty Ltd and Inc after publishing companies or corporations?
A12: No.
Q13: What I do when there is no date of publication?
A13: Use (n.d.)
Q14: What do I do when documents have no page numbers?
A14: Use print preview to determine your own page numbers if it is soft copy. If it is a hard
copy, put in your own page numbers.
Quick guide to referencing models
Hard copy books
One author 21
Two authors 21
Three authors 21
Four or more authors 21
Multiple works—same author 22
Works by different authors—same family name 22
Works by different authors—same family name—same year 22
Second or later edition with an author 22
Several sources cited at once 22
Author(s) sponsored by an institution, corporation or other organisation 23
No author but a sponsoring body or title 23
No author and second or later edition 23
Edited work—role of the editor is significant 23
Chapter in an edited work 23
One volume of a multi-volume work 23
18

One issue in a series 23
No date can be established 24
Approximate date can be established 24
Referring to a secondary source within a primary source 24
Referring to two secondary sources within a primary source 24
Author is also the publisher 24
Electronic books
Note: The above principles also apply to electronic copies of books.
E-book from library e-book resources 24
Hard copy journal articles Online or electronic journals
One authors 25 Journal article from a database 26
Two authors 25 Journal article from a website 26
More than three authors 25 Journal article from course online materials 26
No author 25
No volume number/issue number 25
From a university readings book 26
Magazine 26
Hard copy—newspaper articles
Newspaper article with an author 26
Newspaper article without an author 27
Electronic copy—newspaper articles
Newspaper article with an author (online newspaper) 27
Newspaper article with no author (online newspaper) 27
Hard copy university provided study materials
Study Guide (author known) 27
Study Guide ((author unknown) 28
Text reprinted in a university resource readings 28
Tutorial/workshop handout (unpublished) 28
Lecture notes (unpublished) 28
Lecture material–non-print (e.g. whiteboard notes) 28
Electronic copy university provided study materials
Study Guide CD 28
Course Resources Online (Library) 28
Blackboard lecture notes/slides 29
Other documents on The World Wide Web
Web pages with organizations as authors 29
Web pages with individual authors 30
Document on the WWW (author/sponsor given but not dated) 30
Document on the WWW (no author/sponsor) 30
Radio transcript from a website 30
Web blogs 30
Youtube 30
Podcast 30
Conferences
19

Full conference proceedings 30
Individual conference paper 30
Online full conference proceedings 30
Online conference paper 30
Paper presented at a meeting 31
Dissertation/Theses
Dissertation/Thesis 31
Online dissertation/thesis 31
Official Reports Market Research Report
Command paper 31 Mintel papers 32
Government report 31 Online Mintel Papers 32
Online report 31
British Standards
British Standards 33
British Standards online 33
Maps Images
Map 32 Image in a book 33
Online Map 32 Online image from a database 34
Atlas (with an editor) 33 Online image from a website 34
Atlas (with no editor) 33
Video/Audio Television
DVD Film 33 TV Programme 34
Video film 33 Episode from a TV Programme 34
Audio cassestte 33 Interview 34
Advertisements
TV advertisement 34
Newspaper advertisement 34
Internet advertisement 34
Specialised sources
Formal email 34
Personal communication 34
Interviews 34
Pamphlet 34
Brochure 35
Handbook 35
Microfiche 35
Dictionary 35
The Koran 35
Foreign-language material 35
Translated works 35
Figures & Tables
Figures 36
20

Tables 36
21

HOW TO LIST IN DETAIL
Hard copy books
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the references list
One author A recent sudy (Elder 1995) found that rock samples…
or
Elder (1995, p.14) claims that “….”
Elder, B. (1995). The magic of Australia. Sydney:Beaut
Books.
Note: When an author has two or more initials, the
entry would look like this:
Scwartz, H.J. (1985). Interactive writing: composing with
a word processor. Austin:Hold, Reinhardt & Winston.
Two authors A recent study (Yeric & Todd 1989) predicted that …
or
Yeric and Todd (1989, p. 17) suggest that “…”.
Note: Use an ampersand (&) within the parenthesis, but
use ‘and’ for author prominent referencing.
Yeric, J. & Todd, J. (1989). Public opinion: the visible
Politics. Chicago:Peacock Publishers.
Three authors A recent study highlighted the fact that … (Yeric, Todd &
Muller 1999).
or
Yeric, Todd and Muller (1999, p. 28) stated that “…”.
Note: Use an ampersand (&) within the parenthesis, but
use ‘and’ in author prominent referencing.
Yeric, J., Todd, J. & Muller, P. (1989). Political
perspectives. Chicago:Peacock Publishers.
Four or more authors A comprehensive study conducted in 1998 indicated that
business in Australia is growing exponentially (Jones et al.
1999).
or
Jones et al. (1999, p. 34) suggested in their comprehensive
study that “…”.
Note: If there is another reference starting with Jones,
for example, Jones, Larsen, Green and Matthews, the
names of all the authors should be given in both
cases to avoid confusion.
Jones, P., Smith, A., Hudson, T., Etherton, J., Connelly,
W. & Gardener, J. (1999). Business management for the
new era. Adelaide:Wyland Publishing.
Note: Use et al. in all in-text entries for four or more
authors. Include all of the authors in the reference list.
Multiple works – same University research (Brown 1982, 1988) has indicated that Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group.
21

author or
Recent reports (Napier 1993a, 1993b) indicate that …
Note: When using two studies by the same author in
different years, paraphrasing is essential. Place in
chronological order—oldest first.
Ideas by Napier (1993b) were implemented …..
Note: You may use direct quotes when using the sources
separately.
Add a, b, c, etc. to differentiate between works in the
same year by using the alphabetical order of the title.
Rockhampton:Central Queensland University.
Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchors on corals.
Rockhampton:Central Queensland University.
Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney:Allen & Unwin.
Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney:Allen &
Unwin.
Works by different
authors – same family
name
A recent report (Smith 1998) shows that …
or
It was recently found that “…” (Smith 1999, pp. 47–48).
Note: The year of publication will differentiate between
the two authors.
Smith, J. (1998). The world’s polluted oceans.
Sydney:Pacific
Smith, R. (1999) Evolution and religion. Adelaide:Firth’s
Publishers.
Works by different
authors – same family
name – same year
A. Carter (1999) proposed that class size seriously limited
creativity in the lower school. Further investigation proved
there were notable weaknesses in this claim (T. Carter
1999).
Note: As a general rule, it is advisable to paraphrase in
this instance.
Carter, A. (1999). Issues in Australian education.
Brisbane:Cherokee Publications.
Carter, T. (1999). Creativity in the classroom.
Darwin:Watkins & O’Hara Publishers.
Second or later edition
with an author A new approach to the concept of leadership has been
taken…. (Boatright 2006). or
A new approach (Boatright 2006, p. 5) to leadership is
“…..”
Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th
edn. New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.
Several sources are cited
at once
Note: Do not overdo
this!
Bradford (1992), Curtis (1983), and Graham (1997) all
agree …
or
Recent studies (Bradford 1992; Curtis 1983; Graham 1997)
agree that …
Note: Paraphrasing is essential if you are going to cite
the essence of what the authors all agree upon.
Alphabetise according to the name of the first author in
each source. Separate entries by using semicolons.
Bradford, C. (1992). Genre in perspective: a whole
language approach. Gosford:Bookshelf.
Curtis, A. (1983). Practical Math for business.
Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Graham, A. (1997). Managing more postgraduate
research students. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Staff
Development.
Note: Each author will appear as a separate entry in
22

the reference list.
Author(s) sponsored by
institution, corporation
or other organisation
Recent theories (Centre for Continuing Studies 1987)
expose the link … or
It has been suggested that “…” (Centre for Continuing
Studies 1987, p. 23).
Centre for Continuing Studies. (1987). Methods of
learning. London:Harper Collins.
No author(s) name
appears (but there is a
sponsoring body or title)
A recent study (British Retail Consortium 2008) suggests
…
or
A recent study (Family policies 1996) shows that …
Note: Cite the sponsoring organisation, the newspaper
or the title.
Sponsoring body example
British Retail Consortium. (2008). Industrial competition.
London:British Government Publishing Service.
Title example
Family Policies. (1996). Canberra:Australian Government
Publishing Service.
No author Selling a house is…..(Marketing strategy 2001)
When selling a house, it is important that “….” (Marketing
strategy 2001, p. 90).
Marketing Strategy (Anon 2001). London:British Design
Press.
Edited work – role of
editor is significant
Current essays edited by Danaher (1998) suggest …
or
Current essays (ed. Danaher 1998) suggest …
or
Danaher (ed. 1998, p. 87) indicates that “…”.
Danaher, P. (ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel.
Rockhampton:CQU Press.
Chapter in edited work There is a connection between…. (Lane 1996)
According to Mayer and Whittington (1996, p. 84), “…..”
Lane, C. (1996). ‘The social constitution of supplier
relations in Britain and Germany: an institutional
analysis’, in R. Whitley and P.H. Kristensen (eds). The
changing European firm. London:Routledge, pp. 271-304.
or
Mayer, M. & Whittington, R. (1996). ‘The survival of the
European holding company: institutional choice and
contingency’, in R. Whitley and P.H. Kritensen (eds). The
changing European firm. London:Routledge. Ch.4.
One volume of
multivolume work
It would appear that armed conflict in Asia did not cause …
(eds Dawson & Browning 1986).
or
Dawson and Browning (eds 1986, p. 32) stated that “…”.
Dawson, P. & Browning, M.C. (eds). (1986). The world at
war. Vol. 3. The Asian Conflict. Hammondsworth:
Penguin.
23

One issue in a series “The kings of Scotland were …” (Grant 1982, p. 34).
or
Many of the Scottish kings were landed gentry before …
(Grant 1982).
“The birthrate is declining and the population is aging” (ed.
Healey 2005, p. 12)
Grant, E. (1982). World Bibliographic Series:Scotland.
Vol. 34. Oxford:Clio Press.
Healey, J. (ed.). (2005). Issues in society: population. Vol.
224. Balmain:Spinney Press.
No date can be
established
Cosgrove (n.d.) states that total sales measures are often….
Cosgrove (n.d., p. 13) found that ‘….’
Cosgrove, K. (n.d.) Trends in the retail sector.
London:University of London.
Note: Please limit undated sources.
The date can be
established but only
approximately
In a draft policy release, the Queensland Education
Department (c. 1995) suggests …
or
“Disciplining a child should not invoke …” (Queensland
Education Department c.1995, p. xxii).
Queensland Education Department. (c. 1995). Draft
policy on school discipline. Gladstone:QED.
Referring to an author
(secondary source) read
about in another
publication (primary
source)
Simpson’s observations in 1975 (cited in Cole 1992) led to
… .
or
Learning is a process of association and development …
(Simpson 1975, cited in Cole 1992).
or
Cole (1992, p. 9), in reporting Simpson’s study, highlights
that in 1975, …
Cole, P. (1992). Teaching and learning. Yeppoon:Cap
Press.
Note: Cole is the author who will appear in the
reference list. Try to locate the secondary source if
possible.
Referring to two
secondary sources
within a primary source
Findings from studies (Reich 1971; Johnson 1982, cited in
Singer 1997, p. 90)….
Singer, P. (1997). How are we To live? Oxford:Oxford
University Press.
Note: Singer is the author who will appear in the
reference list.
Author is also the
publisher
Learning with the whole brain is said to… (Manchester
Business School 2004)
According to the Manchester Business School (2004, p.
32), “whole brain learning is….”
Manchester Business School. (2004). Immigrants into a
new time. Manchester: MBS Press.
Electronic Books
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
E-book from library e- Macroeconomics has been defined as … (Barro 1997). Barro, R.J. (1997). Macroeconomics. 5th edn. Viewed 17
24

book resources
Note: Only if book has
not been published as
hard copy at all.
or
According to Barro (1997, p. 3), macroeconomics has been
defined as “…” .
February 2006.
http://purl.library.cqu.edu.au/EBOOKS/339-0289- 29960
Hard copy journal articles
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
One author Lambert (2003) argued that…. Lambert, P. (2003). Armed conflict: a pacifist experience
and the implications for counseling. Journal of Critical
Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, vol. 3 (2),
pp. 75-83.
Two authors Growing concern regarding … (Peterson & Schmidt 1999).
or
Peterson and Schmidt (1999, p. 90) maintain that “…”.
Peterson, J & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons
for secondary schools, Journal of Secondary Education,
vol. 3 (8), pp. 9–106.
More than three authors A review by Bowlin et al. (2003)… Bowlin, W.F., Simpson, H., Renner, C.J. & Rives, J.M.
(2003). A DEA Study of gender equity in executive
compensation. Journal of the Operation Research Society,
vol. 54(7), pp. 751-7.
No author The competitiveness of solar power has been … (‘Building
theories on sand’ 1999).
or
“Solar power may be a competitive …” (‘Building theories
on sand’ 1999, p. 521).
‘Building theories on sand’. (1999). Science, vol. 285, p.
521.
No volume or issue
number
Sprague and Shameen (1999) indicate that alternatives to
continual economic growth … .
Sprague, J. & Shameen, A. (1999). Boosting growth,
courting disasters?, Asiaweek, 31 July, pp. 50–51.
25

Article reproduced in a
university readings book
Inequality amongst social groups is caused predominantly
by prejudice (Greenland 1995).
or
Greenland (1995, p. 27) argues that “…”
Greenland, H. (1995). On the road to prejudice. Australian
Magazine, pp. 22–27, in Central Queensland University
(CQU) 1999, LAWS53287:Working with communities:
resource materials. Rockhampton:CQU.
Magazine Social welfare workers Australia wide have indicated a
need to address the issues surrounding the rising suicide
rate (McVeigh 2001).
or
According to McVeigh (2001, p. 20) the increase in the rate
of youth suicide is “of great concern to those employed in
the social welfare sector”.
McVeigh, T. (2001). Death wish. Australian
Magazine, 12–13 May, p. 20.
Note : Always evaluate information found in magazines
for ‘scholarliness’—including bias, validity,
trustworthiness of the authors etc. Magazines are not
generally considered scholarly pieces of work for
research.
Online or electronic journals (that are only e-journals).
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article from a
website
“Plagiarism is one of the biggest problems in academia at
present” (Kennedy 2004, p. 2).
or
Kennedy (2004) suggests that plagiarism in universities is
very common.
Kennedy, I. (2004). An assessment strategy to help
forestall plagiarism problems. Studies in
Learning ,Evaluation, Innovation and Development
[online]. Vol. 1 (1). [Accessed 7 October 2005]. Available
at: http://www.sleid.cqu.edu.au/viewissue.php?id=5
If journal exists as a hardcopy, then please reference as hardcopy even if you read the softcopy.
Hardcopy—newspaper articles
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Article with an author House prices fell by 2.1% last month (Smith 2008)….
Smith (2008, p. 5) reported that…..
Smith, D. (2008). House price markets. The Times. 26
June, p. 5.
Author is name of reporter or journalist.
26

Article without an
author
In the Advertiser (23 October 2001, p. 10) …
or
Reform to tax laws was mentioned as “…” (Advertiser 23
October 2001, p. 10).
Note: At graduate study level, you are strongly
encouraged not to use newspaper articles without an
author. You should seek to locate a more acceptable
scholarly representation of the information you wish to
use.
Advertiser (2001). ‘Federal election: new Chip in
politics’, 23 October, p. 10.
Note: In this case the name of the newspaper is
substituted for the name of the sponsoring
body.
Electronic copy—newspaper articles
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with
an author (online
newspaper)
Graduates were offered financial guidance (Taylor and
Black 2009)
Taylor, M. & Black, B. (2009). Financial incentives to
tempt graduates. The Times [online] 14 February, p.14.
[Accessed 19 February 2009]. Available at:
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/article6558.ece
Newspaper article with
no author (online
newspaper)
In the Advertiser (30 September 2005, p. 21) …
Note: Always check the validity of a site that has no
author or sponsor. The use of such sites is discouraged.
Advertiser. (2005). 23m won but no prize claimed. 30
September, p. 21. [Accessed 30 September 2005].
Available at:
http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/sectionindex1/
0,5934,national%20news%5ENATIONAL%5ETEXT
%5Etheadvertiser,00.html.
If the newspaper exists as hard copy, then please reference as hard copy.
Hard copy - university provided study materials
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Study guide (author
known)
Reports by Hallinan (2000) indicate that …
or
Similarly, Hallinan (2000, p. 66) reported that “…”.
Hallinan, P. (2000). EDED4810: Development and
disability: study guide. Rockhampton:CQU.
Study guide (author Findings from a 1999 study indicate that “…” (Central Central Queensland University (CQU). (2000).
27

unknown) Queensland University (CQU) 2000, p. 5). EDE48201 Development and disability: study
guide. Rockhampton:Author
Text reprinted in a
university resource
readings
Little (1982) indicated that… Little, J. (1982). Norms of collegiality and
experimentation: Workplace conditions of school success,
pp. 325-340, in Deakin University (1984), ESA843
School-based professional development: Readings.
Victoria:Deakin University Press.
Tutorial/workshop
handout (unpublished)
The roots of cultural identity… (Teaching in multicultural
environments 2010, p. 2)…
Cultural identity, tutorial handout distributed in the
module, 01403 Teaching in multicultural environments,
the British University in Dubai, Dubai on 10 July 2010.
Note: No italics are shown because class handouts are
unpublished materials.
Lecture notes Head and Taylor (1997) define teacher development as… Head, K. & Taylor, P. (1997). Defining teacher
development. Lecture notes distributed in the module,
01403 Professional Development, the British University in
Dubai, Dubai on 3 July 2010.
Lecture material – non-
print (e.g. whiteboard
notes or verbal
explanations)
Iyer (2010) demonstrated the features of teacher
development as…
Note: This should not be included in the
reference list. Treat it the same as
personal communication and indicate
‘who’ (author) and ‘where’ (date) in the
sentence in the body of your essay.
Electronic copy of university provided study materials
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Study guide CD Arithemetic is a branch of mathematics…(Mathematics
Learning Centre (MLC) 2004).
Mathematics Learning Centre (MLC). (2004). Transition
mathematics 1. MATH40236: Transition Mathematics 1A.
CD-ROM.
Course Resources
Online
Isolation is a key factor in… (Kendall 1998). Kendall, C.N. (1998). Teen suicide, sexuality and silence.
Alternative Law Journal. Vol. 23(5). University of
London Course Resources Online (LAWS11045).
Blackboard Awan (2010) states… Awan, N. (2010). Lecture 1: Views on human
28

Lecture Notes/Slides development. EDU1504 Learning, Teaching &
Assessment. Course documents. Blackboard.
Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW)
Indicate page numbers by using, for example, p. 3 of 4 in in-text referencing. To see the page numbers, click on File then Print Preview while in Internet
Explorer. When referencing documents from the WWW, always apply this principle: Author and date, name of document, accessed date, URL.
Examples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Web pages with
organizations as authors
The information literacy scheme (CILIP 2008)…. Chartered Institute of Library and Information
Professionals (CILIP). (2008). Information literacy: a
definition [online]. [Accessed 7 August 2008]. Available
at:
http://www.cilip.org.uk/policyadvocay/informationliteracy
/ definitiondefault.htm.
Web pages with
individual authors
Yau (2001) provided information…. Yau, T. (2001). Dragon Project [online]. [Accessed 4
August 2002] Available at:
http://www.geocities.com/dragonproject2000/ptr0.
Document on the WWW
(author/sponsor given
but not dated)
According to Greenpeace (n.d.), genetically modified foods
are
…
or
Greenpeace (n.d., p. 1 of 2 ) recommends that “fewer
genetically …”.
Greenpeace. (n.d.). The future is GE free [online].
[Accessed 28 September 2005]. Available at:
http://www.greenpeace.org.au/ge/farming/canola.html
Note: The title of a webpage is treated like the title of a
book. It is written in italics in the reference list.
Document on the WWW
(no author/sponsor)
As stated in “Harvard style” (2003), …
Note: Always check the validity of a site that has no
author or sponsor. The use of such sites is highly
discouraged.
‘Harvard style’. (2003). Citing or referencing
electronic sources of information [online]. [Accessed 3
June 2003]. Available at:
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/
students/Lguides/harvard-referencing.pdf
Note: Sometimes there may be an editor’s name
given on the page—reference this like you would an
edited work.
Radio transcript from a
website
Smith (1998) indicates that lavender has healing properties.
or
Smith (1998, p. 2 of 3) highlights lavender as having “…”.
Smith, H. (1998). Medicine in Chaucer’s time.
Ockham’s Razor [online]. ABC Radio National
Transcripts . [Accessed 1 September 1998]. Available at:
29

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110896.htm
Web blogs Curtis (2009) noted….. Curtis, H. (2009). 125 years of the IEEE. [blog entry]
[Accessed 2 July 2009]. Available at
http://scitblog.wordpress.com/.
YouTube videos This video (Eiriko 2008) illustrates…. Eiriko, K. (2008). One life in 40 seconds [online]. Viewed
7 January 2009. Available at: http://uk.youtobe.com.
Podcast Johnson (2009) argues… Johnson, B. (2009). Critical rethink in schools. BBC
schools podcast [online]. [Accessed 7 January 2009].
Available at: http://bbc/edu/podcasts.
Conferences
Example of how to refer the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Full conference
proceedings
The conference (Institute for Small Business Affairs 2002)
….
Institute for Small Business Affairs. (2002). Small firms:
adding a spark: the 25th ISBA national small firms policy
conference. Robert Gordon University. Aberdeen. 15-17
November. ISBA:Leeds.
Individual conference
paper
Llyod (2002) highlighted…. Llyod, S. (2002). Capturing the consumer. Small firms:
adding a spark: the 25th ISBA national small firms policy
conference. Robert Gordon University.
Aberdeen. 15-17 November. ISBA:Leeds.
Online full conference
proceedings
The conference (IEEE Computer society 2009)….. IEEE Computer Society. (2009). Cover Art: 14th IEEE
international Conference on Engineering of Complex
Computer Systems [online]. University of Potsdam.
Potsdam. 2-4 June. IEEE Computer Society: Los
Alamitos. [Accessed 14 June 2009]. Available at:
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/ICE
CCS.2009.57
Online conference paper A recent paper (Pellizoni et al 2009)… Pellizoni, R., Franks, S., Sha, L. & Bradford, R.M. (2009).
ASIIST: Application Specific I/O Integration Support
Tool for Real-Time Bus Architecture Designs. Cover Art:
14th IEEE international Conference on Engineering of
Complex Computer Systems [online]. University
of Potsdam. Potsdam. 2-4 June. IEEE Computer Society:
30

Los Alamitos. [Accessed 14 June 2009]. Available at:
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/ICE
CCS.2009.57
Paper presented at a
meeting (unpublished)
The escalating abuse of …. (Lanktree & Briere 1991).. Lanktree, C. & Briere, J. (January 1991). Early data on
trauma symptom checklists for children. Paper presented
at the meeting of the American Professional Society of the
Abuse of Children, San Diego.
Note: No titles are italicized as this paper is
unpublished.
Dissertations/Theses
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Dissertation/Thesis Research by Saxton (1994)…. Saxton, J.M. (2009). Exercise-induced damage to human
skeletal muscle. Ph.D. Thesis. University of
Wolverhampton.
Online
dissertation/thesis
Saxton (1994) argues that…. Saxton, J.M. (2009). Exercise-induced damage to human
skeletal muscle [online]. Ph.D. Thesis. University of
Wolverhampton. [Accessed 12 June 2006]. Available at:
http://wlv.openrepository.com/wlv/.
Official Reports
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Command Paper The latest advice (Department for Education and Skills
2005)…
Department for Education and Skills. (2005). Higher
standards, better schools for all, more choice for parents
and pupil. Cm. 6677. London: The Stationery Office.
Government Report The NHS states (National Health Service 2003)… National Health Service. (2003). Can walking make you
slimmer and healthier? London: National Health Service.
Online Report The latest advice (Department of Health 2007)… Department of Health. (2007). Health inequalities:
progress and next steps [online]. London: National Health
Service. [Accessed 23 January 2009]. Available at:
http://www.dh.gov.uk.
31

Market Research Reports
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Mintel Papers Mintel (2008)…. Mintel. (2008). Coffee: Mintel marketing report. January
2008. London: Mintel.
Online Mintel Papers Mintel (2008) stipulates…. Mintel. (2008). Mintel marketing report [online]. London:
Mintel. [Accessed 12 December 2008].
Available at: http://academic.mintel.com.
British Standards
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
British Standards Copper alloys are subject to strict controls (BSI 2008)… British Standards Institution. (2008). BS EN 1173:2008.
Copper and copper alloys. Material condition designation.
London: BSI.
British Standards online Iron drain pipes are governed by standard (BSI 2008)… British Standards Institution. (2008). BS 437:2008.
Specifications for cast iron drain pipes, fittings and their
joints for socketed and socketless systems [online].
London: BSI. [Accessed 15 August 2008]. Available at:
http://www.bsi-global.com
Maps
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Map Archeological sites are italicized (Ordnance Survey 2000)
…
Ordnance Survey. (2000). Telford, Ironbridge and The
Wrekin, sheet 242. 1:25,000. Explorer Series.
Southampton:Ordnance Survey.
Online Map Port Vale Football Club can be seen using Google Maps
(Tele Atlas 2009)…
Tele Atlas. (2009). Burslem. Google Maps [online].
[Accessed 19 July 2009] Available at
http://maps.google.co.uk.
Note: When you are referencing online maps make
sure you note the author and not just the search
engine, for example Tele Atlas produce Google maps
not Google themselves.
32

Atlas (with an editor) The position of the new city… (ed. Eales 2003, map 34). Eales, S. (ed.). (2003). The Jacaranda atlas. 3rd edn.
Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons.
Atlas (with no editor) The position of the new city… (The Jacaranda atlas 2003,
map 34).
The Jacaranda atlas. (2003). 3rd edn. Brisbane: John
Wiley & Sons.
Images
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Images in a book Lambert’s painting illustrates a typical Ukrainian mine
(Himka 1988, p. 44)…
Himka, J. (1988). Galician villagers and the Ukrainian
national movement in the nineteenth century. Basingstoke:
Macmillan.
Online image from a
database/website
Dali’s Madonna (1958) is a… Dali, S. (1958). Madonna. Oil on canvas [online].
[Accessed 10 July 2009]. Available at
http://www.oxfordartonline.com.
Note: If you are referencing an image from a website
make sure you reference the actual site and not the
serach engine used such as Google images.
NOTE: All online sources should be referenced as hard copies unless they ONLY exist as online
publications.
Video/Audio
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
DVD Film The movie (Che, Part One 2008) shows… Che, Part One. (2008). Directed by S. Soderbergh [DVD].
New York:IFC Films.
Video Film Similarly, in The Sixth Sense (1999)… The Sixth Sense. (1999). Directed by M. Night Shyamalan
[Video]. New York:Warner Home Video.
Audio cassette In Plum Blossom (1990), it is claimed that… Plum Blossom. (1990). Sound recording. Cassette
WS8871. London:White Swan Audio and Video
Publishing House.
Television
33

Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
TV Programme Beautiful gardens (2005) is…. Beautiful garden. (2005). BBC 2 Television. Viewed 23
June 2005.
Episode of a TV
programme
The history of Britain is portrayed in Blackadder (1987)
as…
Ink & Incapability. (1987). Blackadder. BBC 2 Television.
Series 3 episode 2. Viewed 23 June 2005.
Note: If you view a programme on the internet just add
[online] and the URL of the site you viewed it at.
Interview The Prime Minister answered (2003)… Blair, A. (2003). Interviewed by J. Paxman for Newsnight
[TV]. BBC 2 Television. 2 February 2003.
Advertisements
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
TV Advertisement The recent advertisement by Vodafone (2009)… Vodafone. (2009). Advertisement for 3G mobile telephone
[advertisement on ITV Television]. Viewed 20 April 2009.
Newspaper
Advertisment
The recent advertisement by Vodafone (2009)… Vodafone. (2009). Advertisement for 3G mobile telephone
[advertisement in The Times]. Viewed 20 April 2009.
Internet Advertisement The recent advertisement by Vodafone (2009)… Vodafone. (2009). Advertisement for 3G mobile telephone
[online advertisement]. 20 April 2009. Available at:
http://www.sky.com
Specialised Sources
Example of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference list
Formal Email This was disputed by Stolarczuk (2009)… Stolarczuk, P. (2009). Email to J. Granger. 20 June 2009.
Personal communication
/interviews
Director of Nursing at … , Dr Petty, highlighted the …
or
Evidence given by the Director of Nursing at … , suggested
that … (Petty, H 1999, pers. comm., 17 July) …
or
In an email communication on 10 June 1995, The Director
of Nursing, Mary Wren, indicated that …
Note: Personal communications, such as interviews,
conversations, letters and personal email
messages, are not usually included in a
reference list.
Pamphlet Centrelink (1999, p. 10) concluded that… Centrelink. (1999). Bonus for working seniors. Brisbane:
Key Publishers.
34

Brochure (author is also
the publisher)
According to guidelines developed by the Research and
Training Centre of Independent Living (RTCIL) (1993, p.
iv)…
Research and Training Centre of Independent Living
(RTCIL). (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing
about people with disabilities. New York: RTCIL.
Handbook Correct drug dosage amounts and common allergic
reactions to drugs are crucial to choosing the correct drug
for a patient (MIMS Annual Australian Edition 1975)..
MIMS Annual Australian Edition. (1975). Crows Nest:
IMS Publishing.
Microfiche (with a
reference number)
Rallis (1995, p.11) believes that… Rallis, S.F. (1995). Dynamic teachers: leaders of change.
ERIC Microfiche ED 388626. London: Sage Productions.
Microfiche (without a
reference number)
Mundy (1980, p. 42)explained that… Mundy, G. (1980). Ideology and the mass media.
Microfiche. The Library, Social Sciences and Humanities
Division, Australian National University, Canberra.
Dictionary The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2004, p. 369)
defines ‘debouch’ as…
The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (2004). 11th edn.
Oxford: OUP.
The Koran Consider the words of Luqman as reported by God in the
Qur'an: "Oh my son! If it be anything equal to the weight of
a grain of a mustard seed, and though it be in a rock, or in
the heavens, or in the earth, Allah will bring it forth” (Holy
Qur'an, 31.16).
The Holy Qur’an does not appear in the reference
page. For translations use this model:
Cleary, T. (2004). The Qur’an: A New Translation.
Translated from the Arabic. CA: Shambhala Publications.
Foreign language
material
Thurfjell (1975) believed that… Thurfjell, W. (1975). Vart hav varan doktor tagit vagen?
Lakartidningen. Stockholm:Lars Publications.
or
Thurfjell, W. (1975). [Where has our doctor gone?]
Lakartidningen. Stcokholm:Lars Publishers. (In Swedish).
Translated works Alberti (1974) described… Alberti, L. (1974). Music through the ages. Translated
from the Italian by R. Pierce. London: Cassell. (Originally
published in 1968).
35

Figures & Tables
If you have used figures and tables exactly or adapted from a source, then treat them as quotes
giving the surname, year and page number. The source(s) must appear on your reference list.
Follow the examples below:
Sample format for Tables
Table 1: Contingency factors and KM Processes
(Al Amri 2011, p. 40) or (Adapted from Al Amri 2011, p. 40).
Sample format for Figures
Figure 1: The Clinical Supervision Cycle (Smyth 1984, p. 13) or
(Adapted from Smyth 1984, p.13)
If you created the figure or table using your own data/information, then no citation is
required but titles ARE required.
36
Pre-observation
Conference
Observation
Post-
observation
Conference
Analysis

Sample reference list: The references page should NOT have a chapter heading.
References
Cosgrove, K. (n.d.) Trends in the retail sector. London:University of London.
Elder, B. (1995). The magic of Australia. Sydney:Beaut Books.
Jones, P., Smith, A., Hudson, T., Etherton, J., Connelly, W. & Gardener, J. (1999). Business
management for the new era. Adelaide:Wyland Publishing.
Peterson, J & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons for secondary schools, Journal of
Secondary Education, vol. 3(8), pp. 9–106.
Saxton, J.M. (2009). Exercise-induced damage to human skeletal muscle [online]. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of Wolverhampton. [Accessed 12 June 2006]. Available at:
http://wlv.openrepository.com/wlv/.
The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (2004). 11th edn. Oxford: OUP.
Research and Training Centre of Independent Living (RTCIL). (1993). Guidelines for reporting
and writing about people with disabilities. New York: Time Publications.
Yeric, J. M., Todd, J. & Muller, P. (1989). Political perspectives. Chicago:Peacock Publishers.
Bibliography
Note: Some faculties may request a bibliography. All your sources from the reference list plus
additional readings that were not referred to should be included in the bibliography.
Format should be same as reference list and all items should be listed in alphabetical order.
37